Abdulrahman's Project1

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preamble
No-fines concrete (sometimes referred to as porous or open-textured concrete) is as the name
indicates, concrete consisting of coarse aggregate, cement and water, Fines being omitted
entirely. Some of the advantages are impressive. One of the main advantages of no-fines
concrete results from its relatively low hydrostatic pressure when wet. The hydrostatic
pressure of no-fines concrete is on average only about one-third that of dense concrete. This
circumstance, coupled with the even grading, eliminates segregation even when the material
is discharged from quite a high level, and allows very large form work units to be used. Some
builders cast no-fines in lengths of 18m and from heights up to 8m. The nature of no-fines
concrete is such that it has a relatively high proportion of interconnected voids but practically
no fine capillary pores. This means that transfer of moisture by capillary attraction does not
occur and that with an external rendering to prevent wind pressure from forcing water
through the wall, the construction is waterproof. (With regard to the effectiveness of the
rendering, it is generally accepted that water penetration is limited to a distance equal to twice
the diameter of the coarsest aggregate particle). With no-fines concrete the danger of
dampness is remote unless there is bad detailing, or a concentration of cement grout in the
wall as a result of using too wet a mix. Cracking of the rendering is another obvious danger.
The weight of no-fines concrete depends on the type of aggregate used. In general, however,
the no-fines mix will be only about two-thirds of the weight of a dense concrete made with
the same aggregate. The total shrinkage of no-fines concrete on drying is about half that of a
dense concrete made with the same aggregate. The rate of shrinkage is also much more rapid.
Of the total shrinkage movement, it has been found that 50 to 80 percent takes place in the
1
first 10 days, whereas for dense concrete only 20 to 30 percent would have occurred in the
same period.
This means that there is much less danger of the rendering cracking on a no-fines
wall. Because of these great differences in rate of shrinkage, care must be taken when using
combined no-fines and dense-concrete construction. A 10-inch no-fines wall, rendered
externally and plastered internally has a heat transmission value of 0.30, which is the same as
an 11-inch cavity brick wall. Even better thermal insulation can be obtained by using clinker
or crushed brick as the aggregate; however, the problem then arises of insuring that these
materials are inert. The noise insulating value of no-fines concrete is the same as that of
brick. Any sound aggregate which is free from clay or dust and which is rounded or roughly
cubical in shape may be used for no-fines concrete. Aggregates containing soft, friable, thin,
flaky, elongated or laminated pieces totalling more than 10 percent by weight should not be
used. A Shale content greater than l1⁄2 percent also makes the material unsuitable. Washed
gravel and crushed limestone are ideal aggregates. It is good practice to use washed river
gravel which passes a 3⁄4-inch sieve, with not more than 10 percent passing a 3⁄8-inch sieve.
Some research has also been carried out with smaller aggregates, although economic
advantages then begin to fall away. It has been found that 1⁄2- to 3⁄8-inch aggregates are
satisfactory with regard to strength and water resistance. Aggregates graded 3⁄8 to 1⁄4 inch
give mixes which are water resistant but lower in compressive strength. They offer, however,
the advantage of nail ability. A typical no-fines mix calls for one sack of cement to 10 cubic
feet of aggregate, which gives a volume proportion of 1 to 8. Slightly leaner mixes 1:8l⁄2 and
1:9 have been used satisfactorily on some projects and theoretical studies have shown that
1:10 or even 1:12 mixes with heavy aggregates can be satisfactory. Lightweight aggregates
can also be used for no-fines concrete when exceptional thermal insulation or lightness is
required; the strength of the mix will, however, then be reduced somewhat. With such
2
aggregates the mix ratio should not be greater than 1:6. Water/cement ratio is a factor which
is more critical with no-fines than with dense concrete, since it exerts considerably more
influence on the strength. The amount of water must be sufficient to coat each piece of
aggregate with a continuous film of cement grout, so that all the pieces will lock together to
form an open-textured mass. It is important that an excess of water be avoided; otherwise the
grout will tend to be washed off the aggregate, thus weakening the mix and filling the voids.
By filling the voids in this way, pockets of dense concrete are formed which will lead any
penetrating water through the wall instead of allowing it to run down.(The Aberdeeen group,
1961)
1.2 Aim and Objectives
The main aim of the project is to assess the strength of no-fines concrete.
The objectives are:
 To determine the physical and mechanical properties of aggregates to be used in
producing no-fines concrete.
 To determine its compressive strength.
 To determine its void ratio.
 To determine its porosity.
1.3 Scope of the Study
The scope of this Research is to assess the strength of no-fines concrete and also the physical
and mechanical properties of coarse aggregate used in order to establish its suitability for
light weight concrete.
3
1.4 Justification
This project work will go a long way to assist designers and contractors, who require
professional advice on application and strength of no-fines concrete using different single
size of coarse aggregate. Furthermore, designers need to understand its effects when used as
it is lightweight concrete.
4
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 NO-FINES CONCRETE
No-fines are a composite material containing carefully graded coarse aggregate
bonded together by a paste of Portland cement and water. The aggregate is generally a single
size, usually 9.5 or 19mm (3/8 or 3 /4 in), with a cement content sufficient to provide
adequate strength without reducing the porosity. Fresh no-fines concrete compacts well, the
water-cement ratio is low and slump is negligible, often zero. The hardened product is an
open-textured cellular concrete with a high volume of voids and good permeability
properties. It is lighter than normal-weight concrete and it is comparably strong.
Although pavement applications for no-fines concrete are somewhat limited
and relatively recent, it has been used as a building material in Europe, Australia, and the
Middle East for over 60 years (Macintosh et al. 1956). The earliest application of no-fine
concrete was in the construction of two houses and a seagroyne 61m (200ft) long and 2.15m
(7ft) high in the United Kingdom in the year 1852 (Francis 1965). After World War II, no-
fines concrete became widespread for applications such as cast-in-place, load bearing walls
of single and multi-storey houses and, in some instances in high-rise buildings, prefabricated
panels, and stem-cured blocks (Monahan 1981).
No-fines concrete had also been in used in Europe, in limited application, for
parking areas, roof pavements, and some minor roads in Switzerland and England (Maynard
1970). The experience with no-fines concrete in the United States has primarily been in
pavement applications. The use of no-fines concrete as surface paving material for parking
lots has been reported in Florida, New Mexico, and Utah (Monahan 1981 and Kozeliski
5
1991). As a portland cement concrete (PCC) permeable base course, it has been used in states
such as California, Illinois, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin (Mathis 1990). These states have also
utilized no-fine concrete to construct edge drains (Mathis 1990). No-fines concrete slabs have
been used for tennis courts in France (Maynard 1970) and for greenhouse floors in the United
States (Herod 1981).
This four-story apartment building in London, England, is a fine example of some of the
work being done there with no-fines concrete finished with a rough-cast rendering.
6
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Sources of Material
The materials used in this research work are as follows:
 Gravels used in this research work were obtained from quarry industry and were
already crushed to the required sizes of 5mm, 10mm, 15mm, and 20mm. 12 cubes
was casted for each 7days, 14days, 21days and 28days respectively for each size of
aggregate used for 1:7 mix designs. Another 12 cubes was also casted for 7days,
14days, 21days and 28days respectively for each size of aggregate used for 1:9 mix
designs so as to determine their strengths.
 Cements that were used in this project work are ordinary Portland cement and were
obtained at kpakungu cement ware house.
 Portable water obtained from borehole at gidan kwano campus beside Civil
Engineering Lab was used in this project work.
Water/cement ratio: - for satisfactory consistency will differ between a range of 0.4
and 0.45. It must be chosen carefully so as to avoid errors. If the water/cement ratio too low,
the paste will be so dry that aggregate do not get properly stick with paste which results in
insufficient adhesion between the particles. On the other hand, if the water/cement ratio is too
high, the paste flows to the bottom of the concrete, particularly when vibrated and fills up the
voids between the aggregates at the bottom and makes that portion dense. This condition also
reduces the adhesion between aggregate and aggregate owing to the paste becoming very
thin. Unlike the conventional concrete, in which strength is primarily controlled by the
7
water/cement ratio, the strength of no-fines concrete is dependent on the water/cement ratio,
aggregate/cement ratio and unit weight of concrete.
3.2 Testing of Materials
Testing is the means by which the properties of a material are routinely evaluated and
compared with the appropriate specification requirements. The type of material that the
aggregate is going to be used in may lead to different specification requirements.
The tests carried out on the aggregates are as follows:
1. The physical properties test that was carried out includes the following:
i. Specific gravity
ii. Bulk density
iii. Porosity
iv. Moisture Content
v. Void Ratio
2. Mechanical test that was carried out on aggregates includes the following:
i. Compacting factor test
ii. Slump test
iii. Determination of density of no-fines concrete.
iv. Determination of compressive strength of no-fines concrete.
8
3.2.1 Moisture Content Test
Moisture content is defined as the percentage of moisture (water) in a given sample of
aggregate based on oven dry condition. In addition to the voids between the aggregate
particles, there are voids within them as well. In aggregates natural state, these voids usually
contain moisture (water). The amount of water present within the voids of the aggregate is
very important in concrete production. The net water content of aggregate is directly affected
by the moisture content of the aggregate used.
Apparatus
i. Oven
ii. Container
iii. Weighing balance
Procedure:
A small sample of the aggregate was taken and weighed (M). The sample was then
placed in an oven (at about 110o) for 24 hours. The oven-dried sample was then weighed (N).
The moisture content of the sample was obtained using the formula given below:
M −N
Moisture content (%) = ×100%..........................3.1
N
9
Where;
M = mass of sample (g)
N = mass of oven-dry sample
Table 3.2.1.1 Result of Moisture Content Test of Coarse Aggregates
S/N 1 2 3 4
Can Number A3 A5 A8 A6
Weight of can (g) 19 20 22 22
Weight of can + 40 63 69 79
sample (M) g
Can + Dry Sample 40 63 69 79
(N) g
(M-N) 0 0 0 0
M.C = 0 0 0 0
(M −N )
× 100 %
N
3.2.2 Specific Gravity Test
According to ASTM C 127-93, specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the mass (or
weight in air) of a unit volume of material to the mass of the same volume of water at the
stated temperature.
Apparatus
i. Weighing balance
10
ii Measuring cylinder
Procedure:
The measuring cylinder was washed, dried and weighed (m 1). An air dried sample of
the aggregate was introduced in to the cylinder. The cylinder and the sample it contained was
then weighed (m2). Water was then poured into the cylinder with the sample in it. The water
poured inside the cylinder was filled to the maximum calibration. The cylinder was weighed
again with the sample and water (m4). The cylinder was finally emptied and washed
thoroughly. It was then filled with water to the maximum and weighed (m3). The procedure
was repeated for each of the aggregate so that two values for specific gravities were obtained
using this formula:
m2−m 1
Gs = ...............................................3.2
( m3−m )−(m4−m )
1 2
Where:-
m1 = mass of empty cylinder (g)
m2 = mass of cylinder and sample (g)
m3 = mass of cylinder and water (g)
m4 = mass of cylinder and water and sample (g)
Table 3.2.2.2: specific gravity Result for 5mm gravel
No. Of Trials 1st Trial 2nd Trial 3rd Trial
11
Wt of cylinder (m1) g 130.0 130.0 130.0
Wt of cylinder + sample (m2) g 162.0 165.0 177.0
Wt of cylinder + sample + water(m3) g 354.0 390.0 395.0
Wt of cylinder + water (m4) g 372.0 377.0 362.0
Wt of water only (m2 - m1) 32.0 35.0 47.0
Wt of water displaced by sample
(m4 - m1) – (m3 – m2) 50.00 22.00 14.00

m 2−m 0.64 1.59 3.36
Specific Gravity =
1
( m4−m1 ) −¿ ¿
Average Specific gravity 1.86

Wt of cylinder (m1) g 125.0 125.0 125.0
(m4 - m1) – (m3 – m2) 25.00 15.00 21.00

m2−m 2.28 3.73 3.10
Specific Gravity =
1
( m4−m1 ) −¿ ¿

Wt of cylinder (m1) g 117.0 117.0 117.0
(m4 - m1) – (m3 – m2) 56.00 14.00 35.00

m 2−m 1.02 2.86 2.20
Specific Gravity =
1
( m4−m1 ) −¿ ¿
12
Wt of cylinder (m1) g 131.0 126.0 131.0
Wt of water only (m2 - m1) 183 171 210
(m4 - m1) – (m3 – m2) 48 68 95

m 2−m 3.81 2.51 2.21
Specific Gravity =
1
( m4−m1 ) −¿ ¿
3.2.3 Bulk Density
The bulk density or unit weight of an aggregate gives valuable informations regarding
the shape and grading of the aggregate. For a given specific gravity the angular aggregates
show a lower bulk density. The bulk density of an aggregate is measured by filling a
container of known volume in a standard manner. The bulk density depends on the particle
size distribution and shape of the particles.
For this test, B.S 812: part 2 1975, recognises two degree of compaction; loose
(uncompacted) and compacted.
Apparatus
i Metal cylindrical container .
ii Weighing balance (accurate to 0.1g).
iii A straight metal tamping rod.
Procedure:
The cylindrical container was initially weighed. For the uncompacted bulk density test,
the aggregate was gently placed in the cylindrical container so that it overflows and then
13
levelled by rolling a rod across the top. This was again weighed and the bulk density was
calculated as given below.
To find the compacted bulk density, the container was filled in three stages, each time
the volume was tamped 25 times with the rod. After the container was completely filled and
compacted, the container and its content were weighed and the compacted bulk density was
calculated accordingly. Three tests were performed in each case and an average value
obtained. The bulk density was calculated using the formula:
weight of material (loose/compacted )

Bulk density = ................................3.3
volume of cylinder
Table 3.2.3.6: Bulk Density Result for compacted 5mm gravel
No. Of Trials 1 2 3
Wt of mould(w1) g 1068 1068 1068
Wt of mould + compacted 3664 3758 3812
sample(w2) g
Wt of compacted sample(w2-w1) 2.596 2.690 2.744
kg
Volume of cylinder 0.0017226 0.0017226 0.0017226
Bulk Density (kg/m3) 1507.02 1561.59 1592.94
Average Bulk Density (kg/m3) 1553.85
14
Table 3.2.3.7: Bulk Density Result for uncompacted 5mm gravel
No. Of Trials 1 2 3
Wt of mould(w1) g 1068 1068 1068
Wt of mould + uncompacted 3582 3523 3818
sample(w2) g
Wt of uncompacted sample(w2- 2.514 2.455 2.750
w1) kg
Bulk Density (kg/m3) 1459.42 1425.17 1596.42
No. Of Trials 1 2 3
Wt of mould(w1) g 1068 1068 1068
sample(w2) g
kg
Bulk Density (kg/m3) 1582.49 1607.45 1561.59
No. Of Trials 1 2 3
Wt of mould(w1) g 1068 1068 1068
sample(w2) g
15
w1) kg
Bulk Density (kg/m3) 1336.93 1383.37 1366.54
No. Of Trials 1 2 3
Wt of mould(w1) g 1068 1068 1068
sample(w2) g
kg
Bulk Density (kg/m3) 1485.55 1503.54 1514.57
No. Of Trials 1 2 3
Wt of mould(w1) g 1068 1068 1068
sample(w2) g
w1) kg
Bulk Density (kg/m3) 1325.90 1362.48 1316.03
No. Of Trials 1 2 3
16
Wt of mould(w1) g 1068 1068 1068
sample(w2) g
kg
Bulk Density (kg/m3) 1469.87 1470.45 1436.20
No. Of Trials 1 2 3
Wt of mould(w1) g 1068 1068 1068
sample(w2) g
w1) kg
Bulk Density (kg/m3) 1267.27 1279.46 1281.78
From the results of the bulk density test shown in table 3.2.3.6 to 3.2.3.13, the
compacted bulk densities of the gravels are between 1300 and 1500 kg/m3. The uncompacted
bulk densities of the gravels are between 1500 and 1600kg/m3.
3.2.4. Porosity
Porosity (n) is the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume of the soil
(aggregate). From results obtained in section 3.1.4 (bulk density test), the porosity is obtained
from the expression given below:
17
uncompacted bulk density
[ (
Percentage porosity = 1−
compacted bulk density )]
× 100 %...........................3.4
Since aggregate represents some three-quarters of the volume of concrete, it is clear
that the porosity of the aggregate materially contributes to the overall porosity of the concrete
(Neville, 1995).
Table 3.2.4.14: Results of porosity on coarse aggregates
Types of gravel 5mm 10mm 15mm 20mm

γ u (kg/m3) 1493.67 1362.28 1334.80 1276.17
γ c (kg/m3) 1553.85 1583.84 1501.22 1458.84
γu 0.9613 0.8601 0.8891 0.8748
γc
γu 0.0387 0.1399 0.1109 0.1252
p=1−
γc
p% 3.87 13.99 11.09 12.52
3.2.5 Void Ratio
The void ratio (e) of an aggregate is the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of
solids. The void ratio of the sample can be obtained from the expression given below:
uncompacted bulk density

[ (
Void ratio = 1−
specific gravity × unit mass of water )]
...............................3.5
18
Table 3.2.5.15: Results of Void ratio on coarse aggregates
Types of Gravel 5mm 10mm 15mm 20mm

γ u(kg/m3) 1493.67 1362.28 1334.80 1276.17
S.G × ρW 1860 3040 2030 2840
ρU 0.80 0.45 0.66 0.45
S . G × ρW
V.R = 0.2 0.55 0.34 0.55
ρU
1−
S .G × ρW
3.3 Concrete Mix Design
Mix design can be define as the process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete
and determining their relative amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the
required, strength, durability and workability as economically as possible.(civil engineering
portal)
A standard mix ratio of 1:7 and 1:9 (cement and coarse aggregate) was adopted for the
purpose of this research work and a water cement ratio of 0.4.
Light weight concrete mix design is usually established by trial mixes. The proportions of
various ingredients and water requirement are estimated based on previous experiences with
particular aggregate.
According to A.M. Neville (1996) the degree of workability, density and compressive
strength are the three properties for which concrete is designed. For the purpose of this
research, the absolute volume method was employed to proportion the constituent materials.
This method is based on the principle that the volume of fully compacted concrete is equal to
the absolute volume of all the ingredients (ignoring air content).
With trial mix the amount of the concrete ingredients are summarized and specified in weight
as well as in volume for 1 m3 of compacted concrete.
19
3.3.1 Calculation of Mix Proportions Absolute Volume Method
There are several methods used in calculation of quantity of constituents of concrete,

but foe the purpose of this research work, the absolute volume method was used.
3.3.1.1 Calculation of quantity constituents (Mix Design) for 5mm gravel
Using the standard mix ratio of 1:7 and water/cement ratio of 0.4
Absolute Volume Method
W C G
1
1000 1000 SG c 1000 SG g =
+ +
(3.5)
W
= 0.4  W = 0.4C (3.6)
C
Where:
W = weight of water (kg)
C = weight of cement (kg)
G = weight of coarse aggregate (kg)
SGc = specific gravity of cement (3.15)
SGG = specific gravity of coarse aggregate
From the adopted mix ratio (1:7)
1 C
=  G = 7C (3.7)
7 G
Substituting (3.6), (3.7) in (3.5)
0.4 C C 7C
+ + 1
1000 1000 SG c 1000 SGg =
0.4 1 7
C[ + +
1000 1000 × 3.15 1000 ×1.86
=1 ]
20
C [0.0004 + 0.00031746+ 0.00376] = 1
0.004477C = 1
 C = 0.00447-1 = 223.36kg
Volume of concrete cube mould = 0.10×0.10×0.10 = 0.0010m3
223.36kg  1m3
X (kg)  0.0010
X = 223.36 × 0.0010 = 0.22336kg
 0.22336 of cement is required for one cube
 For 12 cubes, amount of cement required
= 12 × 0.22336 = 2.68kg
 2.68kg is the weight of cement required for the production of 12 cubes
From (3.6),
W = 0.4C = 0.4 × 2.68 = 1.072kg
 1.072kg is the weight of water required for the production of 12 cubes
From (3.7) G = 7C = 7 × 2.68 = 18.76kg
 18.76kg is the weight of gravel required for the production of 12cubes
21
W C G
Absolute Volume Method 1(m3)....................... (3.8)
1000 1000 SGc 1000 SG g =
+ +
W
= 0.4  W = 0.4C................................ (3.9)
C
Where:
1 C
=  G = 7C .........................(3.10)
7 G
0.4 C C 7C
+ + =1
1000 1000 SG c 1000 SGg
0.4 1 7
C ( 1000 +
1000× 3.15 1000 ×3.04 )
+ =1
C [0.0004 + 0.00031746+ 0.00230] = 1
0.000301746C = 1
 C = 0.00301746-1 = 331.40kg
22
331.40kg  1m3
X (kg)  0.0010
X = 331.40 × 0.0010 = 0.3314kg
= 12 × 0.3314 = 3.98kg
From (3.9),
W = 0.4C = 0.4 × 3.98 = 1.59kg
From (3.7) G = 7C = 7 × 3.98 = 27.84kg
W C G
+ + = 1(m3)................ (3.8)
1000 1000 SG c 1000 SGg
W
= 0.4  W = 0.4C................................ (3.9)
C
23
Where:
1 C
=  G = 7C......................... (3.10)
7 G
0.4 C C 7C
+ + =1
1000 1000 SG c 1000 SG g
0.4 1 7
C ( 1000 +
1000× 3.15 1000 ×2.03 )
+ =1
C [0.0004 + 0.00031746+ 0.00345] = 1
0.004167C = 1
 C = 0.004167-1 = 239.9kg
239.9kg  1m3
X (kg)  0.0010
24
X = 239.9 × 0.0010 = kg
 0.2399of cement is required for one cube
= 12 × 0.2399= 2.88kg
From (3.9),
W = 0.4C = 0.4 × 2.88 = 1.15kg
From (3.10) G = 7C = 7 × 2.88 = 20.16kg
W C G
+ + = 1(m3)......................... (3.11)
1000 1000 SG c 1000 SGg
W
= 0.4  W = 0.4C................................ (3.12)
C
Where:
25
1 C
=  G = 7C......................... (3.13)
7 G
Substituting (3.12), (3.13) in (3.11)
0.4 C 1 7C
+ + =1
1000 1000 SG c 1000 SGg
0.4 1 7
C ( 1000 +
1000× 3.15 1000 ×2.84 )
+ =1
C [0.0004 + 0.00031746+ 0.00246] = 1
0.003177C = 1
 C = 0.003177-1 = 314.76kg
314.76kg  1m3
X (kg)  0.0010
X = 314.76 × 0.0010 = kg
26
= 12 × 0.31476= kg
From (3.12),
W = 0.4C = 0.4 × 3.78 = 1.51kg
From (3.10) G = 7C = 7 × 3.78 = 26.46kg
W C G
+ + = 1(m3)......................... (3.14)
1000 1000 SG c 1000 SGg
W
= 0.4  W = 0.4C ................................(3.15)
C
Where:
27
1 C
=  G = 9C......................... (3.16)
9 G
Substituting (3.15), (3.16) in (3.14)
0.4 C C 9C
+ + =1
1000 1000 SG c 1000 SGg
0.4 1 9
C ( 1000 +
1000× 3.15 1000 ×1.86 )
+ =1
C [0.0004 + 0.00031746+ 0.00484] = 1
0.00557C = 1
 C = 0.005557-1 = 179.95kg
179.95kg  1m3
X (kg)  0.0010
X = 179.95 × 0.0010 = 0.17995kg
28
= 12 × 0.17995 = 2.16kg
From (3.15),
W = 0.4C = 0.4 × 2.16 = 0.864kg
From (3.16) G = 9C = 9 × 2.16 = 19.44kg
W C G
+ + = 1(m3)......................... (3.17)
1000 1000 SG c 1000 SG g
W
= 0.4  W = 0.4C................................ (3.18)
C
Where:
29
1 C
=  G = 9C......................... (3.19)
9 G
Substituting (3.18), (3.19) in (3.17)
0.4 C C 9C
+ + =1
1000 1000 SG c 1000 SGg
0.4 1 9
C ( 1000 +
1000× 3.15 1000 ×3.04 )
+ =1
C [0.0004 + 0.00031746+ 0.00296] = 1
0.003677C = 1
 C = 0.003677-1 = 271.96kg
271.96kg  1m3
X (kg)  0.0010
X = 271.96 × 0.0010 = 0.27196kg
= 12 × 0.27196 = 3.26kg
From (3.18),
30
W = 0.4C = 0.4 × 3.26 = 1.304kg
From (3.7) G = 9C = 9 × 3.26 = 29.34kg
W C G
+ + = 1(m3)......................... (3.20)
1000 1000 SG c 1000 SG g
W
= 0.4  W = 0.4C................................ (3.21)
C
Where:
1 C
=  G = 7C......................... (3.22)
7 G
31
Substituting (3.21), (3.22) in (3.20)
0.4 C 9C
+ + =1
1000 1000 SG c 1000 SG g
C¿
C [0.0004 + 0.00031746+ 0.00443] = 1
0.005147C = 1
 C = 0.005147-1 = 194.29kg
194.29kg  1m3
X (kg)  0.0010
X = 194.29 × 0.0010 = kg
= 12 × 0.19429= 2.33kg
From (3.21),
W = 0.4C = 0.4 × 2.33 = 0.932kg
From (3.22) G = 9C = 9 × 2.33 = 20.97kg
32
W C G
+ + = 1(m3)......................... (3.23)
1000 1000 SG c 1000 SGg
W
=¿0.4  W = 0.4C ................................ (3.24)
C
Where:
1 C
=  G = 9C......................... (3.25)
9 G
33
Substituting (3.24), (3.25) in (3.23)
0.4 C C 9C
+ + =1
1000 1000 SG c 1000 SGg
0.4 1 9
C ( 1000 +
1000× 3.15 1000 ×2.84 )
+ =1
C [0.0004 + 0.00031746+ 0.00317] = 1
0.003887C = 1
 C = 0.003887-1 = 257.27kg
257.27kg  1m3
X (kg)  0.0010
X = 257.27 × 0.0010 = kg
= 12 × 0.25727= 3.09kg
From (3.24),
W = 0.4C = 0.4 × 3.09 = 1.24kg
34
From (3.25) G = 9C = 9 × 3.09 = 27.81kg
3.4 Preparation of Concrete
For fresh concrete to be acceptable, the following conditions should be met.
 Be easily mixed and transported.
 Be uniform throughout a given batch and between batches.
 Be of consistency so that it can fill completely the forms for which it was designed.
 Have the ability to be compacted without excessive loss of energy.
 Not segregate during placing and consolidation.
 Have good finishing characteristics. (Charles, 2004)
3.5 Testing of Fresh Concrete
When sampling fresh concrete for testing, it is important to take samples from various
locations or several points during the discharge of the concrete. Samples should not have
contacted forms and collection should be done in such a way that no segregation occurs.
Testing of fresh concrete is done to achieve the following:
 They permit some estimation of the subsequent behaviour of the hardened concrete.
35
 Changes in the properties of fresh concrete imply that the concrete mix is changing,
so that some action can be taken if necessary.
The following tests were carried out on fresh concrete to examine its properties.
3.5.1. Workability Tests
Workability can be defined as the property of concrete which determines the amount
of useful internal work necessary to produce full compaction. (Road Research laboratory
U.K) another definition which envelopes a wider meaning is that, it is defined as the “ease
with which concrete can be compacted hundred percent having regard to mode of compaction
and place of deposition. (M.S. Shetty). Considerable attention is required to be given to the
workability aspect for structural light weight concrete (no-fines). In case of high slump and
over vibration, the mortar goes down and aggregate tends to float. This phenomenon is
reverse of that of normal weight concrete.
Workability depends on a number of interacting factors; water content, aggregate type
and grading, aggregate/cement ratio, presence of admixtures and fineness of cement. The
major factor is the water content of the mix since by simply adding water the inter-particle
lubrication is increased. For a constant water/cement ratio, the workability increases as the
aggregate/cement ratio is reduced because the amount of water relative to the total surface of
solids is increased. There are several methods of measuring workability. However, the two
methods employed for this research work are the slump test and compacting factor test.
3.5.2 Compacting Factor Test
The degree of compaction achieved by a standard amount of work done by allowing
the concrete to fall through a standard height. i.e., the ratio of the density actually achieved in
the test to density of same concrete fully compacted. (M.S. Shetty, 2007).
36
The test was carried out in accordance with B.S 1881: part 103
Apparatus
i Weighing balance
ii Compacting factor apparatus
iii Trowel
iv Tamping rod
Procedure:
The compacting factor apparatus was placed on a smooth horizontal surface. The
sample of concrete to be tested was placed in the upper hopper up to the brim. The trap-door
was opened so that the concrete falls into the lower hopper. Then the trap-door of the lower
hopper was opened and the concrete was allowed to fall into the cylinder. Excess concrete in
the cylinder was removed and the cylinder, which had been weighed empty initially, was
weighed with its content. After weighing, the sample was poured back into the concrete mix.
The cylinder was then filled with concrete in four layers, with each layer being tamped with
25 blows with the tamping rod. The cylinder was finally weighed with the compacted
concrete.
Table 3.6.16: Result of Compacting Factor Test for 1:7
Types of coarse aggregates 5mm 10mm 15mm 20mm

Water cement ratio 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Partially compacted weight, (kg) 9.57 9.77 9.35 9.57
Compacted Weight, (kg) 11.78 11.92 15.51 11.08
37
From equation : 0.81 0.82 0.60 0.86
Compaction factor (CF) =
(Partially compacted weight) / (fully compacted weight)
Table 3.6.17: Result of Compacting Factor Test for 1:9
Types of coarse aggregates 5mm 10mm 15mm 20mm

Water cement ratio 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Partially compacted weight, (kg) 10.73 11.15 10.85 9.39
Compacted Weight, (kg) 11.59 11.87 16.62 10.90
From equation : 0.93 0.94 0.65 0.86
Compaction factor (CF) =
(Partially compacted weight) / (fully compacted weight)
3.5.3 Slump Test
Slump test is the most commonly used method of measuring consistency of concrete
which can be employed either in laboratory or at site of work. It is not suitable method for
very wet or very dry concrete. However it is used conveniently as a control test and gives an
indication of the uniformity of concrete from batch to batch.
The test is conducted in accordance with B.S 1881: part 102
38
Apparatus
i Steel rule
ii Trowel
iii Scoop
iv Tamping rod
v Slump cone
Procedure:
The apparatus for conducting the slump test essentially consists of a metallic mould in
the form of a frustum of a cone. The internal surface of the mould was thoroughly cleaned
and freed from superfluous moisture and adherence of any old set concrete before
commencing the test. The mould was placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid, and non-
absorbant surface and was filled in three layers. Each layer was tamped 25 times evenly by a
standard tamping rod. After tamping of the top layer evenly, the top surface was stroke off
with the trowel. The mould was firmly held against its base during the entire operation to
avoid movement and leakages; this was facilitated by handles brazed to the mould.
Immediately after filling, the mould was then carefully removed. The tamping rod
was placed on top of the cone and projecting over the highest point of the concrete. The
decrease in the height of the centre of the slumped concrete and the underside of the rod was
measured. The process was carried out carefully and quickly to avoid settling of the concrete
mix.
39
Table 3.7.18: Result for Slump Test on Concrete 1:7
Types of Gravel Mix Ratio Water/Cement ratio Slump (mm)

5mm 1:7 0.4 59
10mm 1:7 0.4 18
15mm 1:7 0.4 162
20mm 1:7 0.4 195
Table 3.7.19: Result for Slump Test on Concrete 1:9
Types of Gravel Mix Ratio Water/Cement ratio Slump (mm)

5mm 1:9 0.4 19
10mm 1:9 0.4 17
15mm 1:9 0.4 154
20mm 1:9 0.4 188
(M.S Shetty, 2007) reported that the slump test of a lightweight concrete should be
limit to 100mm. From the result of the slump test shown in table 3.7.16 and 3.7.17, it shows
that no-fines concrete made with 15mm and 20mm gravel has a higher workability.
3.6 Casting of Concrete cube Samples
The dimension of the moulds used for casting of the concrete cubes was 100mm ×
100mm × 100mm in accordance with B.S 1881. A thin layer of mineral oil was applied to the
inside surfaces of the moulds in order to prevent bond between the concrete and the mould.
Concrete was then poured in the mould in 3 layers, each layer being compacted by 25 strokes
of 16mm diameter steel rod with a bullet end.
Thereafter, the fop surface was finished by a trowel. The cubes were then properly
stored and allowed to harden. The de-moulding of the cube was done after 24 hours.
40
Curing of the cube samples commenced immediately after de-moulding. The cubes
were placed in a curing tank containing portable water for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days respectively.
3.8 Testing of Hardened Concrete
It has been observed that small representative samples of concrete do not in any way
guarantee the quality of the quality of the concrete. Studies have shown that there is not a
very good correlation between strength of concrete determined by ASTM standard tests and
the strength of the concrete in the structure (Charles, 2004). However, the following are some
reasons that warrant the continuous testing of hardened concrete;
 Test helps to ensure proper batching and proportioning.
 It provides statistical information on properties.
 Reveal problems association with the materials.
 Helps ensure high production standards are maintained.
 Documented testing will help identify any structural problems that arise.
 Strength test may be used as a guide for construction purposes.
3.9 Compressive strength Test
Compression test is the most common test conducted on hardened concrete, partly
because it is an easy test to perform, and partly because most of the desirable characteristic
properties of concrete are qualitatively related to its compressive strength.(M.S Shetty, 2007)
The compressive strength of the concrete cube samples was determined in accordance
to B.S 1881: part 16
41
Apparatus
i Weighing balance
ii Compression testing machine
Procedure:
The weight of the samples was always taken before the compressive strength test was
conducted. The cubes were removed from the curing tank after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of
curing consecutively. On the designated days for crushing, three sample cubes were crushed
for each of aggregate type. Each of the cubes were allowed to drain and weighed before
placement in the concrete machine. Each specimen was placed centrally in the manually
operated compressive testing machine in such a way that it was in line with the centre of the
thrust of the platens of the machine. It was ensured that the marked face of the concrete cube
sample was not facing up. With the cube sample in position the load was applied and
increased continuously until failure occurred. It was ensured that the machine dial pointer
was at zero at the commencement of the crushing test. The maximum load carried by the
specimen before failure was recorded. The maximum load divided by the net surface area of
the specimen gives the compressive strength of the concrete.
The formula is given below:
P(N )
Compressive strength (N/mm2) =
A (mm2 )
Where:
P = maximum load (crushing load)
A = surface area
42
The test result is shown in chapter 4
Plate3.1: Showing Application of no-fines concrete on road
Source: Delatte, Miller, and Mrkajic, 2007, p. 25
43
Plate 3.2: showing Moulded No-fines concrete cubes
CHAPTER FOUR
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Moisture Content
From the results in Table 3.2.1.1, it could be seen that the moisture content of the coarse
aggregate was 0%, this was because the sample was in dry state at the time the test was
carried out.
4.2 Specific Gravity Graph
44
3.5
2.5
Specific Gravity
1.5
0.5
0
5 10 15 20
Coarse Aggregates Size(5mm, 10mm, 15mm and 20mm)
Fig.4.1 Graph of Specific Gravity against coarse aggregates size
From the graph of the specific gravity test shown above, it was found that the specific
gravity of the coarse aggregates were between 1.86 and 3.04 with 10mm aggregates having
highest value of specific gravity of 3.04.
4.3 Graph of Porosity on Coarse Aggregates
45
16
14
12
10
POROSITY(%)
0
5 10 15 20
Coarse Aggregates size (5mm, 10mm, 15mm and 20mm)
Fig. 4.2 Bar Graph of Porosity against Coarse Aggregates sizes
From the graph above it shows that the values of porosity of aggregates range between 3.87%
and 13.99% with 10mm aggregates having the highest percentage of porosity this implies that
it is the sample with high penetration to water.
4.4 Graph of Void Ratio on Coarse Aggregates
46
GRAPH OF VOID RATIO ON COARSE AGGREGATES
0.6
0.5
0.4
VOID RATIO
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
5 10 15 20
Coarse aggregates size(5mm, 10mm, 15mm and 20mm)
Fig 4.3: Bar Graph of void ratio against coarse aggregates sizes
From the graph of the void ratio shown above, 10mm gravel and 20mm gravel have
higher void ratio i.e. 0.55, this shows that they have higher resistance to compaction.
4.5 Graph of Slump Test on Coarse Aggregates with 1:7 and 1:9 Mix Design
47
250
200
150
SLUMP(mm)
1:7 Mix Design

100 1:9 Mix Design
50
0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Coarse Aggregate Size(5mm, 10mm, 15mm and 20mm)
Fig 4.4: Graph of Slump Test against Coarse Aggregates Sizes
From the graph shows above the slump test values of 1:7 Mix Design were between
18mm to 195mm and 1:9 Mix Design values were between 11mm to 188mm. 20mm
aggregates has the highest values of slump in both adopted mix design i.e. 195mm and
188mm respectively demonstrating high workability.
48
4.6 Graph of Compacting Factor on Coarse Aggregates Using 1:7 and 1:9 Mix
Design.
0.9
0.8
0.7
Compacting Factor
0.6
0.5
1:7 Mix Ratio
0.4 1:9 Mix Ratio
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Coarse aggregates size(5mm,10mm,15mm and 20mm)
Fig 4.5: Graph of compacting factor against coarse aggregates sizes.
Compacting factor test of concrete is the test that measures the degree of compaction of work
and reasonable reliable for measurement of workability of concrete work.
BS1881: part 103; specifies that for a normal range of concrete, the compacting factor
lie between 0.80 and 0.92. Most of the results obtained in the graph above lies within this
range.
From the graph above 1:7 Mix Ratio values of compaction were between 0.60 to 0.86
and 1:9 Mix Ratio values of compaction were between 0.65 to 0.94, with 15mm and 20mm
aggregates has high values of compaction
49
4.7 Compressive Strength Test
Table 4.1: Showing the Compressive Strength test for 7days and 14 days hydration for 1:7 Mix Design
with the same water/cement ratio of 0.4
Hydrati Date of Types Cube Density Average Crushing Compressive Average

on testing Of weight (kg/m3) density Load strength Compress
period Gravels (kg) (kg/m3) (KN) (N/mm2) ive
(days) strength
(N/mm2)
16:8: 1.94 1940 20 2.00
2012 5mm 2.00 2000 1966.67 11 1.10 1.50
1.96 1960 14 1.40
16:8: 2.60 2600 25 2.50
7 2.27
2012 10mm 1.86 1860 2153.33 19 1.90
2.00 2000 24 2.40
16:8: 1.76 1760 20 2.00
2012 15mm 1.74 1740 1793.33 10 1.00
1.77
1.88 1880 23 2.30
16:8: 1.78 1780 17 1.70
2012 20mm 1.98 1980 1866.67 8 0.80 1.17
1.84 1840 10 1.00
23:8: 1.911 1911 20 2.00
2012 5mm 1.875 1875 1905.33 21 2.10
1.87
1.930 1930 15 1.50
23:8: 1.930 1930 16 1.60
14 2012 10mm 1.907 1907 1921 14 1.40
1.70
1.926 1926 21 2.10
23:8: 1.783 1783 22 2.20
1.93
2012 15mm 1.830 1830 1814.67 17 1.70
1.831 1831 19 1.90
23:8: 1.790 1790 15 1.50
1.936 1936 14 1.40
2012 20mm 1825.33 1.63
1.750 1750 20 2.00
50
Table 4.2: Showing the Compressive Strength test for 21days and 28days hydration for
1:7 Mix Design with the same water/cement ratio of 0.4
Hydrati Date of Types Cube Density Average Crushing Compressive Average

on testing Of weight (kg/m3) density Load strength Compress
period Gravels (kg) (kg/m3) (KN) (N/mm2) ive
(days) strength
(N/mm2)
30:8: 1.905 1905 18 1.80
2012 5mm 1.762 1762 1872.67 15 1.50 1.50
1.951 1951 12 1.20
30:8: 1.884 1884 14 1.40
21 1.90
2012 10mm 1.910 1910 1899.00 19 1.90
1.903 1903 24 2.40
30:8: 1.787 1787 28 2.80
2012 15mm 1.828 1828 1808.33 14 1.40
1.90
1.810 1810 15 1.50
30:8: 1.724 1724 14 1.40
2012 20mm 1.715 1715 1726.00 18 1.80 1.50
1.739 1739 13 1.30
30:8: 1.872 1872 18 1.80
2012 5mm 1.739 1739 1798.67 19 1.90
1.97
1.785 1785 22 2.20
30:8: 1.797 1797 19 1.90
1.77
28 2012 10mm 1.800 1800 1794.33 17 1.70
1.786 1786 17 1.70
30:8: 1.647 1647 18 1.80
2.53
2012 15mm 1.673 1673 1682 34 3.40
1.726 1726 24 2.40
30:8: 1.690 1690 24 2.40
1.763 1763 20 2.00
2012 20mm 1735.67 2.10
1.754 1754 19 1.90
4.8 Compressive Strength of Coarse Aggregates Using 1:7 Mix Design
51
3
2.5
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH(N/mm2)
7
1.5 days
14
days
1
21
days
0.5
28
days
0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Coarse Aggregates Size(5mm, 10mm, 15mm, and 20mm)
Fig 4.6: compressive strength of 1:7 mix ratio against coarse aggregates size
The results of the mean compressive strength test for ages 7 days, 14 days, 21 days
and 28 days were shown above, it can be deduced that the compressive strength of concrete
cubes were increasing as the number of days of curing increases with 15mm aggregates
having high compressive strength value of 2.53N/mm2.
52
Table 4.3: Showing the Compressive Strength test for 7days and 14 days hydration for
1:9 with the same water/cement ratio of 0.4
Hydration Date Types Cube Density Average Crushing Compressive Average

period of Of weight (kg/m3) density Load strength Compress
(days) testin Gravels (kg) (kg/m3) (KN) (N/mm2) ive
g strength
(N/mm2)
17:8: 2.20 2200 11 1.10
2012 5mm 1.94 1940 2013.33 13 1.30 1.37
1.90 1900 17 1.70
17:8: 2.55 2550 27 2.70
7 2.17
2012 10mm 1.95 1950 2166.67 20 2.00
2.00 2000 18 1.80
17:8: 1.89 1890 22 2.20
2012 15mm 2.11 2110 1993.33 13 1.30
2.00
1.98 1980 25 2.50
17:8: 1.68 1680 16 1.60
2012 20mm 1.76 1760 1726.67 11 1.10 1.33
1.74 1740 13 1.30
24:8: 1.730 1730 16 1.60
2012 5mm 1.850 1850 1713.67 8 0.80
1.10
1.561 1561 9 0.90
24:8: 1.910 1910 17 1.70
14 2012 10mm 1.875 1875 1888.33 18 1.80
1.80
1.880 1880 19 1.90
24:8: 1.660 1660 24 2.40
2012 15mm 1.921 1921 1798.67 21 2.10
2.43
1.815 1815 28 2.80
24:8: 1.730 1730 16 1.60
1.850 1850 8 0.80
2012 20mm 1713.67 1.17
1.561 1561 10 1.10
53
Table 4.4: Showing the Compressive Strength test for 21days and 28days hydration for
1:9 with the same water/cement ratio of 0.4
Hydration Date Types Cube Density Average Crushing Compressive Average

period of Of weight (kg/m3) density Load strength Compress
(days) testing Gravels (kg) (kg/m3) (KN) (N/mm2) ive
strength
(N/mm2)
31:8: 1.830 1830 11 1.10
2012 5mm 1.979 1979 1863.67 18 1.80 1.53
1.782 1782 17 1.70
31:8: 1.984 1984 16 1.6
21 2.20
2012 10mm 1.970 1970 1919.00 23 2.30
1.803 1803 27 2.70
31:8: 1.798 1798 27 2.70
2012 15mm 1.812 1812 1837.00 18 1.80
1.93
1.901 1901 13 1.30
31:8: 1.737 1737 10 1.10
2012 20mm 1.691 1691 1698 9 0.90 1.33
1.666 1666 20 2.00
31:8: 1.670 1670 13 1.30
2012 5mm 1.783 1783 1760 16 1.60
1.73
1.827 1827 23 2.30
31:8: 1.898 1899 23 2.30
2.27
28 2012 10mm 1.199 1991 1874.33 19 1.90
1.733 1733 26 2.60
31:8: 1.711 1711 25 2.50
2012 15mm 1.679 1679 1663.00 28 2.80
2.80
1.599 1599 31 3.10
31:8: 1.513 1513 13 1.30
1.639 1639 18 1.80
2012 20mm 1574.67 1.57
1.572 1572 16 1.60
54
Compressive Strength of Coarse Aggregates Using 1:9
Mix Design
3
Compressive Strength(N/mm2)
2.5
7 days
2
14 days
1.5 21 days
28 days
1
0.5
0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Coarse Aggregates size(5mm, 10mm, 15mm and 20mm)
Fig 4.7: Compressive Strength of 1:9 Mix Ratio against Coarse Aggregates size
The results of the mean compressive strength test for ages 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28
days were shown above, it can be deduced that the compressive strength of concrete cubes
were increasing as the number of days of curing increases with 15mm aggregates having high
compressive strength value of 2.80N/mm2.
55
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions
From the studies conducted on the strength assessment of no-fines concrete the
following conclusions were drawn:
No-Fines Concrete is an open textured cellular concrete obtained by eliminating fines/
sand from the normal concrete mix. Tests conducted to analyse the strength assessment of
No-Fines Concrete indicated the product has a density of 1500- 2000 kg/m3.
For all the samples:10 and 20mm aggregates has 0.55% voids demonstrating the
effect compaction has on the structure of the No-Fines Concrete. The compressive strength
was also calculated for the cubes of both 1:7 and 1:9 mix design: for 1:7 mix design of the
coarse aggregates size (5mm, 10mm, 15mm and 20mm) the compressive strengths were 1.97
N/mm2, 1.77 N/mm2, 2.53N/mm2 and 2.1N/mm2 and the 1:9 mix design compressive
strengths for coarse aggregates size (5mm, 10mm, 15mm and 20mm) were 1.73 N/mm 2,
2.27N/mm2, 2.8N/mm2, and 1.57N/mm2 respectively indicating the increased porosity. To
summarise, the structure of No-Fines Concrete is influenced by the nature of compaction.
56
5.2 Recommendations
From the outcome of this research work, the following are hereby recommended:
 No-fines concrete is economical to produce.
 No-fines concrete can be used as a storm water management method that allows
rainwater infiltration as opposed to surface runoff.
 This type of concrete is not suitable for reinforcement and pre-stressed.
 The absence of fines in these concrete lead to the formation of voids which would act
as insulation and prevent the flow of air, water and heat through the structure.
 Experience Designer is important when applying no-fines concrete into construction
work.
 I recommend that No-fines concrete curing should be extended beyond 28 days in
order to further investigate the relationship between the compressive strength and age
of the concrete days.
57
REFERENCES
Abadjieva., T. and Sephiri., P. (2000): Investigations on some Properties of No-Fines Concrete,

University of Botswana, Botswana.
BS1881, (1970): Making and curing No-Fines test cubes.
Cement and Concrete Association of Australia, (1999): No-Fines Concrete: Concrete Data, July 1999,
p.1&2
Concrete Construction, (1961) No-Fine Concrete, July 1961, p.196-198
Camp, C.V. (2004): Concrete Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Memphis,
Tennessee
Everett, A, (1993) Materials, Longman, London.
Jackson, N., Dhir, R.K. (1988): Concrete. Macmillian Education Ltd.
M.S Shetty (2007 Edition): Concrete Technology theory and practice.S.Chand and company Ltd
Neville, A.M., (2000): Properties of Concrete. Pitman publishing Ltd. ELBS Edition.
(London).
Neville, A.M., and Brooks, J.J. (1994): Concrete Technology. Pitman Publishing Ltd.
58

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CHAPTER ONE

No-fines concrete (sometimes referred to as porous or open-textured concrete) is as the name

combined no-fines and dense-concrete construction. A 10-inch no-fines wall, rendered

1.2 Aim and Objectives

The objectives are:

 To determine the physical and mechanical properties of aggregates to be used in

producing no-fines concrete.

 To determine its compressive strength.

 To determine its void ratio.

 To determine its porosity.

1.3 Scope of the Study

2.1 NO-FINES CONCRETE

No-fines are a composite material containing carefully graded coarse aggregate

properties. It is lighter than normal-weight concrete and it is comparably strong.

Although pavement applications for no-fines concrete are somewhat limited

panels, and stem-cured blocks (Monahan 1981).

States (Herod 1981).

3.1 Sources of Material

The materials used in this research work are as follows:

designs so as to determine their strengths.

obtained at kpakungu cement ware house.

Engineering Lab was used in this project work.

aggregate/cement ratio and unit weight of concrete.

3.2 Testing of Materials

aggregate is going to be used in may lead to different specification requirements.

The tests carried out on the aggregates are as follows:

ii. Bulk density

iv. Moisture Content

i. Compacting factor test

ii. Slump test

iii. Determination of density of no-fines concrete.

iv. Determination of compressive strength of no-fines concrete.

Moisture content is defined as the percentage of moisture (water) in a given sample of

by the moisture content of the aggregate used.

iii. Weighing balance

M = mass of sample (g)

N = mass of oven-dry sample

Table 3.2.1.1 Result of Moisture Content Test of Coarse Aggregates

3.2.2 Specific Gravity Test

using this formula:

Table 3.2.2.2: specific gravity Result for 5mm gravel

No. Of Trials 1st Trial 2nd Trial 3rd Trial

(m4 - m1) – (m3 – m2) 50.00 22.00 14.00

Table 3.2.2.3: specific gravity Result for 10mm gravel

No. Of Trials 1st Trial 2nd Trial 3rd Trial

(m4 - m1) – (m3 – m2) 25.00 15.00 21.00

No. Of Trials 1st Trial 2nd Trial 3rd Trial

(m4 - m1) – (m3 – m2) 56.00 14.00 35.00

Table 3.2.2.5: specific gravity Result for 20mm gravel

(m4 - m1) – (m3 – m2) 48 68 95

size distribution and shape of the particles.

(uncompacted) and compacted.

i Metal cylindrical container .

ii Weighing balance (accurate to 0.1g).

iii A straight metal tamping rod.

calculated as given below.

obtained. The bulk density was calculated using the formula:

weight of material (loose/compacted )

Table 3.2.3.6: Bulk Density Result for compacted 5mm gravel

Table 3.2.3.8: Bulk Density Result for compacted 10mm gravel

Table 3.2.3.9: Bulk Density Result for uncompacted 10mm gravel

Table 3.2.3.10: Bulk Density Result for compacted 15mm gravel

Table 3.2.3.11: Bulk Density Result for uncompacted 15mm gravel