ALAMINOS CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

MODULE IN EARTH and LIFE SCIENCE
QUARTER 3, WEEK 8 - April 4 - 8, 2022

MODULE 18
Hydrometeorological Phenomena and Hazards
A. Using hazard maps, identify areas prone to hazards brought about by tropical
cyclones, monsoons, floods, or ipo-ipo
B. Describe how coastal processes result in coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater
intrusion
C. Cite ways to prevent or mitigate the impact of land development, waste disposal,
Most and construction
Essential of structures
Learning Competencyon control coastal processes
(MELC):
The module focuses on the lesson:
 Lesson 1 – Hydrometeorological Phenomena and Hazards
 Lesson 2 - Effects of Marine and Coastal Processes
 Lesson 3 - Mitigation to Coastal Processes and Hazards

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify places in the Philippines that are prone to hydrometeorological hazards like
tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, or ipo-ipo using hazard map; and
2. Explain why it is important to identify places that are prone to hydrometeorological
hazards.
3. describe how marine and coastal processes result to coastal hazards; and
4. explain how coastal erosion, submersion and saltwater intrusion occur.
5. identify the different impacts of human activities to coastal processes;
6. define mitigation to coastal hazards development; and
7. enumerate different ways to prevent or mitigate the impact of land, waste disposal
and construction of structures on coastal processes.

What is It
Hydrometeorological hazards
They are brought by extreme meteorological and climate phenomena that includes tropical
cyclones, thunderstorms, tornado (ipo-ipo) drought, and floods.

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Tropical cyclones
Tropical cyclones are known in various names depending on the country where you live.
In the Western North Pacific around the Philippines, Japan, and China the storms are
known as typhoons, while in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Eastern North Pacific they
are referred to as hurricane. Here are the top five destructive typhoons to ever hit the
country: Typhoon Haiphong (1881), Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) (2013), Tropical storm
Thelma (Uring) (1991), Typhoon Bopha (Pablo) (2012), and Typhoon Angela (1867).

Monsoons
A monsoon is a seasonal wind and rains pattern, and the word “monsoon” believed to be
originated from the Arabic word mawsim (season), via Portuguese and the Dutch monsun.
There are two known monsoons in the Philippines that occur every year: Summer
Southwest (Habagat) and Winter Northeast Monsoon (Amihan).
1. Amihan: brings cloudless skies and nippy mornings during the dry season (October to
late March)
2. Habagat: brings heavy rains and some deadly typhoons (June to September)

Floods
Flood is as an abnormal progressive rise in the water level of a stream that may result in
the over-flowing by the water of the normal confines of the stream. A flood can vary in
size, speed of water, and duration.

Tornado (Ipo-ipo)
A tornado is a narrow, violently rotating column of air that extends from a thunderstorm
to the ground. The main cause of tornadoes are thunderstorms though tornadoes are not
common in the Philippines, still it can occur at any time of the year.

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Learning activity: Interview me
Directions. Read and answer the following.

1. Have you ever experienced any form of hydrometeorological hazards such as tropical
cyclones, monsoons, floods and ipo-ipo? How did you feel? What did you do during and
after the situation?
_______________________________________________________________________
2. If you have never experienced any form of hydrometeorological hazards, look for
someone who was able to witness and experience it first-hand. Ask them their feelings
and thoughts during and after the hazard event. Also, ask them the things they did during
and after the scenario.
_______________________________________________________________________

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 Module 19
Effects of Marine and Coastal Processes
What’s New
Revisiting Marine and Coastal Processes
What have you noticed about the terms used in the previous activity? Actually,
these are all marine and coastal processes. The scientific field dealing with these processes
happening in our major oceans and seas is called oceanography. It is an interdisciplinary
field of science that integrates the different fields such as physics, chemistry, biology,
geology, meteorology, mathematics and even the social sciences to understand the link
between humans and oceans. Coastal processes are activities or events happening in the
marine environment. These are driven by the different environmental factors such as
atmospheric pressure, temperature, movement of the Earth, moon and other dynamic
changes in the ocean.

Now, let us talk about the different coastal processes in details.

Coastal processes include waves, tides, sea level change, crustal movement and
storm surge. Waves are caused by the movement of the air masses in the coastal
environment. Tides refer to the gravitational pull between the Earth and the moon. Sea
level change is a result of the rise of ocean water which can be attributed to the melting of
glaciers or iceberg in the polar regions. Storm surge refers to the rising of seawater due
to changes in pressure and wind associated with a storm. Crustal movement is caused by
the motion of the oceanic and continental crust of the Earth.

Effects of Marine and Coastal Processes

The different coastal processes described above may result to coastal hazards.
Coastal hazards are physical phenomena that expose the marine environment to risk of
property damage, loss of life and ecological degradation (Figure 2).

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 What I Can Do
Directions: As a Senior High School student, how can you help the local
government to mitigate the harmful effects of coastal and marine processes such
as coastal erosion, submersion and saltwater intrusion assuming that your community is
prone to these coastal hazards.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Module 20
Mitigation to Coastal Processes and Hazards

Coastal areas have been attractive settling grounds for human population as they
provide abundant marine resources, fertile agricultural land and possibilities for trade and
transport. This has led to high population densities and high levels of development in many
coastal areas and this trend is continuing into the 21st century. At present, about 1.2 billion
people live in coastal areas globally, and this number is predicted to increase to 1.8–5.2
billion by the 2080s due to a combination of population growth and coastal migration.
Along with this increase follows major investments in infrastructure and the build
environment.
The characteristics of coastal environments, however, pose some great challenges to
human habitation. Coastlines are highly dynamic natural systems that interact with
terrestrial, marine and atmospheric processes and undergo continuous change in response
to these processes. Over the years, human society has often failed to recognize the hazards
related to these dynamics and this has led to major disasters and societal disruption to
various degrees. Even today, coastal development is often taking place with little regard
to the hazards present in these environments, although climate change is likely to increase
the general hazard levels. Societal activities in coastal areas can also pose a hazard to the
natural balance of coastal systems, thereby disrupting e.g. sensitive ecosystems and
subsequently human livelihood.

Learning Activity: Root Mapping

Coastal hazard-prone areas in the Philippine local government units in areas that are
ranked extremely high in susceptibility to landslide and flooding are advised to
immediately relocate the residents of these zones to safer areas. Especially during typhoons
that can cause coastal hazards. Though naturally occurring, there are human activities that
can affect coastal processes that may lead to hazards.

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 With this, mitigation methods in the coastal zones for protection are enhanced in
these areas. Mitigation refers to action taken to eliminate or reduce the long-term risks and
hazards.

Directions. Complete the following concept map by identifying the impacts and mitigation
method appropriate in the given human activities.

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References
Perto Galera Yacht Club, Inc. 2020. “Amihan habagat | Northeast Monsoon | Southwest Monsoon.”
May 24, 2020. https://www.pgyc.org/monsoonweather.php UNTV News. 2020. “PAGASA explains
occurrence of tornado in Manila.” UN TV News and Rescue, August 18, 2016. Accessed May 24, 2020.
https://www.untvweb.com/news/mayor-isko-pinabulaanan-ang-ulat-nahard-lockdown-sa-buong-
maynila/ Gonzales, James. 2018. “The 10 Worst Typhoons to Ever Hit the Philippines.” Accessed May
25, 2020. https://daydreaminginparadise.com/the-10-worsttyphoons-to-ever-hit-the-philippines/ The
Manila Observatory.2005. “Mapping Philippine Vulnerability to Environmental Disasters.” Accessed
May 18, 2020.http://vm.observatory.ph/hazard.html Fores, Marydel Mitch. 2017. “Top 15 Strongest
Typhoons to hit in the Philippines.” Accessed May 25, 2020. https://faq.ph/top-15-strongest-typhoons-
to-hit-inthe-philippines/ Dizon, Joyce. (2020). “Hydrometeorological Hazards Quizlet.” Accessed May
26, 2020. https://quizlet.com/174973340/hydrometeorological-hazards-flashcards/ The State of
Queensland. (2020). “Take the floods quiz.” Accessed May 26, 2020.
https://www.chiefscientist.qld.gov.au/publications/understandingfloods/floods-qui

Books and Journals

Mukhopadhyay, R. Dasgupta, S. Hazra, D. Mitra. 2012. Coastal Hazards and Vulnerability: A
Review. International Journal of Geology, Earth and Environmental Sciences. 2(1). pp. 57-69.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis.
Washington, DC: Island Press.
Book G.R.Thompson and J. Turk, Introduction to Earth Science,(Philippines: cengage Learning
2012) 347

Websites
https://www.philstar.com/nation/2013/07/02/960479/mgb-coastal-erosioncaused-zambales-beach-
collapse#y7lBoIebBQxOyi5H.99 https://www.ooskanews.com/southern-eastern-asia/saltwater-
intrusionthreatening-potable-water-supplies-philippine

Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and et.al Managing Impacts of Development in
Coastal Zone,(Philippines: Coastal Management Project of Department of Environment and Natural
Resources, 2001) https://faspselib.denr.gov.ph A. Kotsoni, D. Dimelli and L, Ragia. Land Use Planning
for Sustainable Development of Coastal Regions (Greece:2017)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316867706 M. Pawlukiewicz, P. Gupta, and C. Koelbel. Ten
Principles for Coastal Development. Washington, D.C.: ULI–the Urban Land Institute, 2007.
https://uli.org>uploads> https://www.encyclopedia.com/ Access: February 23, 2019

Prepared by: Checked by: Concurred by:

EricaSharina Pamo Rosendo C. Bernabe, Jr. PhD Jose Ramil A. Sibun

Sub-teacher Master Teacher II, Subject Group Head OIC-Asst. Principal II, Academics