International Journal of Computer Mathematics

ISSN: 0020-7160 (Print) 1029-0265 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gcom20

Analysis of switched quantizer based on the

quadratic spline functions

Zoran Peric, Jelena Nikolic, Lazar Velimirovic, Stefan Panic & Miomir
Stankovic

To cite this article: Zoran Peric, Jelena Nikolic, Lazar Velimirovic, Stefan Panic & Miomir
Stankovic (2017): Analysis of switched quantizer based on the quadratic spline functions,
International Journal of Computer Mathematics, DOI: 10.1080/00207160.2017.1283407

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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER MATHEMATICS, 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207160.2017.1283407

Analysis of switched quantizer based on the quadratic spline

functions
Zoran Perica , Jelena Nikolica , Lazar Velimirovicb , Stefan Panicc and Miomir Stankovicd
a Faculty of Electronic Engineering, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia; b Mathematical Institute of the Serbian Academy of
Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia; c Informatics, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Kosovska Mitrovica,
Serbia; d Faculty of Occupational Safety, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

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In this paper, an approximation of the optimal compressor function using Received 23 December 2014;
the quadratic spline functions with 2L = 8 segments is described. Since the Revised version received 27
quadratic spline with 2L = 8 segments provides better approximation of March 2016; 15 July 2016;
the optimal compression function than quadratic spline with 2L = 4 seg- Second revision received 15
July 2016; Accepted 1
ments, capitalizing on the benefits of the obtained spline approximation, December 2016
quantizer designing process is firstly performed for the so assumed number
of segments and the Laplacian source of a unit variance. Then, to enhance KEYWORDS
the usability of the proposed model, the switched quantization technique is Spline approximations;
applied and a beneficial analysis is derived, providing insight in the robust- quadratic spline; compressor
function; optimal
ness of the proposed quantizer performances with respect to the mismatch compression; scalar
in designed for and applied to variances. Reached quality has been com- compandor; switched
pared to another model from the literature, and it has been shown that the quantization technique
proposed model outperforms the previous model by almost 1.3 dB.
2010 AMS SUBJECT
CLASSIFICATIONS
41A15; 65D07; 94A29; 68P30;
94A24

1. Introduction
Scalar quantization is defined as many-to-one mapping of signal values within each input range
(quantization cell), into a finite set of defined discrete amplitude levels, known as reproduction lev-
els [20]. Depending on whether quantization cells are of the same width or not, quantization is
called uniform or non-uniform, respectively [20]. Since many of the input signals are character-
ized by continuous Laplacian or Gaussian random variable, which means that some input values
are expected to be often more than others, non-uniform quantization is more applicable in prac-
tice. Non-uniform quantization can be realized through the process of companding, by applying an
optimal or a logarithmic compressor function on input signal, depending on whether focus is set on
obtaining maximal quality of the quantized signal for some reference variance for which the quan-
tizer is designed, or on obtaining high level of signal quality robustness on changing variance of input
signals, respectively [20].
Due to complex process of compressor functions’ practical realizations, their approximation and
linearization are often performed. By dividing quantizer support region into segments, consisting
of several quantization cells, with linear compressor function inside each segment, piecewise linear
scalar quantizer (PLSQ) model is obtained. Using PLSQ models, whose realization is very simple
[4], an SQNR (signal to quantization noise ratio) value close to the SQNR value of the optimal

CONTACT Stefan Panic stefanpnc@yahoo.com Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Informatics, Lole Ribara
29, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
© 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
 2 Z. PERIC ET AL.

companding quantizer can be achieved, as shown in [12] for the assumed Gaussian source. The pro-
cess of designing the quantizer from [12] is rather complex in comparison to the one of the model we
consider in this paper since we assume Laplacian source in designing our quantizer. Moreover, the
optimization of support region threshold encounters some difficulties in the case of Gaussian source.
In a previous study [9], the influence of support region threshold selection on performances of scalar
quantizer designed for Laplacian source has been analysed. It has been concluded that the results of
this analysis are of great importance in designing quantizers. The performances of the companding
quantizer designed for Laplacian source with an optimal support region threshold are shown in [14].
The construction of the lossless coder for Laplacian source with simple realization structure is also
described in [14].
In [18], the approximation of the optimal compressor function using a spline function of the first
and the second degree, for Laplacian source of a unit variance has been analysed. It has been shown
that optimal compressor function is better approximated by the second-degree spline than by the
first-degree spline. For that reason, in this paper we will only consider the second-degree spline (the
quadratic spline). The support region of the quantizer in [18] is divided into 2L = 4 equal segments,
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with an unequal number of cells. It has been shown in [18] that SQNR of the quantizer designed
according to the spline approximation of the first and the second degree is close to the SQNR of the
quantizer model based on the nonlinear optimal compressor function. The advantages of designing
companding quantizer with the optimized support region threshold based on the approximated spline
function of the first degree are discussed in [19].
In this paper, we will describe the approximation of the optimal compressor function using the
quadratic spline function with the support region divided into 2L = 8 equal in with segments hav-
ing an arbitrary number of cells. Based on the obtained spline approximation, quantizer designing
process will be performed for the Laplacian source of an arbitrary variance. Moreover, unlike [18],
we will analyse the performances of the above-mentioned quantizer adapted by using switched quan-
tization technique and we will discuss the robustness of the observed quantizer performances with
respect to mismatching in designed for and applied to variances. The importance of the analysis of the
quantizer robustness has been demonstrated in [6], where the robustness conditions of the quantizer
based on a piecewise linear approximation to the optimal compressor function have been derived. We
have already highlighted that one can use an optimal or a logarithmic compressor function, depend-
ing on whether focus is set on obtaining maximal quality of the quantized signal for some reference
variance for which the quantizer is designed, or on obtaining a high level of signal quality robustness
on changing variance of input signals, respectively. In order to obtain a high level of signal quality
robustness on changing variance of Laplacian input signals, the authors of [2,3] have quantized linear
prediction coefficients by using the quantizer designed according to the logarithmic compressor func-
tion. Unlike [2,3], we begin with an optimal compressor function, we perform its linearization and,
in order to provide a high level of signal quality robustness on changing variance of input signals, we
apply switched quantization. In such a manner, we obtain both a high quality of the quantized signal
and a high level of signal quality robustness on changing variance of input signals.
In this paper, it will be shown that obtained quantizer performances outperform the one of the
switched piecewise uniform scalar quantizer model from [8]. The comparison with the model from
[8] follows from the fact that the piecewise uniform scalar quantizers are very simple, as the quantizer
we propose. Moreover, the model we propose and the model from [8] utilize switched quantization
technique. The obtained performances will suggest the possibility of exploiting the presented model
in various applications where near-constant high quality of the quantized Laplacian signal is one of the
principal needs. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 begins with a short theory background
of quadratic spline functions and then considers their application in approximating a compressor
function. Section 3 describes the quantizer defined according to the approximative quadratic spline
functions, where a complete derivation of expressions for performance computation is provided for
the case where the input is assumed to have the Laplacian probability density function (PDF) of vari-
ance σ 2 . Moreover, in Section 3, the short description of switched quantization is provided in order to
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER MATHEMATICS 3

enable performance analysis of the observed quantizer adapted with switched quantization technique.
Section 4 discusses the obtained numerical results. Section 5 points out the contributions achieved in
the paper.

2. Compressor function approximation by quadratic spline function

Mathematically, a spline function consists of polynomial pieces on subintervals joined together with
certain continuity conditions [1,16,17]. Formally, suppose that n + 1 points x0 , x1 , . . . ,xn have been
specified and satisfy x0 < x1 < · · · < xn . In spline theory, these points are called knots. Suppose also
that an integer k ≥ 0 has been prescribed. A spline function of degree k having knots x0 , x1 , . . . ,xn
is a function S such that [17]:

• on each interval [xi−1 , xi ], S is a polynomial of degree ≤ k;

• S has a continuous (k − 1)st derivative on [x0 ,xn ].
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Hence, S is a piecewise polynomial of degree at most k having continuous derivatives of all orders
up to k – 1.
To derive a mathematical model of a quadratic spline, suppose the data are {(xi , fi )}ni=0 , where, as
for linear splines, a = x0 < x1 < · · · < xL = b. A quadratic spline S2,n (x) is a C1 piecewise quadratic
polynomial. This means that [17]:

• S2,n (x) is piecewise quadratic; that is, between consecutive knots xi ,

⎧
⎪
⎪ p (x) = a1 + b1 x + c1 x2 , x ∈ [x0 , x1 ],
⎪ 1
⎪
⎨p2 (x) = a2 + b2 x + c2 x2 , x ∈ [x1 , x2 ],
S2,n (x) = . (1)
⎪..
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
pn (x) = an + bn x + cn x2 , x ∈ [xn−1 , xn ];

• S2,n (x)is C1 ; that is, S2,n (x) is continuous and has continuous first derivative everywhere in the
interval [a, b], in particular, at the knots. For S2,n (x) to be an interpolatory quadratic spline, we
must also have
• S2,n (x) interpolates the data, that is,

S2,n (xi ) = fi , i = 0, 1, . . . , n. (2)

Within each interval (xi−1 , xi ), the corresponding quadratic polynomial is continuous and has
continuous derivatives of all orders. Therefore, S2,n (x) or one of its derivatives can be discontinuous
only at a knot. In brief, a quadratic spline is consisted of parabola parts between two consecutive
nodes elected to have the same tangent at node.
Let us observe the problem we posed. In other words, let us perform a compressor function
approximation by a quadratic spline function. The approximate gi (x) function which approximates a
nonlinear compressor function c(x), for the case with 2L = 8 number of segments, has the following
form:
gi (x) = ai + bi x + ci x2 , x ∈ [xi−1 , xi ] , (3)
where i = 1, . . . , L, L = 4 and x0 = 0. The coefficients of the approximate function gi (x) are
determined by satisfying the governing continuity conditions on each spline thresholds. We need
3(n − 1) equations to determine the 3(n − 1) unknown coefficients {ai , bi , ci }. The conditions S2,n (xi )
= fi and S2,n (xi+1 ) = fi+1 provide 2(n − 1) equations while the continuity of the derivative at the inte-
rior points, S2,n (xi+1 ) = S2,n+1 (xi+1 ), i = 1, . . . , n − 2, provides n − 2 extra equations. By solving
 4 Z. PERIC ET AL.

the following system of equations [17]:

g1 (0) = 0, (4)
c(xi ) = ai + bi xi + di xi2 , (5)
c(xi ) = ai+1 + bi+1 xi + di+1 xi2 , (6)
2
c(xi+1 ) = ai+1 + bi+1 xi+1 + di+1 xi+1 , (7)
lim gi (x) = 
lim gi+1 (x) ⇒ bi + 2di xi = bi+1 + 2di+1 xi , (8)
x→xi− x→xi+

gL (xL ) = 0 ⇒ bL + 2dL xL = 0, (9)

where i = 1, . . . ,L−1, we obtain the values of coefficients: a1 , b1 , d1 , . . . , aL , bL , cL .

3. Description of quantizer based on quadratic spline functions

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This section provides us with a detailed description of the quantizer designed according to the approx-
imative quadratic spline functions. Two finite sets of real numbers characterize each scalar quantizer:
the set of reproduction levels {y1 , . . . ,yN } and the set of decision thresholds {t 0 , t 1 , . . . , tN }. Decision
thresholds that divide input range of the quantizer into N quantization cells are also called quanti-
zation intervals α j = [tj−1 , tj ), j = 1, 2, . . . , N. The support region of the quantizer we propose in
this paper is divided into L segments in both quadrants, where each segment is divided into a specific
number of cells whose size differs from segment to segment, as well as from cell to cell.
As has been already stated in [8,9,14,15,18], the PDFs (probability density functions) of the various
continuous signals, such as speech signals, follow the Laplacian distribution. The PDF of Laplacian
source is given by [20]
 √ 
1 |x| 2
p(x) = √ exp − , (10)
2σ σ
with σ denoting the square root of signal variance, or standard deviation of the signal. As shown
in [11], the support region threshold of theoptimal companding quantizer designed for σref 2 = 1 is

given by
3
xmax = √ ln( N + 1) . (11)
2
The granular distortion for a companding quantizer is defined with Bennett’s integral [20]:
2  xmax
xmax p(x)
Dg = dx, (12)
3N −xmax [c (x)]2
2

where the optimal nonlinear compressor function c(x) that gives the maximum SQNR for the refer-
ence variance σref
2 of an input signal x and provides the following mappingc(x) : [−x
max , xmax ] →
[−xmax , xmax ] is defined as [20]
x
−xmax (p(t))
1/3
dt
c(x) = −xmax + 2xmax xmax . (13)
−xmax (p(t))
1/3
dt
By approximating the optimal compressor function c(x) using the quadratic spline functions gi (x),
the granular distortion based on Equation (12) transforms to
L 
2x2
xi p(x)
DSg = max dx, (14)
3N 2 i=1 xi−1 [g  i (x)]2

where index S denotes the spline function.

 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER MATHEMATICS 5

As mentioned, quantization is defined as many-to-one mapping of signal values within each quan-
tization cell into finite set of defined reproduction levels. However, during the quantization process,
various errors could occur; so there is a need to compare resulting reproduction to the original one
[7]. Accordingly, along with the granular distortion, one should determine the overload distortion.
The overload distortion of companding quantizer can be expressed by [20]
 ∞
Do = 2 (x − yN )2 p(x) dx. (15)
xmax

The last reproduction level is denoted by yN . By assuming yN ≈ xmax , for the assumed Lapla-
cian PDF given by Equation (10), we determine the following closed-form formula for the overload
distortion:
 √ 
2x max
Do = σ 2 exp − . (16)
σ
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The sum of the granular distortion Dg and the overload distortion Do represents the total distortion
D. In this paper, the performance of the proposed companding quantizer models is evaluated by the
signal to quantization noise ratio [20]:
 
σ2
SQNR = 10 log [dB], (17)
D

where the total distortions of the observed compandors are determined by Equations (12), (14) and
(16) as follows:
 √ 3  √ 
9σ 2 2xmax 2 2xmax
D= 1 − exp − + σ exp − , (18)
2N 2 3σ σ
L  xi
 √ 
2x 2
p(x) 2x max
max
DS = dx + σ 2 exp − . (19)
3N 2 i=1 xi−1 [gi (x)]2 σ

Without diminishing the generality, the quantizer design will be firstly done for the reference
variance of the input signal equal to one, σref
2 = 1 and x ≥ 0.

Switched quantization technique is based on statistical estimation of the content of input frame
buffer, in order to determine into which subset from K possible subsets the upcoming block of samples
falls in. Index of that subset defines corresponding codebook, and is transmitted as the side informa-
tion. Each sample from the block is then encoded by the selected codebook. In that way, by carrying
side information for a frame of length M, additional bit-rate per sample, that is introduced, can be
expressed as (log2 K)/M. However, this minor system disadvantage is compensated by a better robust-
ness of the quality of the quantized signal on the mismatching in the designed for and the applied to
variances. In other words, a more constant quality of the quantized signal in the wide range of the
input signal variance can be obtained in such a manner.
The usefulness of switched quantization technique is demonstrated in [13], where, among other,
it has been shown and proved that SQNR curve of the switched quantizer can be obtained from the
SQNR curve of the quantizer designed for the unit variance and without using switched quantization.
In particular it has been shown that one can translate a part of the SQNR curve of the quantizer,
where the width of the curve to be translated is determined by the number of the codebooks assumed
in designing the switched quantizer. In this paper we use the results from [13] in determining the
SQNR curve of the proposed quantizer.
 6 Z. PERIC ET AL.

4. Numerical results
The numerical results presented in this section show validity of the proposed quantizer model design
based on the obtained quadratic spline approximation. Let us first compare the optimal compressor
function with its approximation. In Figure 1 is presented the quadratic spline approximation of the
optimal compression function, gi (x), i = 1, . . . ,L and the nonlinear optimal compressor function,
c(x), with number of segments 2L = 8 (number of levels N = 128). Based on Figure 1, it can be
concluded that the quadratic spline with the number of segments 2L = 8 closely approximates the
optimal compressor function.
In [18] it has been ascertained that SQNR value of the quantizer, based on the approximative
quadratic spline function with the number of segments 2L = 4 and with N = 128 levels, designed
for the Laplacian source of a unit variance amounts to 35.11 dB (see Table 1). It is obvious that for the
given number of levels N = 128, and the same Laplacian source of a unit variance the determined
value of SQNR for the proposed quantizer overachieves SQNR value of the quantizer from [18] for
about 35.57 dB–35.11 dB ≈ 0.4 dB. Concerning this, a conclusion arises that newly introduced quan-
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tizer model outperforms the model from [18] in terms of SQNR. Moreover, one can see from Table 1
that the gain in SQNR achieved with the proposed quantizer over the one from [18] exists in the case
where N = 64 levels is assumed. In Table 1 is also presented a comparison between the peak values
of SQNR for the proposed quantizer model and other companding models from [10,11], as well as
for the optimal quantizer model (Loyd–Max’s model), designed for the same Laplacian source of a
unit variance. Analysing the results shown in Table 1, one can notice that the design of the quantizer
based on the proposed spline approximation overachieves peak SQNR values of variance-mismatched
fixed-rate scalar quantizers from [10,11], and that even for the number of levels N = 64 and N = 128
achieved SQNR is very close to that of Loyd–Max’s quantizer, which is an optimal quantizer charac-
terized by the complex designing procedure especially when N takes high values (N ≥ 32), as is the
case in this paper.
Let us now compare the obtained results with those presented in [8]. We should not be confused
by the fact that this model has been firstly designed for the unit variance, while the PUSQ from [8]

Figure 1. Second-degree spline function and nonlinear optimal compressor function for the number of segments 2L = 8.

Table 1. Peak values of SQNR for the proposed quantizer model, the companding models from [10,11], the model
from [18] and the optimal quantizer model (Loyd–Max’s quantizer).
N SQNR(Loyd–Max’s) (dB) SQNR(S. Na, [10]) (dB) SQNR(S. Na, [11]) (dB) SQNRS (dB)
64 29.74 29.13 29.40 29.50
128 35.69 35.38 35.51 35.57
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER MATHEMATICS 7
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Figure 2. The comparison of the achieved SQNR between the proposed quantizer model and the models from [1,8,11].

has been designed for the wide range of input variances. In his structure, adaptive quantizer includes
the fixed quantizer, which is designed for the unit variance; so as shown in [13], the presented model
also could be adapted by utilizing switched quantization technique for adaptive quantizer design. The
comparison of the quality of the quantized signal achieved with the proposed quantizer model and
the one from [8] is presented in Figure 2. Label SQNRS denotes the SQNR of the presented switched
quantizer model, while label SQNR [8] denotes the SQNR of PUSQ from [8]. It can be seen that the
proposed quantizer model design based on the quadratic spline approximation (number of segments
2L = 8, N = 128) has an average quality of 35.51 dB; so it overachieves quality of PUSQ model from
[8], with average quality of 34.29 dB for almost 1.3 dB. Also is visible from Figure 2 that average quality
of the proposed quantizer model, based on the quadratic spline approximation, clearly overachieves
the average qualities of variance-mismatched fixed-rate scalar quantizers from [10,11], of 14.23 dB
and 12.75 dB, respectively. So, when compared to the models from [10,11] not only higher peak SQNR
value is obtained, but also when observing broad range of input signal variances, the average quality
of the proposed model is significantly higher. Since model from [8] already overachieves the G.712
standard [5] with obtained 1 bit compression over the quantizer from [4], a tendency for applying
presented model for coding of speech signals and other continuous signals with Laplacian PDF arises.

5. Conclusions
An approach to the quadratic spline function approximation of the optimal compressor function,
using the quadratic spline function with 2L = 8 segments, has been presented. The obtained spline
approximation has been further used for quantizer designing process, considering Laplacian source
at input. Moreover, the application of the switched quantization technique has been considered in
order to make useful the proposed models in various applications where near-constant high quality
of the quantized Laplacian signal is one of the principal needs. It has been shown that obtained per-
formances of the proposed quantizer model outperform properties of companding model known in
the literature, for almost 1.3 dB.

Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the reviewer for his detailed and helpful comments to the manuscript.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
 8 Z. PERIC ET AL.

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