Spring 2019 MECH 2102 Elements of Mechanical Engineering Lab Manual

Experiment No. - 3

1. Title
To study two stroke and four stroke Diesel Engines.

2. Objectives
a) To study the working procedure and constructional features of two stroke diesel engines.
b) To study the working procedure and constructional features of four stroke diesel Engines.

3. Apparatus
I. Model of two stroke diesel engines.
II. Model of four stroke diesel engines.

4. Theory
4.1 Cycle
When series of events are repeated in order, it completes one cycle. Cycle is generally classified as four stroke
cycle and two stroke cycle.
4.1.1 Four stroke

A four-stroke cycle engine is an internal combustion engine that utilizes four distinct piston strokes (intake,
compression, power, and exhaust) to complete one operating cycle. The piston make two complete passes in
the cylinder to complete one operating cycle. An operating cycle requires two revolutions (720°) of the
crankshaft. The four-stroke cycle engine is the most common type of small engine. A four-stroke cycle engine
completes five Strokes in one operating cycle, including intake, compression, ignition, power, and exhaust
Strokes.
4.1.2 Two stroke cycle

In a two stroke cycle, the series of events of the working cycle is completed in two strokes of the piston and
one revolution of the crankshaft. The four operations i.e. suction, compression, power and exhaust are
completed during two strokes of the piston.
4.2 Engine
A power producing machine is called an engine.

4.3 Heat Engine

Heat engine is a machine for converting heat, developed by burning fuel into useful work. It can be said that
heat engine is equipment which generates thermal energy and transforms it into mechanical energy. Types of
heat engine – a) External combustion engine, b) Internal combustion engine.
4.3.1 External combustion engine
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The engine in which the combustion of fuel takes place outside the cylinder is called an external combustion
engine.

4.3.2 Internal Combustion engine

The internal combustion engine (IC Engine) is a heat engine that converts heat energy (chemical energy of a
fuel) into mechanical energy (usually made available on a rotating output shaft).

4.3.2.1 Applications of IC Engines

Mainly used as ‘prime movers’, e.g. for be the propulsion of a vehicle i.e., car, bus, truck, locomotive, marine
vessel, or airplane. Other applications include stationary saws, lawn mowers, bull-dozers, cranes, electric
generators, etc.
4.3.2.2 Classification of IC Engines
1. Based on the number of cylinders – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 to 16 cylinder engines.
 Single Cylinder Engine
 Multi cylinder Engine
I. Twin Cylinder Engine
II. Three Cylinder Engine
III. Four Cylinder Engine
IV. Six Cylinder Engine
V. Eight Cylinder Engine
VI. Twelve Cylinder Engine
VII. Sixteen Cylinder Engine
2. Arrangement of cylinders
I. Inline,
II. V-type,
III. Flat type, etc.
3. Arrangement of valves and valve trains –
I. In-block camshaft,
II. OHC (Overhead camshaft)
III. DOHC (Double Overhead Cam) etc.
4. Type of cooling
I. Air-cooled,
II. Water-cooled, etc.
5. Number of strokes per cycle
I. 2-stroke,
II. 4-stroke engines
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6. Type of fuel burned

I. Petrol,
II. Diesel
III. CNG, etc.
7. Method of ignition
I. Spark Ignition (SI),
II. Compression Ignition (CI).
8. Firing order
I. 1-3-4-2,
II. 1-2-4-3, etc.
9. Primary mechanical motion
I. Reciprocating
II. Rotary
10. Based on the type of cycle
a) Otto Cycle Engine
b) Diesel Cycle Engine
c) Dual Cycle Engine

4.3.2.3 Parts of I.C. Engines

Different Parts of I.C. Engines
(Parts Common to both Petrol and
Diesel Engine):
1. Cylinder
2. Cylinder head
3. Piston
4. Piston rings
5. Gudgeon pin
6. Connecting rod
7. Crankshaft
8. Crank
9. Engine bearing
10. Crank case
11. Flywheel
12. Governor
13. Valves and valve operating
mechanism

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Parts for Petrol Engines Only:

1. Spark plugs
2. Carburetor
3. Fuel pump
Parts for Diesel Engine Only:
1. Fuel pump
2. Injector
4.4 Four Stroke Diesel Engine
Four-stroke cycle Diesel engine or Compression ignition engine or constant pressure cycle engine is meant for
heavy duty applications, like heavy motor vehicles, stationary power plants, ships and big industrial units, train
locomotive , tractor and bus application. In this the air compressed in the engine cylinder and fuel is injects
through injector.
4.4.1 Working of the four stroke Diesel engine

a) Suction Stroke
The inlet valve opens during this stroke and only air is sucked into the engine cylinder. The exhaust
valve remains closed. When the piston reaches Bottom Dead Centre (BDC), the suction stroke is
completed as shown in Fig. and inlet valve also closes.
b) Compression Stroke
The piston moves from Bottom
Dead Centre (BDC) to Top Dead
Centre (TDC) position. Both the
valves remain closed. The air drawn
during suction stroke is compressed.

c) Expansion or Power or Working

Stroke
Just before the piston completes its
compression stroke, the diesel
injected gets ignited and the rapid
explosion takes place. The
expansion of hot gases pushes the
piston down to BDC position. Both
the valve remains closed and the
useful work is obtained from the
engine.

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d) Exhaust Stroke
The piston moves from BDC to TDC, the exhaust valve opens and the inlet valve remains closed. The
piston pushes the exhaust gases out through the exhaust valve to the atmosphere till it reaches the
TDC position and the cycle is completed.

4.5 Two Stroke Diesel (C.I Engine)

The working principle of a two stroke diesel engine is discussed below:
a) 1st stroke:
To start with let us assume the piston to be at its B.D.C. position (Fig. a). The arrangement of the
ports is such that the piston performs the two jobs simultaneously. As the piston starts rising from its
B.D.C. position, if closes the transfer port and the exhaust port. The air which is already there in the
cylinder is compressed (Fig. b). At the same time with the upward movement of the piston, vacuum is
created in the crank case. As soon as the inlet port is uncovered, the fresh air is sucked in the crank
case. The charging is continued until the crank case and the space in the cylinder beneath the piston is
filled (Fig. c) with the air. At the end of the stroke, the piston reaches the T.D.C. Position.

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b) 2nd stroke:
Slightly before the completion of the compression stroke, a very fine sprays of diesel injected into the
compressed air. The fuel ignites spontaneously. Pressure is exerted on the crown of the piston due to
the combustion of the air and the piston is pushed in the downward direction producing some useful
power (Fig. c). The downward movement of the piston will first close the inlet port and then it will
compress the air already sucked in the crank case. Just the end of power stroke, the piston uncovers
the exhaust port and the transfer port simultaneously. The expanded gases start escaping through the
exhaust port and at the same time transfer port (Fig. d) and thus the cycle is repeated again. The fresh
air coming into the cylinder also helps in exhausting the burnt gases out of the cylinder through the
exhaust port (Fig. d). This is known as scavenging.

5. References
 Lab Manual
http://engineering.myindialist.com/2009/lab-manual-to-study-about-2-strokeengine/#.XJMN37hxXIU
 Lab Manual
BRCM College of Engineering & Technology
 http://courses.washington.edu/engr100/All_Sections/Engine/UofWindsorManual/Four%20Stroke
%20Cycle%20Engines.htm

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