WASH in

emergency
Penyediaan Air, Sanitasi dan Promosi Kesehatan dalam
Tanggap Darurat

Hilman Agung 19 Desember 2020

 Resume

Pendidikan:
S1 – Teknik Lingkungan ITB, 1996
S2 – Water Services Management, UNESCO
IHE, 2004
Pengalaman:
2002 - Technical Assistant, NRW – PT Palyja, Jakarta
2006 - WASH Engineer, Oxfam, Wamena, Papua
2006 - WASH Team Leader, Oxfam, Aceh
2008 - WASH/Logistic, MSF, Monrovia, Liberia
2009 - WASH Manager, Spanish Red Cross, Indonesia
2011 – WASH Coordinator, Oxfam, Kabul, Afghanistan
2013 – WASH Asia Regional Coordinator, Oxfam
2015 - Humanitarian Support Personnel ICT, Oxfam

Area penugasan:
Indonesia, Filipina, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Nepal, Liberia, Nepal,
Pakistan, Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Mozambique, Vanuatu,
Lebanon, Iraq
790 juta di dunia
70 juta di Indonesia
Tanpa Akses Air Bersih
1.8 milyar di dunia
70 juta di Indonesia
Tanpa Akses Sanitasi
Akses Sanitasi vs Kepemilikan HP
 source: Charles Caratini/Sygma/Corbis

1994 Rwandan refugee to DRC. 1st month 50,000 people died due to
cholera and dysentriae. (Goma Epidemiology Group 1995)
 Source: www. www. blogs.covchurch.org

Oct 2010, Haiti :

3,342 cases of Cholera, 259 resulted in death. The outbreak spread to rest of Haiti, by May
2011 number of death toll due to Cholera has reached to 4,500.
(source: http://blogs.covchurch.org/cwr/2011/08/cholera-in-haiti)
Water Borne Diseases
 Microorganisme
Penyebab WBD

Protozoa Parasite

Bakteri Virus
To prevent water borne diseases
 Transmission Route

W W
W Water

S S Sanitation
H H
H Hygiene

S H
H

H
S H

S S
Hygiene Promotion
WASH Intervention Effectiveness
Squatter vs Seater
Faktor Pertimbangan Design

Sosial -
Kultural Teknis

• Demografi • Kondisi tanah

• Kerentanan • Resiko potensi
• Kepercayaan pencamaran
• Perilaku Kesehatan • Iklim
• Praktek/Kebiasaan • SDM
• Lokal material
• Akses
• Umur Design
 Kriteria Kunci Design
Latrine dalam Kedaruratan
SPHERE STANDARD

https://spherestandards.org/
https://handbook.spherestan
dards.org/en/sphere/#ch006
 Kriteria Kunci Design
Latrine dalam Kedaruratan

Cakupan
• 1 toilet = 20 orang (initial emergency 1 latrine = 50 people)
• Pemisahan toilet Pria dan wanita
Lokasi/Posisi
• 6 m – 50 m dari tempat tinggal
• 30 m dari sumber air
• Tersedia di tempat umum
Kedalaman : 1,5 meter
Laju Akumulasi
• Toilet kering: 0,5 liter/org/hari
• Toilet flush: 0.8 liter/org/hari
 FASE DALAM KEDAURATAN

IMMEDIATE EMERGENCY (1 – 2 minggu)

STABILISASI (0.5 bulan – bbrp bulan)
RECOVERY
(Bbrp bulan)
REHABILITASI
(Bbrp bulan – Bbrp tahun)
FASILITAS SANITASI DARURRAT
FASE 1
 Kriteria Fasilitas Sanitasi
Fase 1

• Cepat dan mudah dibangun;

• Praktis dan mudah dipahami untuk digunakan;
• Menggungakan material lokal yang tersedia
• Life span yang pendek
Open Defecation Field
Advantages:
Rapid to implement;
Minimal resources required;
Minimises open defecation.

Constraints:
• Lack of privacy for users;
• Considerable space required;
• Difficult to manage;
• Potential for cross-contamination
• of users;
• Better suited to hot dry climates.
Shallow Trench Latrine/Toilet Parit
Advantages:
• Rapid to implement
• Faeces can be covered easily with soil.

Constraints:
• Limited privacy;
• Short life -span;
• Considerable space required

Trench dimension:
• Width : 20 – 30 cm
• Depth: 15 cm
Packet Latrine

Advantages:
• Lightweight and easy to transport;
• May be used where space is severely limited or in
flooded areas.

Constraints:
• Method may not be acceptable to affected
population;
• Final disposal site must be clearly marked,
accessible and used.
Packet Latrine
Toilet Portable
Advantages:
Portable
Quick to set up

Constraints:
High cost;
Difficult to transport;
FASILITAS SANITASI KEDARURATAN
FASE 2
Pit Latrine/Cubluk
Advantages:
• Cheap; quick to construct;
• No water needed for operation;
• Easily understood..

Constraints:
• Unsuitable where water table is high, soil is
too unstable to dig or ground is very rocky;
• Often odour problems.
 VIP Latrine
(Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine)
Advantages:
• Reduced odour;
• Reduces flies;
• Good quality long-term solution.
• No water required

Constraints:
• Difficult and expensive to construct properly;
• Design and operation often not fully understood;
• Dark interior may deter young children from use;
• Does not deter mosquitoes;
.
Toilet + Septic Tank

Advantages:
• Reduced odour;
• Ideal where water is used for anal cleansing;
• Easy to clean;
• More efficient to empty tank than for individual
• pour-flush latrines.

Constraints:
• Increased quantity of water required;
• Solid anal cleansing materials may cause blockages;
• More expensive and more difficult to construct than simple pit
latrines.
Fasilitas Cuci Tangan
Sludge Disposal
Sludge Disposal
Sludge Disposal
Sludge Disposal
Sludge Disposal
 Referensi
• https://www.oxfamwash.org/
• Davis, J and Lambert, R, 2002, Engineering in
Emergencies 2nd edition, “A Practical Guide for
Relief Worker”
• https://spherestandards.org/