In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have

bestowed upon their blessings and the heist.

Pledged support this time I am utilizing this space to thank all the

people who have been concerned with this project.

Primarily I would thank God for being able to complete this project with

success .Then I would like to thank my Biology teacher Mr. AJAY BASU,

whose valuable guidance has been the one that helped me find this

project and make it full proof success . His suggestions and instructions

have served as the major contributor towards the completion of this

project .Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have

helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance in various

phases of completion of the project.

The point of my research and the overall concept of this project is

how dogs see the world, a common question in my mind prior to

this project. My specific question for experimentation was: If a dog

was concentrating on an object in front of it, which color moving

object in its peripheral vision would distract it the fastest? Through

experiments with my dog, I hoped to find the answer and make

sure it matches the facts of my research.

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Among the various dog breeds the ones I have worked with are -----

A) SPITZ

B) POMERENIAN

SPITZ

The Indian Spitz is a spitz-type dog breed belonging to the utility group. The Indian Spitz is
a domestic dog and friendly pet. There are varying standards around the world as to the ideal
size of the breed, but they are always larger than their smaller cousins, the Pomeranian.[citation
needed]

The Indian Spitz was one of the most popular dogs in India in the 1980s and the 1990s when
India's import rules made it very difficult to import dogs of other breeds.[1]
The Indian Spitz is often called "Indian Pomeranian", though the two breeds are very different.
The confusion arises from the fact that both breeds belong to the Spitz family, along with the
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Pomeranian, Elk-Hound, German Spitz, Samoyed Dogs, Finnish Spitz, and Japanese Spitz,
among others.
 POMERENIAN

The Pomeranian (often known as a Pom) is a breed of dog of the Spitz type that is named for

the Pomerania region in north-west Poland and north-east Germany in Central Europe. Classed as
a toy dog breed because of its small size, the Pomeranian is descended from the larger Spitz-type
dogs, specifically the German Spitz. It has been determined by the Fédération Cynologique
Internationale to be part of the German Spitz breed; and in many countries, they are known as
the Zwergspitz ("Dwarf-Spitz").
The breed has been made popular by a number of royal owners since the 18th century. Queen
Victoria owned a particularly small Pomeranian and consequently, the smaller variety became
universally popular. During Queen Victoria's lifetime alone, the size of the breed had decreased by
half. Overall, the Pomeranian is a sturdy, healthy dog. The most common health issues are luxating
patella and tracheal collapse. More rarely, the breed can have Alopecia X, a skin condition
colloquially known as "black skin disease". This is a genetic disease which causes the dog's skin to
turn black and lose all or most of its hair.[1] As of 2013, in terms of registration figures, since at least
1998, the breed has ranked among the top fifty most popular breeds in the US, and the current
fashion for small dogs has increased their popularity worldwide

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MY AIM IS TO FIND OUT HOW DOGS SEE THE

WORLD?

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DOG’S EYE
The dog’s eye is pretty much a garden-variety mammalian eye, with some notable

adaptations that have evolved over the millennia. It is a globe with two fluid-filled

chambers (anterior and posterior). The chambers are separated by the lens, the

structure that helps focus light beams onto the rear part of the eye, the retina. The

eye’s outer, clear surface, the cornea, offers protection to the inner eye and helps the

lens focus light onto the rear of the eyeball, the retina.

Looking into the healthy dog’s eye, you’ll see a dark center (pupil) surrounded by a
colored ring known as the iris, and outside the iris is the white sclera. The iris is some
shade of brown in most dogs, but some dogs have one or two blue eyes. Attached to
the iris are muscles that function to open or close the lens, letting in more or less light,
depending on the available light.

Dogs have a prominent third eyelid (nictitating membrane) located at the bottom of the
inner part of the eye, between the lower eyelid and the globe of the eye. The third
eyelid is thought to offer protection for the eyeball and to help in removing foreign
bodies. Third eyelids are normally concealed beneath the lower eyelids, but one or
both may become prominent with certain diseases, for several hours after general
anesthetic, and with irritation from a foreign body.

Dogs have upper and lower eyelids, and irritations or scratches may arise when the
hairs on these lids project toward the eyeball – a condition either genetic or a result of
a wound that scarred the lid. The muscles surrounding the eyeballs (the orbicularis
oculi) move the eye’s globe so it can be directed toward what the dog wants to see.

The Function of A Dog’s Eye

While the human has evolved as a diurnal (active in the daytime) species, dogs initially
evolved as nocturnal or crepuscular (active at dawn and dusk) predator species. As a
result, we humans have great visual acuity, color perception, and depth perception, but
we do not see well in the dark.

Dogs, in contrast, have well-developed night vision and their sight is well adapted to
detect movement. There is some trade-off between visual acuity (the ability to see
detail) and the ability to see in the dark. The dog’s visual acuity has been estimated at
six times poorer than an average human; admittedly, this is a bit of a guesstimate (how
do you get a dog to read an eye chart?).

eerie glow you see when a beam of light hits your dog’s eyes at night is the reflection
from the tapetal surface of his eye. The tapetum is also easy to see during a routine eye
exam using an ophthalmoscope.

Much like the human retina, the dog’s retina is lined with rods (the sensing cells
adapted to work best in low light and used for motion detection) and cones (cells that
work best in mid to high levels of light, with the ability to detect color). The proportion
of rods to cones is much higher in dogs than humans, thus the enhanced night vision in
dogs.

In addition, dogs only have two types of cones (dichromat), whereas humans have
three types (trichromat). This expansion of cone-cell types allows the human to see a
wider spectrum of color; the dog’s world probably consists of yellows, blues, and grays,
while the human color range expands into the reds and greens.A dog’s lateral eye
placement allows better wide-angle vision but hinders depth perception and close-up
viewing because there is minimal visual overlap between the two eyes (called binocular
convergence). Thus, your dog can easily snag a ball moving sideways but may have
trouble catching a ball tossed right at his nose. Specialized eye exams can detect the
focal point of the lens – whether it is right on the retina (normal or emmetropia), in
front of (myopia or nearsightedness), or behind it (hyperopia or farsightedness). At one
time it was assumed all dogs were myopic, but judging from new information on these
evaluations, most dogs are likely very near normal (emmetropic). Some breeds,
however, are especially prone to being myopic. (Of the examined dogs, the breeds that
had a higher incidence of myopia included German Shepherds, Rottweilers, and
Schnauzers.)As a person ages, his lenses “harden” and may eventually develop
cataracts. As the lens hardens, its ability to bend (or “refract”) the incoming light to
focus it on the retina diminishes, so the person’s visual acuity is diminished over the
years and the person typically becomes myopic. Dogs, too, experience this hardening
of the lens (see information on cataracts below), and conventional medicine often
recommends surgically removing them. However, recent information indicates that
after surgery,

without the refractive ability of the lens, dogs become terribly hyperopic. Recent
advances have produced intraocular prosthetic lenses that help correct for this loss of
focusing ability.
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The experiment performed produced the following results--

Colour Time taken by the Spitz dog Time taken by the Pomeranian dog
Green 11s 9s 15s 19s
Red 20s 13s 24s 19s
Violet 39s 30s 20s 26s
Orange 18s 20s 27s 30s
Black 5s 6s 10s 12s
Pink 23s 10s 29s 23s
*The numbers represent the time (seconds) taken by the dog to be distracted.

<POMERANIAN

SPITZ>

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.

1. Dog
2. Green paper
3. Red paper
4. Violet paper

5. Orange paper
6. Black paper
7. Pink paper
8. Stopwatch
9. Bones.

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1) Tell dog to sit still.
2) Have a partner hold a bone in front of it; it should watch
intently.
3) In the dog’s peripheral vision, wave a color paper.
4) Time how long it takes for the dog to show any sign of looking
your way.
5) Record the time in seconds and repeat twice.
6) Repeat steps 1-5 for each remaining color paper.

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S.NO TOPIC PAGE NO
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. AIM 8
3. MATERIALS REQUIRED 9
4. METHOD 10
5. OBSERVATIONS AND 11
RESULT
6. CONCLUSION 12
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 13
After doing my research, conducting my experiment, and analyzing the
results, I found that I still had questions that weren’t answered. I
understand that there are definite restrictions to my experimentation, and
some questions that I may never get answered.
Some questions could have been answered by tweaking my experiment to
have multiple variables. I could have tested multiple breeds, tested a wider
range of colors, tried moving and non-moving objects, etc.
Others may just involve more research, such as Do dogs have the ability to
read? Or why is a dog’s eyesight different from humans? Or
What is the farthest distance that a dog can see? All these can be
answered with further testing and investigation, which is how science builds
upon itself.
This project involves researching and testing dogs' vision, and, most
importantly, which colors they can see better than others

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To complete this project help has been taken from----

1. www.google.com

2. www.wikipedia.com

3. www.1000sciencefairprojects.com

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