Electric Machines I

DC Machines - DC Motors

Dr. Firas Obeidat

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 Table of Contents
1 • DC Motor Principle

2 • Types of DC Motors

3 • E.M.F. Equation of DC Motor

4 • Armature Torque of DC Motor

5 • Speed Regulation of DC Motor

6 • Total Losses in DC Motor

7 • Power Stages and Efficiency

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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 DC Motor Principle
 Constructionally, there is no basic difference between DC generator and
DC motor. The DC machine can be used as generator or as motor.
 When field magnets are excited in multipolar DC motor, and its
armature conductors are supplied with current from the supply, they
experience a force tending to rotate the armature. Armature conductors
under N-pole are assumed to carry current downwards (crosses) and
those under S-poles to carry current upwards (dots).
 By applying Fleming’s left hand rule, each conductor experiences a force
F which tends to rotate the armature in anticlockwise direction. These
forces collectively produce a driving torque which sets the armature
rotating.

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 Types of DC Motors
1- Separately Excited DC Motor IF IA IL
+ RF +
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿 + RA
VF EA VT
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 LF -
𝑉𝐹 = 𝐼𝐹 𝑅𝐹 - -
Where
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑘ϕ𝜔𝑚 IA: is the armature current
IL: is the load current
EA: is the internal generated voltage
VT: is the terminal voltage
IF: is the field current
2- Shunt DC Motor VF: is the field voltage
RA: is the armature winding resistance
RF: is the field winding resistance
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝑓 ϕ: is the flux
𝜔m: is the rotor angular speed
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴
IA IL
𝑉𝐹 = 𝐼𝐹 𝑅𝐹 +
+ RA RF
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑘ϕ𝜔𝑚 IF VT
EA
- LF
-
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University

Speed control of separately excited and shunt DC motors
Adjusting the field
resistance RF
• Increasing RF causes
𝑰𝑭 = 𝑽𝑻 /𝑹𝑭 to decrease.
• Decreasing IF decreases ϕ.
• Decreasing ϕ, lowers 𝐸𝐴=𝑘
ϕ𝜔𝑚 .
• Decreasing EA increases
𝑰𝑨 = (𝑽𝑻 − 𝑬𝑨 )/𝑹𝑨.
• Increasing IA increases
Tind=𝑘ϕIA , with the
change in IA dominant
over the change in flux.
• Increasing Tind makes
Tind>Tload and the speed 𝜔
m increases.
• Increasing 𝜔m increases
𝐸𝐴=𝑘ϕ𝜔𝑚.
• Increasing EA decreases
IA.
• Decreasing IA decreases
Tind until Tind=Tload at a
higher speed 𝜔𝑚.
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering
Types of DC Motors
Adjusting the
Inserting a resistor
terminal voltage
in series with the
applied to the
armature circuit
armature
• An increase in VT • resistor is inserted in series
increases 𝑰𝑨 = (𝑽𝑻 − 𝑬𝑨 )/𝑹𝑨 . with the armature circuit,
• Increasing IA increases the effect is to drastically
Tind=𝑘ϕIA increase the slope of the
motor's torque- speed
• Increasing Tind makes characteristic, making it
Tind>Tload and the speed 𝜔 operate more slowly if
m increases. loaded.
• Increasing 𝜔m increases • The insertion of a resistor is
𝐸𝐴=𝑘ϕ𝜔𝑚. a very wasteful method of
• Increasing EA decreases speed control, since the
𝑰𝑨 = (𝑽𝑻 − 𝑬𝑨 )/𝑹𝑨 . losses in the inserted
• Decreasing IA decreases resistor are very large. For
Tind until Tind=Tload at a this reason, it is rarely
higher speed 𝜔𝑚 used. It will be found only
in applications in which the
motor spends almost all its
time operating at full speed
or in applications too
inexpensive to justify a
better form of speed
control.
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Philadelphia University
 Types of DC Motors
3- The Permanent Magnet DC Motor

A permanent-magnet DC (PMDC) motor is a DC motor whose poles are made of permanent

magnets. Permanent-magnet dc motors offer a number of benefits compared with shunt dc motors
in some applications. Since these motors do not require an external field circuit, they do not have
the field circuit copper losses associated with shunt dc motors.
Because no field windings are required, they can be smaller than corresponding shunt DC motors.
they are especially common in smaller fractional- and sub fractional-horsepower sizes.
PMDC motors are generally less expensive, smaller in size, simpler, and higher efficiency than
corresponding DC motors with separate electromagnetic fields. This makes them a good choice in
many DC motor applications. The armatures of PMDC motors are essentially identical to the
armatures of motors with separate field circuits, so their costs are similar too. However, the
elimination of separate electromagnets on the stator reduces the size of the stator, the cost of the
stator, and the losses in the field circuits.

PMDC motors also have disadvantages. Permanent magnets cannot produce as high a flux density
as an externally supplied shunt field, so a PMDC motor will have a lower induced torque Tind per
ampere of armature current IA than a shunt motor of the same size and construction. In addition,
PMDC motors run the risk of demagnetization.

A permanent-magnet DC motor is basically the same machine as a shunt dc motor, except that the
flux of a PMDC motor is fixed. Therefore, it is not possible to control the speed of a PMDC motor
by varying the field current or flux. The only methods of speed control available for a PMDC
motor are armature voltage control and armature resistance control.

The techniques to analyze a PMDC motor are basically the same as the techniques to analyze a
shunt dc motor with the field current held constant.
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Types of DC Motors
4- Series DC Motor
IA Is IL
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝐿
+ RA Rs Ls +
EA VT
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐼𝐴 (𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝑆 )
-
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑘ϕ𝜔𝑚 -

Speed control of series DC motors

1) Change the terminal voltage of the motor.
2) Insertion of a series resistor into the motor circuit, but this
technique is very wasteful of power and is used only for
intermittent periods during the start-up of some motors.

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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Types of DC Motors
5- Compound DC Motor
For Long Shunt Cumulatively Compound DC Motor
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐹 IA IL
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐼𝐴 (𝑅𝐴 +𝑅𝑠 ) RA Rs Ls RF +
+
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐼𝐹 𝑅𝐹 EA IF VT
- LF
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑘ϕ𝜔𝑚 -
For Short Shunt Cumulatively Compound DC Motor
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐹 IA IL
Ls +
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 +𝐼𝐿 𝑅𝑠 + RA RF Rs
EA IF VT
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑘ϕ𝜔𝑚 LF
-
-
Speed control of Cumulatively compound DC motors
1) Change the field resistance RF.
2) Change the armature voltage VA.
3) Change the armature resistance RA.
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Types of DC Motors
Example: A 220V DC shunt machine has an armature resistance of 0.5Ω. If
the full load armature current is 20A, find the induced emf when the machine
acts as (i) generator (ii) motor.

IA=20A IL
(i) As generator +
+ RA RF

VT=220V
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 + 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴
EA IF
𝐸𝐴 = 220 + 20 × 0.5 = 230𝑉
- LF
-

IA=20A IL
(ii) As motor +
RA RF

VT=220V
+
𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 EA IF
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 - LF
-
𝐸𝐴 = 220 − 20 × 0.5 = 210𝑉

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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Types of DC Motors
Example: A 440V shunt DC motor has an armature resistance of 0.8Ω and
field resistance of 200Ω. find the back emf when giving an output of 7.46kW at
85% efficiency.
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂= × 100% IA IL
𝑃𝑖𝑛
RF +
7.46𝑘 + RA
85% = × 100%
𝑃𝑖𝑛 EA IF

VT
7.46𝑘 - LF
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = = 8.7765𝑘𝑊
0.85 -
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 8.7765𝑘 = 𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝐿 = 440 × 𝐼𝐿
8.7765𝑘
𝐼𝐿 = = 19.9𝐴
440
440 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝐹 = 19.9 − 2.2 = 17.7𝐴
𝐼𝐹 = = 2.2𝐴
200

𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴 × 𝑅𝐴 = 440 − 17.7 × 0.8 = 425.84𝑉

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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Types of DC Motors
Example: A 25kW, 250V DC shunt machine has an armature and field
resistances of 0.06Ω and 100Ω respectively. Determine the total armature
power developed when working (i) as generator delivering 25kW output and
(ii) as motor taking 25kW input. IA IL
+
(i) As generator + RA RF
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 25000 EA IF

VT
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝑇 → 𝐼𝐿 = = = 100𝐴 - LF
𝑉𝑇 250
-
250
𝐼𝐹 = = 2.5𝐴 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝐹 = 100 + 2.5 = 102.5𝐴
100
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 + 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 = 250 + 0.06 × 102.5 = 256.15
𝑃𝐴 = 𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 = 256.15 × 102.5 = 26255.375𝑊
(ii) As motor IA IL
𝑃𝑖𝑛 25000
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝑇 → 𝐼𝐿 = = = 100𝐴 RA RF
+
𝑉𝑇 250 +
250 EA IF

VT
𝐼𝐹 = = 2.5𝐴 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝐹 = 100 + 2.5 = 97.5𝐴 - LF
100
-
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 = 250 − 97.5 × 0.06 = 244.15V
𝑃𝐴 = 𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 = 244.15 × 97.5 = 23804.625𝑊
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 E.M.F. Equation of DC Motor
Let

ϕ: flux/pole in weber.
Z: total number of armature conductors
Z=number of slots × number of conductors/slot
A: number of parallel paths in armature
N: armature rotation in rpm
E: emf induced in any parallel path in armature

Generated emf EA=emf generated in any one of the parallel paths

Average emf generated/conductor=dϕ/dt volt
Flux cut/conductor in one revolution dϕ=ϕP Wb
Number of revolutions /second=N/60
Time for one revolution dt=60/N second
E.M.F. generated/conductor= dϕ/dt= ϕPN/60 volt

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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 E.M.F. Equation of DC Motor
For simplex wave-wound motor
Number of parallel paths=2
Number of conductors (in series) in one path=Z/2
𝜙𝑃𝑁 𝑍 𝜙𝑃𝑍𝑁
𝐸. 𝑀. 𝐹. 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑/𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ(𝐸𝐴 ) = × = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
60 2 120
For simplex lap-wound motor
Number of parallel paths=P
Number of conductors (in series) in one path=Z/P
𝜙𝑃𝑁 𝑍 𝜙𝑍𝑁
𝐸. 𝑀. 𝐹. 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑/𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ(𝐸𝐴 ) = × = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
60 𝑃 60
In general
where
𝜙𝑍𝑁 𝑃
𝐸𝐴 = × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 A=2 for simplex wave-winding
60 𝐴 A=P for simplex lap-winding
1 2π𝑁 𝑃 𝑍𝑃 2π𝑁
𝐸𝐴 = × × 𝜙𝑍 × = 𝜙𝜔𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 Where 𝜔𝑚 = 60
2π 60 𝐴 2π𝐴
For a given DC machine Z,P and A are constant
𝑍𝑃
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑘𝜙𝜔𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 Where 𝑘 = 2π𝐴
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 E.M.F. Equation of DC Motor
Example: A 4-pole, 32 conductor, lap-wound DC shunt generator with
terminal voltage of 200V delivering 12A to the load has RA=2 Ω and field
circuit resistance of 200Ω. It is driven at 1000rpm. Calculate the flux per pole
in the machine. If the machine has to be run as a motor with the same
terminal voltage and drawing 5A from the mains, maintaining the same
magnetic field, find the speed of the machine.
(i) As generator IA=13A IL=12A
200 +
RA RF

VT=200V
𝐼𝐹 = = 1𝐴 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝐹 = 12 + 1 = 13𝐴 +
200 EA IF=1A
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 + 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 = 200 + 13 × 2 = 226𝑉 - LF
𝜙𝑍𝑁 𝑃 A=P
-
𝐸𝐴 = 226 = × for lap-winding
60 𝐴 Action as Generator
226 × 60
𝜙= = 0.42375𝑤𝑏 IA=4A IL=5A
1000 × 32
(ii) As motor +
RA RF

VT=200V
+
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝐹 = 5 + 1 = 4𝐴 IF=1A
𝜙𝑍𝑁 𝑃 EA
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 = 200 + 4 × 2 = 192 = × 𝑉 - LF
60 𝐴
192 × 60 -
𝑁= = 850𝑟𝑝𝑚
0.42375 × 32 Action as Motor 14
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Armature and Shaft Torque of DC Motor
Armature Torque of DC Motor
Let Ta be the torque developed by the armature of a motor, then the power
developed
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 = 𝑇𝑎 × 2𝜋𝑁/60 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
The electrical power converted into mechanical power in the armature=EAIA
Equating the above two equations yields
𝑇𝑎 × 2𝜋𝑁 = 𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 𝜙𝑍𝑁 𝑃
𝐸𝐴 = × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 60 𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 60 𝐴
𝑇𝑎 = = = 9.55 N. m
2𝜋𝑁/60 2𝜋 𝑁 𝑁
Or
9.55 𝑃 𝑃
𝑇𝑎 = 𝜙𝑍𝐼𝐴 × = 0.159𝜙𝑍𝐼𝐴 × N. m
60 𝐴 𝐴

Shaft Torque of DC Motor

𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑠ℎ = 9.55 N. m
𝑁
(𝑇𝑠ℎ − 𝑇𝑎 ) is known as lost torque and is due iron and friction losses of the motor
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 Armature Torque of DC Motor
Example: A DC motor takes an armature current of 110A at 480V. The
armature circuit resistance is 0.2Ω. The machine has 6 poles and the armature
is lap-connected with 864 conductors. The flux per pole is 0.05wb. Calculate
the speed and the gross torque developed by the armature.
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 = 480 − 110 × 0.2 = 458V
𝜙𝑍𝑁 𝑃 0.05 × 864 × 𝑁
𝐸𝐴 = × = = 458 𝑁 = 636 𝑟𝑝𝑚
60 𝐴 60
𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 458 × 110
𝑇𝑎 = 9.55 = 9.55 ≈ 756N. m
𝑁 636
Or 𝑇𝑎 = 0.159 × 𝜙 × 𝑍 × 𝐼𝐴 = 0.159 × 0.05 × 864 × 110 ≈ 756N. m
Example: Determine armature torque and motor speed of 220V, 4-pole series
motor with 800 conductors wave connected supplying a load by taking 45A from
the mains. The flux per pole is 25mwb and its armature circuit resistance is 0.6Ω.
𝑃 4
𝑇𝑎 = 0.159𝜙𝑍𝐼𝐴 × = 0.159 × 0.025 × 800 × 45 × = 286.2N. m
𝐴 2
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 = 220 − 45 × 0.6 = 193V
𝜙𝑍𝑁 𝑃 0.025 × 800 × 𝑁 4
𝐸𝐴 = × = × = 193 𝑁 = 579 𝑟𝑝𝑚
60 𝐴 60 2
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 Armature Torque of DC Motor
Example: A 220V DC shunt motor runs at 500 rpm when the armature
current is 50A. Calculate the speed if the torque id doubled. Given that
RA=0.2Ω.
In shunt DC motor the flux is constant.
𝑃 𝑃
𝑇𝑎1 = 0.159𝜙𝑍𝐼𝐴1 × 𝑇𝑎2 = 2𝑇𝑎1 = 0.159𝜙𝑍𝐼𝐴2 ×
𝐴 𝐴

𝑇𝑎1 𝐼𝐴1 1 50
= → = → 𝐼𝐴2 = 2 × 50 = 100𝐴
2𝑇𝑎1 𝐼𝐴2 2 𝐼𝐴2

𝐸𝐴1 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴1 𝑅𝐴 = 220 − 50 × 0.2 = 210V

𝐸𝐴2 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴2 𝑅𝐴 = 220 − 100 × 0.2 = 200V

𝜙𝑍𝑁1 𝑃 𝜙𝑍𝑁2 𝑃
𝐸𝐴1 = × 𝐸𝐴2 = ×
60 𝐴 60 𝐴

𝐸𝐴1 𝑁1 210 500 500 × 200

= → = → 𝑁2 = = 476𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝐸𝐴1 𝑁2 200 𝑁2 210

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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Armature Torque of DC Motor
Example: A 500V, 37.3kW, 1000rpm DC shunt motor has on full load an
efficiency of 90%. Determine (i) full load line current (ii) full load armature
torque (neglect iron and friction losses).

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 37300
(i) 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = = = 41444𝑊
𝜂 0.9
41444
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = 82.9𝐴
500
𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
(ii) 𝑇𝑎 = 9.55 ≈ 9.55 = N. m (neglect iron and friction losses)
𝑁 𝑁
37300
𝑇𝑎 = 9.55 = 356N. m
1000

Example: Determine the torque established by the armature of a four-poles

DC motor having 774 conductors, two paths in parallel, 24 milli-webers of
pole-flux and the armature current is 50A.

𝑇𝑎 = 0.159 × 𝜙 × 𝑍 × 𝐼𝐴 = 0.159 × 0.024 × 774 × 50 × 4/2 = 295.36N. m

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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Speed Regulation of DC Motor
The speed regulation refers to the change in speed of a motor with change in
applied load torque, other conditions remaining constant.

The Speed Regulation (SR) is defined as the change in speed when the load on
the motor is reduced from rated value to zero, expressed as percent of the
rated load speed.

Where
𝑁𝑁𝐿 − 𝑁𝐹𝐿 NNL: noload speed
𝑆𝑅 = × 100%
𝑁𝐹𝐿 NFL: full load speed
Example: A 4-pole series motor has 944 wave connected armature conductors.
At a certain load, the flux per pole is 34.6 mWb and the total mechanical
torque developed is 209 N.m. calculate the line current taken by the motor and
the speed at which it will run with an applied voltage of 500V. Total motor
resistance is 3 ohm.
𝑃 4
𝑇𝑎 = 209 = 0.159 × 𝜙 × 𝑍 × 𝐼𝐴 × = 0.159 × 0.0346 × 944 × 𝐼𝐴 ×
𝐴 2
𝐼𝐴 = 20.1𝐴
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 = 500 − 20.1 × 3 = 439.7V
𝜙𝑍𝑁 𝑃 0.0346 × 944 × 𝑁 4
𝐸𝐴 = 439.7 = × = × → 𝑁 = 403.8𝑟𝑝𝑚
60 𝐴 60 2 19
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Speed Regulation of DC Motor
Example: A 230V DC shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.5Ω and
field resistance of 115Ω. At no load, the speed is 1200rpm and the armature
current 2.5A. On application of rated load, the speed drops to 1120 rpm.
Determine the speed regulation, line current and power input when the motor
delivers rated voltage.
𝑁𝑁𝐿 − 𝑁𝐹𝐿 1200 − 1120
𝑆𝑅 = × 100% = × 100% = 7.1%
𝑁𝐹𝐿 1120

𝑁1 = 1200𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝐸𝐴1 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴1 𝑅𝐴 = 230 − 2.5 × 0.5 = 228.75V

𝑁2 = 1120𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝐸𝐴2 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴2 𝑅𝐴 = 230 − 𝐼𝐴2 × 0.5

𝐸𝐴1 𝑁1 228.75 1200 1120 × 228.75

= → = → 𝐸𝐴2 = = 213.5𝑉
𝐸𝐴2 𝑁2 𝐸𝐴2 1120 1200
230 − 213.5
𝐸𝐴2 = 213.5 = 230 − 𝐼𝐴2 × 0.5 → 𝐼𝐴2 = = 33𝐴
0.5
230
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝐴2 + 𝐼𝐹 = 33 + = 35𝐴
115
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝑇 = 35 × 230 = 8050W
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Total Loss in a DC Motor
Armature Cu Loss

Copper Losses Shunt Cu Loss

Series Cu Loss
Total Losses

Hysteresis Loss
Iron Losses
Eddy Current Loss

Friction Loss
Mechanical Losses
Air Friction or Windage Loss

Stray Losses
Iron and mechanical losses are collectively known as Stray (Rotational) losses.

Constant or Standing Losses

Field Cu losses is constant for shunt and compound generators. Stray losses
and shunt Cu loss are constant in their case. These losses are together known
as Constant or Standing Losses (Wc).
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Power Stages and Efficiency

Mechanical Efficiency
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝜂𝑚 = × 100% = × 100%
𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴

Electrical Efficiency

𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴

𝜂𝑒 = × 100% = × 100%
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝐿

Overall or Commercial Efficiency

𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝜂𝑐 = 𝜂𝑚 × 𝜂𝑒 = × 100% = × 100%
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝐿

22
Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Power Stages and Efficiency
Example: The armature winding of a 4-pole, 250V DC shunt motor is lap
connected. There are 120 slots, each slot containing 8 conductors. The flux per
pole is 20mWb and current taken by the motor is 25A. The resistance of
armature and field circuit are 0.1Ω and 125Ω respectively. If the rotational
losses amount to be 810W. Find
(i) gross torque (Ta) (ii) useful torque (Tsh) (iii) efficiency.

(i) gross torque (Ta)

𝑉𝑇 250
𝐼𝐹 = = = 2𝐴 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝐹 = 25 − 2 = 23𝐴
𝑅𝐹 125
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 = 250 − 23 × 0.1 = 247.7𝑉

𝜙𝑍𝑁 𝑃 0.02 × (120 × 8) × 𝑁 4

𝐸𝐴 = 247.7 = × = × → 𝑁 = 773𝑟𝑝𝑚
60 𝐴 60 4

𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 247.7 × 23
𝑇𝑎 = 9.55 = 9.55 = 70.4N. m
𝑁 773

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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Power Stages and Efficiency
(ii) useful torque (Tsh)

Driving power in armature = 𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 = 247.7 × 23 = 5697.1𝑊

Optput power = 𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 − 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 5697.1 − 810 = 4887.1𝑊

𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 4887.1

𝑇𝑠ℎ = 9.55 = 9.55 = 60.4N. m
𝑁 773

(iii) efficiency

𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 4887.1

𝜂𝑚 = × 100% = × 100% = 85.8%
𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 5697.1

𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 5697.1
𝜂𝑒 = × 100% = × 100% = 91%
𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝐿 250 × 25

4887.1
𝜂𝑐 = × 100% = 78.2%
250 × 25
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Power Stages and Efficiency
Example: A 20hp (14.92kW), 230V, 1150rpm, 4poles DC shunt motor has a
total of 620 conductors arranged in two parallel paths and yielding an
armature circuit resistance of 0.2Ω. When it delivers rated power at rated
speed, it draws a line current of 74.8A and a field current of 3A. Calculate
(i) the flux per pole (ii) armature torque (iii) the rotational losses (iv) total
losses expressed as a percentage of power.
(i) the flux per pole 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝐹 = 74.8 − 3 = 71.8𝐴
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 = 230 − 71.8 × 0.2 = 215.64𝑉
𝜙𝑍𝑁 𝑃 𝜙 × 620 × 1150 4
𝐸𝐴 = 215.64 = × = × → 𝜙 = 9𝑚𝑊𝑏
60 𝐴 60 2
(ii) armature torque
𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 215.64 × 71.8
𝑇𝑎 = 9.55 = 9.55 = 128.6N. m
𝑁 1150
(iii) the rotational losses
Rotational losses=EAIA – output power =215.64×71.8 - 14920= 562.952W
(iv) total losses expressed as a percentage of power
Total losses=input power (VTIL)-output power = 230×74.8 - 14920= 17204 - 14920= 2284W
total losses expressed as a percentage of power=2284/17204=13.3%
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Power Stages and Efficiency
Example: A 7.46kW, 250V shunt motor takes a line current of 5A when
running light. Calculate the efficiency as a motor when delivering full load
output, if the armature resistance are 0.5Ω and 250 Ω respectively.

1- When loaded lightly

𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝐿 = 250 × 5 = 1250𝑊
𝑉𝑇 250 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝐹 = 5 − 1 = 4𝐴
𝐼𝐹 = = = 1𝐴
𝑅𝐹 250
Field Cu loss = 𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝐹 = 250 × 1 = 250W
Armature Cu loss = 𝐼𝐴 2 𝑅𝐴 = 42 × 0.5 = 8W

Iron and friction losses=input power-Armature Cu loss-Filed Cu loss

Iron and friction losses=1250-250-8=992W Iron and friction losses is constant

2- at full load
𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴 2 𝑅𝐴 + 𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝐴 = 250𝐼𝐴
𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 7460 + 992 + 0 = 8452𝑊

250𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴 2 × 0.5 + 8452

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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Power Stages and Efficiency
250𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴 2 × 0.5 + 8452
Rearrange the above equation yields
0.5𝐼𝐴 2 − 250𝐼𝐴 + 8452 = 0
−𝑏 ± 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 250 ± (−250)2 −4 × 0.5 × 8452
𝐼𝐴 = = = 36.5 𝑜𝑟 463.5
2𝑎 2 × 0.5
𝐼𝐴 = 36.5𝐴

𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐹 = 36.5 − 1 = 37.5𝐴
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝐿 = 250 × 37.5 = 9375𝑊

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 7460𝑊

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 7460

𝜂𝐹𝐿 = × 100% = × 100% = 79.6%
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 9375

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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Power Stages and Efficiency
Example: A 6-pole, 500V, wave connected shunt motor has 1200 armature
conductors and useful flux/pole of 20mWb. The armature and field resistances
are 0.5Ω and 250Ω respectively. What will be the speed and torque developed
by the motor when it draws 20A from the supply mains? If magnetic and
mechanical losses amount to 900W, find (i) output in kW (ii) useful torque
(Tsh) (iii) efficiency (𝜂𝑐 ) at this load.
𝑉𝑇 500
𝐼𝐹 = = = 2𝐴
𝑅𝐹 250
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝐹 = 20 − 2 = 18𝐴
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 = 500 − 18 × 0.5 = 491𝑉
𝜙𝑍𝑁 𝑃 0.02 × 1200 × 𝑁 6
𝐸𝐴 = 491 = × = × → 𝑁 = 410𝑟𝑝𝑚
60 𝐴 60 2
𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐴 491 × 18
𝑇𝑎 = 9.55 = 9.55 = 205.9N. m
𝑁 410
(i) output in kW
Field Cu loss = 𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝐹 = 500 × 2 = 1000W
Armature Cu loss = 𝐼𝐴 2 𝑅𝐴 = 182 × 0.5 = 162W
Iron and friction losses=900W
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Power Stages and Efficiency
Total losses=armature Cu loss + field Cu loss + iron and friction loss
Total losses=162+1000+900=2062W

Motor input power=VTIL=500×20=10000W

Motor output power=motor input power-motor losses=10000-2062=7938W

(ii) useful torque (Tsh)

𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 7938

𝑇𝑠ℎ = 9.55 = 9.55 = 184.9N. m
𝑁 410

(iii) Efficiency (𝜂𝑐 ) at this load

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 7938

𝜂𝑐 = × 100% = × 100% = 79.38%
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 10000

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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
 Characteristics and Applications of DC Motors
Type of Motor Characteristics Applications
For driving constant speed line
Approximately constant shafting
speed Lathes
Shunt Motor Adjustable speed Centrifugal pumps
Medium starting torque (up Machine tools
to 1.5 F.L. torque) Blowers and fans
Reciprocating pumps
For traction work i.e. Electric
locomotives
Variable speed
Rapid transit systems
Series Motor Adjustable variable speed
Trolley, Cars etc
High starting torque
Cranes and hoists
conveyers
For intermittent high torque loads
For shears and punches
Variable speed
Cumulative Elevators
Adjustable variable speed
Compound Conveyers
High starting torque
Motor Heavy planers
Rolling mills, Ice machine, printing
presses, Air compressors
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Dr. Firas Obeidat Faculty of Engineering Philadelphia University
31