HISTORY OF TOWN PLANNING IN INDIA AND

IDENTIFICATION OF PLANNING PROBLEMS

IN INDIA
 INDEX
TOPIC PAGE NO.
INTRODUCTION TO TOWNPLANNING 1

STAGES OF TOWNPLANNING IN INDIA 2-3

TOWNPLANNING OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION 4-7

TOWNPLANNING OF MOHEN JO DARO 8-9

TOWNPLANNING OF HARAPPA 10-12

TOWNPLANNING OF LOTHAL 13-15

TOWNPLANNING IN VEDIC PERIOD 16

CHANAKYAN ARTHASHASTARA 17-22

 INDEX
TOWNPLANNING IN BUDDHIST PERIOD 23

TOWNPLANNING IN MEDIVIAL PERIOD 24

TOWNPLANNING IN MUGHAL PERIOD 25-26

TOWNPLANNING OF SHAJANABAD 27-31

TOWN PLANNING IN PRE-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD 32-39

TOWN PLANNING IN POST-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD 40

TOWNPLANNING OF CHANDIGARH 41-48

FIVE YEAR PLANS 49-51

IDENTIFICATION OF PLANNING PROBLEMS IN INDIA 52-57

 TOWN PLANNING
Town planning is the process of
managing land resources. It involves the control of
existing and new developments, as well as strategy
preparation to ensure manage future
requirements. It is a dynamic process that changes
in response to policy, development proposals and
local needs.
Towns flourished since prehistoric times in India.
Even at the time of Indus valley
civilization, towns like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
were in existence. The second
phase of urbanization began around 600 BC. It
continued with periodic ups and
downs until the arrival of Europeans in India in
18th century.

01 Source : www.designingbuildings.co.uk
 FOLLOWING ARE
THE STAGES OF 1. ANCIENT INDIA
-INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
    -LOTHAL

DEVELOPMENT OF -VEDIC PERIOD             

-BUDDHIST PERIOD

TOWN PLANNING
2. MEDIVIAL PERIOD
3. MUGHAL PERIOD
4. PRE-INDEPENDENCE OR BRITISH PERIOD

IN INDIA 5. POST-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD

02
 INDUS PRE
MUGHAL
VALLEY BUDDHIST INDEPENDENCE
PERIOD
CIVILISATION PERIOD PERIOD
(16TH-19TH
(UNTIL 1750 (BC) (BEFORE 1947)
CENTURY)
BC)

MEDIVIAL POST
BRITISH
VEDIC PERIOD PERIOD INDEPENDENCE
PERIOD PERIOD
(1760-600BC) (6TH-13TH
(1757-1947) (AFTER 1947)
CENTURY)

03
 TOWN PLANNING
SYSTEM OF
INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION
Indus Valley Civilisation also referred to as
Harappan civilization and Saraswati Sindhu
Civilization. It was situated between Indus
River and the Ghaggar - Hakra River ( Pakistan
and North Western India). Mohenjodaro was
one of the major settlements in this area. The
Indus Valley Civilization is often separated
into three phases: the Early Harappan Phase
from 3300 to 2600 BCE, the Mature Harappan
Phase from 2600 to 1900 BCE, and the Late
Harappan Phase from 1900 to 1300 BCE.
Source : academia.edu
04
 The cities of Indus Valley Civilization were organized for several reasons.
Firstly, the cities were developed close to the Indus River because the Indus people needed river water to
drink, wash and to irrigate their fields.

Secondly, since the river was so close, the cities were built on giant platforms and elevated grounds for
protection
from seasonal flood .

Indus people also had religious beliefs and an appreciation for astronomy, which is reflected in the
orientation of the city.

05 Source : academia.edu
 MAIN FEATURES OF TOWN
PLANNING IN INDUS VALLEY
CIVILISATION
The main features of town planning in Indus Valley Civilisation
are as follows :-
Streets in perfect grid patterns in both Mohenjodaro and
Harappa.
World's first sanitation system.
Individual wells and separate covered drains along the
streets for waste water.
Houses opened to inner courtyards and smaller lanes.
Impressive dockyards ,granaries, warehouses, brick
platforms and protective walls.
Massive citadels protected the city from floods and attackers.
City dwellers were mainly traders and artisans.
All the houses had access to water and drainage facilities.

06 Source : academia.edu
 DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES
Cities grew out of earlier villages that existed in the same locality for less than 100 years.
Grew in size and density and were surrounded by various towns and villages.
Cities interlinked with trade and economic activities, religious beliefs and social relations etc.
Vast agricultural lands, rivers and forests by pastoral communities, fisher folks and
hunters surrounded each city

IMPORTANT CITIES

07 Source : academia.edu
 TOWN PLANNING IN MOHENJODARO
No fortification.
Major streets In North South direction.

TOWN PLANNING
Intersection at right angles.
Streets within built up areas were narrow.
Distinct zoning for different groups.

IN
MOHENJODARO SETTLEMENT DIVISIONS WERE AS FOLLOWS :
Religious,institutional &cultural areas –around monastery &
great bath in the western part.
North – agriculture & industries
South – administration, trade & commerce.

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES IN MOHENJODARO 

Buildings – masonry construction by Sun dried bricks.
Ranging from 2 rooms to mansions with many rooms.
Underground sewerage & drainage from houses.
Helical pumps for pumping water in Great bath.
Principal buildings – monastry & bath - indicating religious
culture.
08 Source : academia.edu
MOHENJODARO - GREAT
BATH
The main features of Great Bath are as follows :-
12x7x3 m in dimensions.
Earliest public water tank in ancient world.
Ledge extends for the entire width of pool.
Watertight floor – thick layer of bitumen.
Floor slopes in south west corner with a small
outlet connecting to a brick drain.
Rooms located in the east.
09
MOHENJODARO - GRANARY
50x40 m in dimension, 4.5 m tall
Massive mud brick foundation
2 rows of six rooms along a central
passageway [7m wide & paved with baked
bricks].
Each room 15.2x6.1 m has 3 steeper walls with
airspace between.
A wooden superstructure supported in some
places by large columns would have
been built on top of the brick foundations, with
stairs leading up from the central passage area.
Small triangular openings – air ducts for fresh
air beneath hollow floors.
The large size of the granary probably indicates
a highly developed agricultural civilization.
Source : academia.edu
 TOWN PLANNING IN
HARAPPA
Citadel mound and lower town surrounded by a
massive brick wall.
Citadel had square towers and bastions.
Large open areas inside the gateway may have been
used as a market or checkpoint for taxing goods
coming into the city.
Outside the city walls a cluster of houses may
represent temporary rest stops for travellers and
caravans.
No division of the society is reflected in the layout of
the city. Since large public buildings, market areas,
large and small houses as well as craft workshops
have been found in the same neighbourhood.
Barrack-like group of single-roomed tenements were
for the poorer classes.
10 Source : academia.edu
 Basic house plans
Single room tenements
Houses with courtyards
Houses - rooms on 3 sides opening into a central
courtyard
Nearly all large houses had private wells.
Hearths ( brick- or stone-lined fireplace or oven
often used for cooking and/or heating) common in
rooms.
Bathrooms in every house with chutes leading to
drainage channels.
First floor bathrooms also built.
Brick stairways provided access to the upper floors.
Houses built with a perimeter wall and adjacent
houses were separated by a narrow space of land.
Granary with areas for threshing grains.
Burnt bricks mainly used for drains, wells and
bathrooms.
Sun dried bricks used mainly for fillings.
Timber used for flat roofs and as frames or lacing for
brickwork.

11 Source : academia.edu
 HARAPPA’S DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
Wells and reservoirs - drinking and bathing.
Wells were lined with specially-made wedge shaped Bricks to
form a structurally sound Cylinder.
Ropes were used to lift the water out, probably with leather or
wooden buckets.
Some neighbourhoods had communal wells.
Bathing platforms with water tight floor & drains [open Out to
larger drains in streets ] provided in rooms adjacent to the wells.
Drains and water chutes in the upper storeys were often built
inside the wall with an exit opening just above the street drains.
Tapered terracotta drainpipes were used to direct water out to
the street.
Many houses had distinct toilets, separate from the bath areas.
Commodes were large jars or sump pots sunk into the floors and
many of them contained a small jar.
Drains covered with baked bricks or dressed stone blocks.
Garbage bins were provided along the major Streets.

12 Source : academia.edu
 TOWN PLANNING IN
LOTHAL
In 2350 BC Harappans based around Lothal and
from Sindh tried to expand their settlement and
create a planned township on the lines of greater
cities in the Indus valley.
The remains dating from 2440 to 1900 b.c. are of a
mature and thriving Harappan culture while those
belonging from 1900 to 1600 b.c. represent the late
Harappan culture in its state of decline.

13
 Lothal planners engaged themselves to protect the area
from consistent floods.      
The town was divided into blocks of 1-2m high platforms
of sun-dried bricks, each serving 20–30 houses of thick
mud and brick walls.
The city was divided into a citadel and a lower town.
The rulers of the town lived in the acropolis, which
featured paved baths, underground and surface drains
(built of kiln-fired bricks) and potable water well.
Lothal engineers accorded high priority to the creation
of a dockyard and a warehouse to serve the purposes of
naval trade.

14
 While the consensus view amongst archaeologists
identifies this structure as a "dockyard," it has also been
suggested that owing to small dimensions, this basin
may have been an irrigation tank and canal. 
The dock was built on the eastern flank of the town, and
is regarded by archaeologists as an engineering feat of
the highest order.
The warehouse was built close to the acropolis on a
3.5m high podium of mud bricks. The rulers could thus
supervise the activity on the dock and warehouse
simultaneously.
Facilitating the movement of cargo was a
mudbrick wharf, 220m long, built on the western arm of
the dock, with a ramp leading to the warehouse. 
Throughout their time, the city had to brace itself
through multiple floods and storms. Dock and city
peripheral walls were maintained efficiently. 
All the construction was made of fire dried bricks, lime
and sand mortar and not by sun-dried bricks as bricks
are still intact after 4000 years and still bonded together
with each other with the mortar bond.

15
 VEDIC PERIOD
In this period, vedas as well as books were wrote on town
planning.

In “vishwa-karmaprakash” it was stated that “first layout the

towns and then plan the houses.”

“Shilpshastra” wrote by “architect mansara” discussed study

on soil, topography, climatology and various layouts like
dandaka, swastika, padmaka, nandyavarta. Dandika style
nandyavarta style.

16 Source : academia.edu
 CHANAKYAN
ARTHASHASTARA
According to Chanakya’s Arthashastra, a city should be located in
the central part of the country so as to facilitate trade and
commerce.
Its shape should be circular, rectangular or square as would suit
the topography. There should be water on all sides.
There should be a wall around the town, which should be at least
six dandas high and twelve dandas wide. Beyond this wall, there
should be three moats of 14 feet, 12 feet and 10 feet wide to be
built four arm-lengths apart.
The main roads should be eight dandas wide and other roads
four dandas wide.
There should be one well for every group of ten houses.
The palace should be in the central part. It should face either
north or east.
 Temples should be located in the center of the town.

17
 CHANAKYAN
ARTHASHASTARA
Some interesting extracts relating to Town and Country planning in
Arthashastra composed by Chanakya in the Maurya period is given below:
 
Town, which is congested, should be freed of surplus population, which
should then be housed in a new location. The towns should be so located
as they would be in a position to help each other.
There should be a ‘sangrahan’ among ten villages, a ‘sarvatik’ among two
hundred, a ‘dronamukh’ among four hundred and a ‘sthaniya’ among eight
hundred villages.
People who come to stay at the time of a new settlement or those who
come to reside later in this new settlement should be exempted from
payment of taxes for some years.
Dams should be built over rivers and  nalas. Temples and
gardens should be provided.
Arrangements should be made for looking after the aged, the children
and informal persons.
Cereals and wealth will grow if the agriculturists are kept busy. Attempts
should be made to protect and increase quarries, forests and canals.
18
 1. DANDAKA 2. SARVATOBHADRA
Streets are straight and cross each other at This type of town plan is applicable to larger villages
right angles at the center § Village has 4 gates on and towns, which have to be constructed on a square
four sides sites.
Village is rectangular / square According to this plan, the whole town should be
Width of the street varies from one- five danda fully occupied by houses of various descriptions and
2 transverse street at the extremities have inhabited by all classes of people.
single row of houses
The village offices located in the east.
The female deity/ Yama devata-located outside the
village and the male deities in the northern
portion.

19 Source : academia.edu
 3. NANDYAVARTA
This plan is commonly used for the
construction of towns and not for villages.
It is generally adopted for the sites either circular or
square in shape, 3000 – 4000 HOUSES
The streets run parallel to the central adjoining
streets with the temple of the presiding deity in
the center of the town.
“Nandyavarta” is the name of a flower, the
form of which is followed in this layout.
20
4. PADMAKA
This type of plan was practiced for building
of the towns with fortress all round.
The pattern of the plan resembles the petals
of lotus radiating outwards from the center.
The city used to be practically an island
surrounded by water, having no scope for
expansion
Source : academia.edu
 5. SWASTIKA
Swastika type of plan contemplates some
diagonal streets dividing the site into certain
rectangular plots.
The site need not be marked out into a
square or rectangle and it may be of any shape.
A rampart wall surrounds the town, with a
moat at its foot filled with water.
Two main streets cross each other at the center,
running south to north and west to east.
21
6. PRASTARA
The characteristic feature of this plan is that the site
may be either square or rectangular but not triangular
or circular.
The sites are set apart for the poor, the middle class,
the rich and the very rich, the sizes of the sites
increasing according to the capacity of each to
purchase or build upon.
The main roads are much wider compared to
those of other patterns.
The town may or may not be surrounded by a
fort.
Source : academia.edu
 7. KARMUKA
This plan is suitable for the place where
the site of the town is in the form of a bow or
semi-circular or parabolic and mostly applied for
towns located on the seashore or riverbanks.
The main streets of the town run from north
to south or east to west and the cross streets run
at right-angles to them, dividing the whole area
into blocks.
The presiding deity, commonly a female deity, is
installed in the temple build in any convenient
place.
22
8. CHATURMUKHA
Chaturmukha type of plan is applicable to all towns
starting from the largest town to the smallest village.
The site may be either square or rectangular having
four faces.
The town is laid out east to west lengthwise, with four
main streets.
The temple of the presiding deity will be
always at the center
Source : academia.edu
 BUDDHIST PERIOD
During the period of emperor chandragupta maurya, kautilya and
chanakya was the chief minister who wrote the famous “arthashastra”, a
treatise of town planning. Features stated in it were:

It states the regulation of zoning depending

on communities, highways to be parallel to the main cardinal
direction i.e. grid iron pattern.
Width of Raj Marg to be not less than 30ft.
The excavation carried out at patliputra,
capital of magadha (now in bihar), shows evidence of advance
knowledge of planning.
Taksha-sila and nalanda, the renowned place for learning were
formed in this period.
Nalanda consist of three main essentials – stupas, temples & hotels
for monks. It had 300 halls for accommodating 10,000 pupils and
libraries were nine-storeyed high.

23 Source : academia.edu
 MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Early medieval town was dominated by church or monastry & castle of lords.

Roads generally radiated from church plaza& market plaza to gates with secondary lateral roadways
connecting them.

Castle was surrounded by wall & moat as a protective elements.

Open spaces, streets, plazas developed as an integral part of site.

Streets were used for pedestrian while wheels were restricted to main roads.

The average dwelling was two stories in height.

Masonry was the usual construction, although wood frame filled with wattle & clay & roofed with thatch for
comparison the medieval dwelling .

24 Source : academia.edu
 MUGHAL PERIOD
The Mughal empire is conventionally said to
have been founded in 1526 by Babur

Cities like agra, delhi were redeveloped

under Mughal period.

Fatehpur-sikri was entirely planned.

Other important thing started in this period

was laying of gardens and parks.

Lal-kila , kutub minar was developed in this

period by them.

25 Source : academia.edu
 Shah Jahan
During Shah Jahan’ rein the architectural development
was remarkable due to his interest and patronage of
architecture.

Shah Jahan was a religious person and was very

particular about observing ceremonies.

The magnificence of the palace (Red Fort - World

Heritage Monument at present) is best described in the
famous couplet inscribed in the Diwan-i-Khas: If
paradise be on the face of the earth, it is this, even this, it
is this.

The celebrated poet Mirza Galib, maintained the same

fervour and wrote: "If the world is body, Delhi is the soul".
26 Source : academia.edu
 PLANNING OF
SAHAJAHANABAD
The city was planned according to hindu planning
principles of shilpashastra from vastushastra.

The site was placed on a high land as in the shastra

and was karmukha or bow shaped, for this ensured its
prosperity.

The arm of the archer was Chandni Chowk.

The junction of the two main axes is the most

auspicious point in the whole region and was therefore
the red fort.

27 Source : academia.edu
THE CITY FORM‐
MORPHOLOGY The urban infrastructure was laid out in a geometric pattern.

ELEMENTS  Shows traces of both Persian and Hindu traditions of town

planning and architecture with the Persian influence largely
accounting for the formalism and symmetry of the palaces
gardens and boulevards.The designed infrastructure of
Shahjahanabad comprised‐
-The fort
-The Friday mosque.
-The bazaars around the Friday mosque.
-The elaborate system of water channels.
-The major gardens and the city wall.
-The arrangement of these planned elements was influenced
by certain site features, which precluded absolute geometry.

28 Source : academia.edu
 STREETS 

The streets in Mughal capital were usually

narrow and crooked. However, the major
streets in the new capital were designed as
wide and straight.
The east‐west street called Chandni Chowk
connected the Lahori Darwaza of the fort to
the Lahori Darwaza of the city wall.
The fort was visible from any place from the
street.

29 Source : academia.edu
 CITY WALLS
The layout of the city walls was based on a
DELHI DARWAZA LAHORI DARWAZA geometrical planning; i.e. to say, a polygonal plan
with gateways. The four main gates were Delhi
Darwaza on south, the Ajmeri Darwaza on the
south-west, the Lahori Darwaza on the west and
the Kashmiri Darwaza on the north.

AJMERI DARWAZA KASHMIRI DARWAZA

30 Source : academia.edu
 TOWN PLANNING OF The plan of Shahjahanabad reflects both Hindu and
Islamic influences.

SHAHAJANADAB The planning of Shahjahanabad also reflects the

traditional Islamic city plan.

According to it the concept of the city lies between

the two poles – man and universe – and that
incorporates the symbolic principles of both.

It was a detailed city, rectangular in shape built on the

banks of River Yamuna,

The city had many bazaars, some of which exist even

now, for example Khari Baoli (which is today Asia's
largest wholesale spice market).

31 Source : academia.edu
 PRE INDEPENDENCE
PERIOD
When the britishers first settled in india, they found most of
the towns are unhygienic. So they built independent
colonies on the outskirts of existing town.
These extensions were called “cantonments” and “barracks”
for military occupied areas and “civil lines” for the residents of
civilians.
Delhi cantonment known as british colonies.
Colonisation brought urbanization.
Urbanisation led to the rise of the suburb.

32 Source : academia.edu
 The introduction of railways in 1853 meant a change in the
fortunes of towns.
The arrival of the railways accelerated urban growth.
Calcutta, Bombay and Madras grew rapidly and soon became
sprawling cities.
As in the case of cantonments, hill stations were a distinctive
feature of colonial urban development.
The founding and settling of hill stations was initially connected
with the needs of the British army.
Hill stations became strategic places for billeting troops,
guarding frontiers and launching campaigns against enemy
rulers.
Hill stations were important for the colonial economy.

33 Source : academia.edu
 TOWN PLANNING IN
LUTYENS DELHI
Lutyens’ Delhi was planned on the most spacious
garden city lines with the great avenues decorated
with classical buildings with lush landscape. The
layout of Lutyens Delhi was governed by three
major visual corridors, linking the government
complex with:
Jama Masjid
Indraprastha       
Safdarjung’s Tomb

34 Source : archinomy.com
 FEATURES

1. The plan reflects Lutyens’ “transcendent

fervour for geometric symmetry,” which is
expressed through amazing sequences of
triangles and hexagons, through sightlines
and axes.
2. Lutyens’ plan is also remarkable for the generous
green spaces, lawns, watercourses, flower and
fruit-bearing trees, and their integration with the
parks developed around monuments.
3. The attempt was to include all natural and
historical wonders in the new city.

35 Source : archinomy.com
 THE ROAD NETWORK

1. Besides the major Pathway, there were

extremely wide avenues ranged from 18m to
180m in width. The original design of the road
network was capable of accommodating
6000 vehicles, however these avenues, had
the potential of increasing their carriageway,
this is the reason why the road layout has
survived till today.
2. In general, the road network consisted of
diagonals and radials, at 30-degree/ 60-
degree angles to the main axis, forming
triangles and hexagons.

36 Source : archinomy.com
 LUTYENS’
DELHI
ZONING

37 Source : archinomy.com
38 Source : archinomy.com
 CRITERIA FOR SITE
SELECTION OF IMPERIAL
CAPITAL
The committee which was setup to choose a site
recommended that if the imperial capital is to be
favorably situated to present an effective appearance,
it should be approached along a line of rising ground.
Lord Harding chose the Raisina Hill for locating the
viceroy’s palace because:      
1. It was a well-drained.       
2. Constituted of slopes and plains between the
ridge and the river.       
3. Its eastern and southern margins were studded
with monuments of vanished empires.        
4. A broad crescent from Sahajahanabad and Kotla
Firoz Shah, south to Tughlaqabad and the Qutub
with tombs of Safdarjung and Lodhis as well as
Jantar Mantar in the foreground could be viewed
from the site.

39 Source : archinomy.com
 POST INDEPENDENCE
PERIOD
The immediate aftermath of Indian independence
LE CORBUSIER
on 15 August 1947 saw millions of refugees enter
India from the newly created, two-part country of
Pakistan.
The years 1947–1965 are very important because it
was during this time that many new towns were
built and key institutions supporting urban growth
for the next several decades established.
In the early post-independence years, these
engineers and architects were primarily foreigners
or Indians trained by foreigners.
Le Corbusier’s arrival in India changed pre-existing
ways of thinking and building.
By 1971, 112 new towns had been built.
The new town that best expressed these multiple
functions was Chandigarh, in Punjab, whose rise
dates back to the immediate aftermath of
Partition in 1947.
The making of Chandigarh can therefore be
regarded as an important means to propel the
40 process of decolonization. Source : academia.edu
 CHANDIGARH
URBAN PLANNING CONCEPTS

Picture of LE CORBUSIER with the

41
Master Plan of Chandigarh Source : academia.edu
 INITIAL PROPOSALS FINAL PROPOSALS

Fan-shaped Master Plan proposed by Grid-Iron Master Plan proposed by

Albert Mayer Le Corbusier
42 Source : academia.edu
 BASIC PLANNING CONCEPTS

Le Corbusier conceived the master

plan of Chandigarh as analogous to human body,
with a clearly defined:
Head (the Capitol Complex, Sector 1),
Heart (the City Centre Sector-17),
Lungs (the leisure valley, innumerable open
spaces and sector greens),
Intellect (the cultural and educational
institutions),
Circulatory system (the network of roads, the
7Vs) and
Viscera (the Industrial Area)

43 Source : academia.edu
 The primary module of city’s design is a Sector, a neighborhood unit of size
800m*1200m to fast- mechanized transport and sealed to direct access from the
houses.
Each sector is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school, health centers and places of
recreations and worship.
The population of a sector varies between 3000 and 20000 depending upon the sizes of
plots and the topography of the area.

View of typical Roads and Round-abouts in the city Layout of a typical residential
sector

44 Source : academia.edu
 HIERARCHY OF
GREEN AREAS
A Hierarchy of Green Spaces can be
observed in both the layout ranging
from Public Greens at City Level to
Semi-Private to Private Green Areas.
1. City Level Public Green Space
with Artificial Water Body
2. Free- Flowing Green Space,
connecting the entire site
3. Semi-Private Green Areas for
neighborhood pockets
4. Private Green Areas for
Residential Units

45 Source : academia.edu
 LEISURE VALLEY,
CHANDIGARH
    
The Leisure Valley is a green
sprawling space extending
North-East to South-West along a
seasonal river let gradient and was
conceived by Le Corbusier as the
lungs of the city.
  
Apart from large Public Parks and
special Botanical Gardens, it
houses series of Fitness Trails,
amphitheaters and spaces for
open-air exhibitions.

46 Source : academia.edu
 CENTRAL PUBLIC
COMPLEX

The Central Sector of the city,

Sector 17, is the main Public
Congregation area of the city.
It houses all major Shopping
Complexes, Sports Facilities and
Congregation Spaces.

47 Source : academia.edu
 BUILDING
TYPOLOGIES
The Basic Building Typology is
observed as extremely
Rectilinear with similar
proportions.
In both the developments the
smaller individual Residential
Units are arranged around
central common Green Spaces,
although the shapes are
different.

48 Source : academia.edu
 FIVE YEAR PLANS
And major reforms
Considering the urgent need to prevent unregulated growth of the towns, the Five Year Plans laid stress
on the need to undertake town planning to provide for zoning and land use, control of ribbon
development, location of industries, clearance of slums, civic and diagnostic surveys and
preparation of master plans.

1 2 3 4 5

1951-1956 1956-1961 1961-1966 1969-1974 1974-1979

AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURAL MAKE THE ECONOMY GROWTH WITH STABILITY PRIORITY WAS GIVEN TO
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT INDEPENDENT AND TO AND PROGRESSIVE AGRICULTURE, NEXT
OF THE COUNTRY OF THE COUNTRY REACH SELF ACTIVE ACHIEVEMENT OF SELF CAME TO INDUSTRY
Launching Of Community Launching Of Community POSITION OF TAKE OFF. RELIANCE Environmental AND MINES.
Development Movement Development Movement Extensive Land Reform Improvement Of Urban Slums Emphasis On Fulfilling
Measures Undertaken HUDCO Was Established. Minimum Needs.

49 Source : Vidya-mitra youtube

 FIVE YEAR PLANS
And major reforms
Considering the urgent need to prevent unregulated growth of the towns, the Five Year Plans laid stress
on the need to undertake town planning to provide for zoning and land use, control of ribbon
development, location of industries, clearance of slums, civic and diagnostic surveys and
preparation of master plans.

6 7 8 9 10

1980-1985 1985-1990 1992-1997 1997-2002 2002-2007

POVERTY ERADICATION AND INCLUDE THE DEVELOPMENT GROWTH WITH JUSTICE AIMED TO DOUBLE THE PER
TECHNOLOGICAL SELF ESTABLISHMENT OF THE OF THE HUMAN AND EQUITY CAPITA INCOME OF INDIA IN
RELAINCE SELF SUFFICIENT RESOURCES I.E. Development And THE NEXT 10 YEARS JaNURM
Direct, Targeted Poverty ECONOMY, EMPLOYMENT, Upgradation Of (Jawaharlal Nehru Urban
Alleviation Programmes OPPORTUNITIES FOR EDUCATION, AND PUBLIC Infrastructure & Services. Renewal Mission) PURA
Started. Integrated Rural PRODUCTIVE HEALTH. (Providing Urban Amenities
Development Programmes EMPLOYMENT 73rd And 74th In Rural Areas)
(IRDP) Universalized Indira Awas Tejana For Constitutional
Provision Of Having To Amendments
SCs/STs
50 Source : Vidya-mitra youtube
 FIVE YEAR PLANS
And major reforms
Considering the urgent need to prevent unregulated growth of the towns, the Five Year Plans laid stress
on the need to undertake town planning to provide for zoning and land use, control of ribbon
development, location of industries, clearance of slums, civic and diagnostic surveys and
preparation of master plans.

NITI
11 12 AYOG
2015

2007-2012
INCLUSIVE GROWTH
Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar
Yojana
National Rural Employment
Guarantee Scheme
National Rural Health Mission
Bharat Nirman
2012-2017
FASTER, MORE INCLUSIVE NATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR
AND SUSTAINABLE TRANSFORMING INDIA a
GROWTH policy think tank of the
government of India, established
with the aim to achieve
Sustainable Development Goals

51 Source : Vidya-mitra youtube

 IDENTIFICATION OF PLANNING
PROBLEMS IN INDIA
India is one of the less urbanized countries of the world with only 31.16 per cent
of it's population living in urban agglomerations/towns, this country is facing a
serious crisis of urban growth at the present time.

The sheer magnitude of the urban population, haphazard and unplanned growth
of urban areas, and a desperate lack of infrastructure are the main causes of such
a situation.

Source : www.yourarticlelibrary.com/urbanisatiion
52
 1. URBAN SPRAWL
Urban sprawl or real expansion of the cities,
both in population and geographical area, of
rapidly growing cities is the root cause of
urban problems.

Massive immigration from rural areas as well as

from small towns into big cities has taken
place almost consistently; thereby adding to
the size of cities.

2. OVERCROWDING
Overcrowding is a situation in which too many
people live in too little space.

Overcrowding is a logical consequence of

overpopulation in urban areas. It is naturally
expected that cities having a large size of
population squeezed in a small space must
suffer from overcrowding.

53 Source : www.yourarticlelibrary.com/urbanisatiion
 3. HOUSING
Overcrowding leads to a chronic problem of
shortage of houses in urban areas.

This problem is specifically more acute in

those urban areas where there is a large influx
of unemployed or underemployed immigrants
who have no place to live in when they enter
cities/towns from the surrounding areas.

4. UNEMPLOYMENT
One of the major causes of urban
unemployment is the large scale migration of
people from rural to
urban areas.

The general poverty among the rural people

pushes them out to urban areas to migrate in
search of livelihood and in the hope of a better
living.
54
Source : www.yourarticlelibrary.com/urbanisatiion
 5. SLUMS AND SQUATTER
SETTLEMENTS
The natural sequel of unchecked, unplanned
and haphazard growth of urban areas is the
growth and spread of slums and squatter
settlements which present a striking feature in
the ecological structure of Indian cities,
especially of metropolitan centers.

6. TRANSPORT
With traffic bottlenecks and traffic congestion,
almost all cities and towns of India are suffering
from an acute form of transport problem.

Transport problems increase and become more

complex as the town grows in size. With its
growth, the town performs varied and complex
functions and more people travel to work or
shop.
55 Source : www.yourarticlelibrary.com/urbanisatiion
 7. WATER
Water is one of the most essential elements of
nature to sustain life and right from the
beginning of urban civilization, sites for
settlements have always been chosen keeping
in view the availability of water.

Supply of water started falling short of

demand as the cities grew in size and number.

8. SEWERAGE PROBLEMS
Urban areas in India are almost invariably
plagued with insufficient and inefficient sewage
facilities.

Not a single city in India is fully sewered.

56 Source : www.yourarticlelibrary.com/urbanisatiion
 9. TRASH DISPOSAL
As Indian cities grow in number and size the
problem of trash disposal is increasing at
alarming proportions.
Most cites do not have proper arrangements
for garbage disposal and the existing landfills
are full to the brim.
These landfills are hotbeds of disease and
innumerable poisons leaking into their
surroundings.

10. PROBLEM OF URBAN

POLLUTION
With the rapid pace of urbanization, industries
and transport systems grow rather out of
proportion.

These developments are primarily responsible

for pollution of the environment, particularly the
urban environment.
57 Source : www.yourarticlelibrary.com/urbanisatiion
FIN

SUBMITTED BY -
JOHN P JOSEPH
NIKHIL BHUTANI
VISHESH KATARIA