First Assignment:

1) An earthquake with magnitude 9.1 hit the Japanese coast and shaken the entire Japan as well

as nearby area on 11 March 2011. This great earthquake further led to disastrous tsunami and

also caused nuclear power plant leakage & explosion in Fukushima, Japan.

2) The updated death toll due to this disaster is around 15,900. And the total property loss is

around 360 Billion US Dollar.

3 Earthquake along with high wave tsunamis hit the Fukushima region and power loss

(electricity loss) occurred for longer duration that caused over heating on the nuclear power

reactor and hence the leakage of radioactive materials occurred after leading to three explosions.

4) They were building anti-tsunami wall near ocean coast and hence they were in assumption

that this wall may help them secure from high tsunamis after large earthquake. In reality, ocean

water surged above that anti-tsunami wall and some portion of wall was also destroyed by the

tsunami. Their cooling backup mechanism for nuclear power plant was not sufficient for large

duration and was destroyed by tsunami. Thus, their preparedness become lower as compared to

the disaster happened by earthquake and tsunami.

5) The clean-up cost for Fukushima nuclear power leakage was around 500 Billion US Dollar

and the duration to clean up is more than a year.

B)

Nuclear power plants, oil/gas etc. are supposed to be very important energy resource. But, when

these resources get strike with accidents then this will cause huge disasters. For example:

Chernobyl nuclear disaster on 26 April 1986 in Ukraine (under USSR), Fukushima nuclear

disaster on March 2011, Deep water horizon oil spill in Gulf of Mexico during April 20, 2010

and just yesterday (June 3 2020) Russia faced 20,000 tonnes of diesel oil spill in Arctic circle.

There are many other such incidents where source of energy has become a hazard and due to

these there is loss of Billions of dollars. Not only this, but many people has to loss their lives and

biodiversity and ecosystem and environment greatly polluted due to such incidents.

During Deep water horizon oil spill, many marine animals and plant species were lost, during

Chernobyl and Fukushima many useful fertile areas has to be permanently evacuated and not

used still today due to high radioactivity level in the atmosphere.

So, if we not plan and prepare for possible disasters many other such incidents may happen in

following decades. Thus, high security, proper planning of transportation, plant development and

using technologies must be needed to tackling such future incidents.

Second Assignment:

the media forges a direct link between the public and emergency organizations and plays a very

important role in disseminating vital information to the public before, during and after disaster.

the media assists in the management of disasters by educating the public about disasters, warning
of hazards, gathering and transmitting information about affected areas, alerting govt officials,

relief organisation and the public to specific needs.

positive impact of media

- the media provides instantaneous info. and are considered to be trusted sources specially at the

local level, where the news media have a vested interest in the home town.

- in the absence of telephones and other mechanism for communicating with the world outside an

affected areas, the news media provides :- the affected population with much needed info. and

the outside world with a glimpse of what affected community is dealing with.

negative impact of media

- the media may exaggerate some elements of the disaster and create unnecessary panic.

- influential politicians may manipulate the media for personal or political gains.

the economic cost of the social impact of natural disaster stater that increased mental health

issues, alcohol misuse, domestic violence, chronic disease and short term unemployment.

There are four major categories of environmental hazards; physical, chemical biological and

cultural,

Physical hazards are physical processes that occur naturally in the environment. These include

natural disasters such as earthquakes, tornadoes, volcanoes, blizzards, landslides and droughts.
Ultraviolet radiations are also physical hazard. UV radiation is considered a hazard because it

damages DNA and can cause human health issues like skin cancer and cataracts.

Chemical hazards can be both natural and human-made chemicals in the environment. Human-

made chemical hazards include many of the synthetic chemicals we produce, like disinfectants,

pesticides and plastics. Some chemical hazards occur naturally in the environment, like the

heavy metals lead and mercury. Some organisms even produce natural chemicals that are an

environmental hazard, such as the compounds in peanuts and dairy that cause allergic reactions

in humans.

Biological hazards come from ecological interactions between organisms. Viruses, bacterial

infections, malaria and tuberculosis are all examples of biological hazards. When these

pathogens and diseases are transferred between organisms, it is called an infectious disease. We

suffer from these diseases and pathogens because we're being parasitized by another organism,

which, while hazardous, is also a natural process.

Cultural hazards, also known as social hazards, result from your location, socioeconomic status,

occupation and behavioral choices. For example, smoking cigarettes is hazardous to your health,

and this is a behavioral choice. If you live in a neighborhood with lots of crime, this is a hazard

based on your location. Similarly, your diet, exercise habits and primary mode of transportation

all influence your health and the health of the environment around you.

Third Assignment:
 1) Geography, location, and environmental factors affect the vulnerability of a hazard

because the area of impact of a hazard determines its vulnerability on the social-

economic and the community lives in the region. in the case of an earthquake, the

location near the epicenter will suffer the highest vulnerability, and the local geology also

affects the intensity. whereas the flood or cyclone will affect a large area, and its

vulnerability will be higher in all aspects. the impact of climate change and global

warming affects the whole world and hence its impact or the vulnerability in tremendous

in the form of strong cyclones and flood in some areas and drought in other regions on

earth.

Factors affecting nation's focus on natural or man made disasters:

1. Age and gender: Age is an important factor that affects the vulnerability to the risk of the

disaster. Usually higher fatalities are found in children and the sick or elderly adults. Similarly

the women are more vulnerable to the risk as compared to the men during the disaster. The focus

of the disaster management programme is to rescue as well as provide specialised health care to

women, children and the sick or elderly adults.

2. Poverty: It has been observed that poor people are more more vulnerable to the risk induced

due to disaster. This is because of the unequal opportunites for the safe and healthy environment,

awareness of risk, poor education and limited coping capacity. So the disaster management

programme focus is mainly on the economically disadvantaged population.

3. Environmental health: Environmental health is also important factor which affect the

vulnerability of the risk in the populated affected by the disaster. The quality of the water is most

important because drinking polluted water can make the health of the people verse and also can
cause diseases like diarrhea, cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders. So the focus of the

disaster management includes vector control, supply of reasonable quality of portable water,

food safety, health education, management of solid wastes, disposal of excreta. Hygiene

promotion and health education are target the affected populations in the temporary camps,

shelters, food distribution centers and collective kitchens.

2) global warming has changed the climatic pattern and we are facing uncommon events across

the globe. the increase of global temperature causing the melting of polar icecap, sea ice, glaciers

and the thermal expansion of sea water results in the sea level rise, that will affects the coastal

areas and assosiated cities. increasing tempearture will accelarate the water scarcity and drought

across the UAE.

UAE is coverd with arid land in most of the area, so the infreqent rain pattern and increase of

temperature will results inthe long term aridity of the land.