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Coordinates: 51°29′58″N 00°07′39″W

Westminster Abbey
Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, is a
large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, England, just to the west of the Westminster Abbey
Palace of Westminster. It is one of the United Kingdom's most notable religious buildings and the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at
traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. The building itself Westminster
was a Benedictine monastic church until the monastery was dissolved in 1539. Between 1540 and 1556,
the abbey had the status of a cathedral. Since 1560, the building is no longer an abbey or a cathedral,
having instead the status of a Church of England "Royal Peculiar"—a church responsible directly to the
sovereign.

According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080, a church was founded at the site (then
known as Thorn Ey (Thorn Island)) in the seventh century, at the time of Mellitus, a Bishop of London.
Construction of the present church began in 1245, on the orders of King Henry III.[4]

Since the coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066, all coronations of English and British monarchs
have been in Westminster Abbey.[4][5] There have been 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100.[6] As
the burial site of more than 3,300 persons, usually of prominence in British history (including at least
sixteen monarchs, eight Prime Ministers, poets laureate, actors, scientists, military leaders, and the
Unknown Warrior), Westminster Abbey is sometimes described as 'Britain's Valhalla', after the iconic hall
of the chosen heroes in Norse mythology.[7]
Western façade

Contents
History
1042: Edward the Confessor starts rebuilding St Peter's Abbey
Construction of the present church
16th and 17th centuries: dissolution and restoration
1540–1550: 10 years as a cathedral
After 1550: turbulent times
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
1722–1745: Western towers constructed
Second World War Location Dean's Yard,
Post-war London, SW1
Gallery Country England

Coronations Denomination Church of England

Royal weddings Previous Roman Catholic

denomination
Dean and Chapter
Churchmanship High Church
Burials and memorials
Website www.westminster-
Schools
abbey.org (http://www.w
Music estminster-abbey.org/)
Organ
Bells History
Chapter house Status Collegiate church
Museum Founded 960
Transport Dedication Saint Peter
See also Consecrated 13 October 1269
Notes Architecture
References Functional Active
Further reading status
External links Architect(s) Surveyor of the Fabric
of Westminster Abbey
Architectural Church
History type

A late tradition claims that Aldrich, a young fisherman on the River Thames, had a vision of Saint Peter Style Gothic
near the site. This seems to have been quoted as the origin of the salmon that Thames fishermen offered to Years built 960
the abbey in later years – a custom still observed annually by the Fishmongers' Company. The recorded
1065
origins of the Abbey date to the 960s or early 970s, when Saint Dunstan and King Edgar installed a
community of Benedictine monks on the site.[8] 13th century (rebuilt in
Gothic style)
1517 Henry VII's
1042: Edward the Confessor starts rebuilding St Peter's Abbey
Chapel
Between 1042 and 1052, King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peter's Abbey to provide himself 1722 (towers)
with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style. The building Specifications
was completed around 1060 and was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edward's
death on 5 January 1066.[9] A week later, he was buried in the church; and, nine years later, his wife Edith Nave width 85 feet (26 m)[1]
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was buried alongside him.[10] His successor, Harold II, was probably Height 101 feet (31 m)[1]
crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is Floor area 32,000 square feet
that of William the Conqueror later the same year.[11] (3,000 m2)[1]
The only extant depiction of Edward's abbey, together with the Number of 2
adjacent Palace of Westminster, is in the Bayeux Tapestry. Some of towers
St Peter's Abbey at the time of
the lower parts of the monastic dormitory, an extension of the South Tower height 225 feet (69 m)[1]
Edward's funeral, depicted in the
Transept, survive in the Norman Undercroft of the Great School,
including a door said to come from the previous Saxon abbey. Bells 10
Bayeux Tapestry
Increased endowments supported a community that increased from a Administration
dozen monks in Dunstan's original foundation, up to a maximum of
Diocese Extra-diocesan (royal
about eighty monks.[12]
peculiar)
Clergy
Construction of the present church Dean David Hoyle

The abbot and monks, in proximity to the royal Palace of Westminster, the seat of government from the Canon(s) see Dean and Chapter
later 13th century, became a powerful force in the centuries after the Norman Conquest. The Abbot of Laity
Westminster often was employed on royal service and in due course took his place in the House of Lords
Director of James O'Donnell
as of right. Released from the burdens of spiritual leadership, which passed to the reformed Cluniac
movement after the mid-10th century, and occupied with the administration of great landed properties, music (Organist and Master of the

some of which lay far from Westminster, "the Benedictines achieved a remarkable degree of identification Choristers)
with the secular life of their times, and particularly with upper-class life", Barbara Harvey concludes, to Organist(s) Peter Holder
the extent that her depiction of daily life provides a wider view of the concerns of the English gentry in the (sub-organist)
High and Late Middle Ages.[13]
Matthew Jorysz
The proximity of the Palace of Westminster did not extend to providing monks or abbots with high royal (assistant)

connections; in social origin the Benedictines of Westminster were as modest as most of the order. The Organ scholar Alexander Hamilton
abbot remained Lord of the Manor of Westminster as a town of two to three thousand persons grew
around it: as a consumer and employer on a grand scale the monastery helped fuel the town economy, and
relations with the town remained unusually cordial, but no enfranchising charter was issued during the
Middle Ages.[14]

The abbey became the coronation site of Norman kings. None were buried there until Henry III, intensely
devoted to the cult of the Confessor, rebuilt the abbey in Anglo-French Gothic style as a shrine to venerate
King Edward the Confessor and as a suitably regal setting for Henry's own tomb, under the highest Gothic
nave in England. The Confessor's shrine subsequently played a great part in his canonization.[8]
Location within Central London
Construction of the present church began in 1245 by Henry III[15] who selected the site for his burial.[16] Coordinates 51°29′58″N 00°07′39″W
The first building stage included the entire eastern end, the transepts, and the easternmost bay of the
nave. The Lady chapel built from around 1220 at the extreme eastern end was incorporated into the Founded 10th century[2]
chevet of the new building, but was later replaced. This work must have been largely completed by 1258–
UNESCO World Heritage Site
60, when the second stage was begun. This carried the nave on an additional five bays, bringing it to one
bay beyond the ritual choir. Here construction stopped in about 1269, a consecration ceremony being held Official name Palace of Westminster,
on 13 October of that year,[17] and because of Henry's death did not resume. The old Romanesque nave Westminster Abbey and
remained attached to the new building for over a century, until it was pulled down in the late 14th century Saint Margaret's Church
and rebuilt from 1376, closely following the original (and by now outdated) design.[18] Construction was
Type Cultural
largely finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of Richard II.[19]
Criteria i, ii, iv
Henry III also commissioned the unique Cosmati pavement in front of the High Altar (the pavement has Designated 1987 (11th session)
recently undergone a major cleaning and conservation programme and was re-dedicated by the Dean at a
service on 21 May 2010).[20] Reference no. 426 (https://whc.unesc
o.org/en/list/426)
Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503 (known as the
Country United Kingdom
Henry VII Chapel or the "Lady Chapel"). Much of the stone came from Caen, in France (Caen stone), the
Isle of Portland (Portland stone) and the Loire Valley region of France (tuffeau limestone).[21] The chapel Region Europe and North
was finished circa 1519.[18] America

Listed Building – Grade I

16th and 17th centuries: dissolution and restoration Official name Westminster Abbey
(The Collegiate Church
In 1535 during the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the abbey's annual income of St Peter)
was £3,000 (equivalent to £1,850,000 as of 2019).[22][23]
Designated 24 February 1958
Reference no. 1291494[3]
1540–1550: 10 years as a cathedral

Henry VIII assumed direct royal control in 1539 and granted the abbey the status of a cathedral by charter in 1540, simultaneously issuing letters
patent establishing the Diocese of Westminster. By granting the abbey cathedral status, Henry VIII gained an excuse to spare it from the destruction
or dissolution which he inflicted on most English abbeys during this period.[24]

After 1550: turbulent times

Westminster diocese was dissolved in 1550, but the abbey was recognised (in 1552, retroactively to 1550) as a second cathedral of the Diocese of
London until 1556.[25][26][27] The already-old expression "robbing Peter to pay Paul" may have been given a new lease of life when money meant for
the abbey, which is dedicated to Saint Peter, was diverted to the treasury of St Paul's Cathedral.[28]

The abbey was restored to the Benedictines under the Catholic Mary I of England, but they were again ejected under Elizabeth I in 1559. In 1560,
Elizabeth re-established Westminster as a "Royal Peculiar" – a church of the Church of England responsible directly to the Sovereign, rather than to
a diocesan bishop – and made it the Collegiate Church of St Peter (that is, a non-cathedral church with an attached chapter of canons, headed
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by a dean).[29]

It suffered damage during the turbulent 1640s, when it was attacked by Puritan iconoclasts, but was again
protected by its close ties to the state during the Commonwealth period. Oliver Cromwell was given an elaborate
funeral there in 1658, only to be disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a gibbet at
Tyburn.[30]

1722–1745: Western towers constructed

The abbey's two western towers were built between 1722 and 1745 by Nicholas Hawksmoor, constructed from
Portland stone to an early example of a Gothic Revival design. Purbeck marble was used for the walls and the
floors of Westminster Abbey, although the various tombstones are made of different types of marble. Further
rebuilding and restoration occurred in the 19th century under Sir George Gilbert Scott.[31]

A narthex (a portico or entrance hall) for the west front was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens in the mid-20th
century but was not built. Images of the abbey prior to the construction of the towers are scarce, though the
abbey's official website states that the building had "towers which had been left unfinished in the medieval
Layout plan dated 1894
period".[32]

In 1750 the top of one of the piers on the north side of the Abbey fell down, by earthquake, with the iron and
lead that had fastened it. Several houses fell in, and many chimneys were damaged. Another shock had been felt
during the preceding month.[33]

Second World War

Westminster suffered minor damage during the Blitz on 15 November 1940. Then on 10/11 May 1941, the
Westminster Abbey precincts and roof were hit by incendiary bombs. All the bombs were extinguished by ARP The Abbey c1711 prior to the north
wardens, except for one bomb which ignited out of reach among the wooden beams and plaster vault of the towers being built
lantern roof (of 1802) over the North Transept. Flames rapidly spread and burning beams and molten lead
began to fall on the wooden stalls, pews and other ecclesiastical fixtures 130 feet below. Despite the falling
debris, the staff dragged away as much furniture as possible before withdrawing. Finally the Lantern roof
crashed down into the crossing, preventing the fires from spreading further.[34]

Post-war

It was at Westminster Abbey that six companies of eminent churchmen led by Lancelot Andrewes, Dean of
Westminster, newly translated the Bible into English, so creating the King James Version in the early 17th
century.[35] The Joint Committee responsible for assembling the New English Bible also met twice a year at
Westminster Abbey in the 1950s and 1960s.[36]

In the 1990s, two icons by the Russian icon painter Sergei Fyodorov were hung in the abbey.[37] In 1997, the
abbey, which was then receiving approximately 1.75 million visitors each year, began charging admission fees to This painting of the church
visitors.[38] byCanaletto was created shortly
after the completion of the western
On 6 September 1997, the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held at the abbey.[39] On 17 September 2010, towers.
Pope Benedict XVI became the first pope to set foot in the abbey.[40]

In June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed. A corona – a crown-like
architectural feature – was suggested to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an
existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider £23m development of the abbey
completed in 2013.[41][42]

On 4 August 2010 the Dean and Chapter announced that, "[a]fter a considerable amount of preliminary and
exploratory work", efforts toward the construction of a corona would not be continued.[43] In 2012, architects
Panter Hudspith completed refurbishment of the 14th-century food-store originally used by the abbey's monks,
converting it into a restaurant with English oak furniture by Covent Garden-based furniture makers Luke The exterior of the church as it
Hughes and Company. This is now the Cellarium Café and Terrace.[44] appears today.

On 29 April 2011, the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton occurred at the abbey.[45]

The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries have been created in the medieval triforium of the abbey. This is a display area for the abbey's treasures in
the galleries high up around the abbey's nave. A new Gothic access tower with lift was designed by the abbey architect and Surveyor of the Fabric,
Ptolemy Dean. The new galleries opened in June 2018.[46][47]

Gallery

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Flag of Westminster A floorplan of the The illuminated The 19th-century

Abbey, featuring the church facade of the church choir screen divides
Tudor arms between at night the nave from the
Tudor Roses above chancel
the attributed arms
of Edward the
Confessor

Coronations
Since the coronation in 1066 of William the Conqueror, every English and British monarch (except Edward V
and Edward VIII, who were never crowned) has been crowned in Westminster Abbey.[4][5] In 1216, Henry III
could not be crowned in London when he came to the throne, because the French prince Louis had taken
control of the city, and so the king was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral. This coronation was deemed by Pope
Honorius III to be improper, and a further coronation was held in Westminster Abbey on 17 May 1220.[48]

King Edward's Chair (or St Edward's Chair), the throne on which English and British sovereigns have been
seated at the moment of crowning, is now housed within the Abbey in St George's Chapel near the West Door,
and has been used at every coronation since 1308. From 1301 to 1996 (except for a short time in 1950 when the
stone was temporarily stolen by Scottish nationalists), the chair also housed the Stone of Scone upon which the
kings of Scots are crowned. Although the Stone is now kept in Scotland, in Edinburgh Castle, it is intended that
the Stone will be returned to St Edward's Chair for use during future coronation ceremonies.[49]

Royal weddings
Royal weddings have included:[50]
King Edward's Chair
Date Groom Bride
11
November King Henry I of England Matilda of Scotland
1100
4 January Richard, Earl of Cornwall (later King of Germany), Sanchia of Provence (the groom's second wife;
1243 brother of King Henry III of England sister of Eleanor of Provence, Henry III's queen.)
8 or 9 April Edmund, Earl of Leicester and Lancaster, son of King
Lady Aveline de Forz
1269 Henry III
30 April
7th Earl of Gloucester Joan of Acre, daughter of King Edward I
1290
8 July 1290 John II, son of Duke of Brabant Margaret of England, daughter of King Edward I
20 January
King Richard II of England Anne of Bohemia
1382
18 January
King Henry VII of England Elizabeth of York
1486
27 February
Captain the Hon. Alexander Ramsay Princess Patricia of Connaught
1919
28 February
Viscount Lascelles The Princess Mary, daughter of King George V
1922
26 April Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (later Queen Elizabeth The The 1382 wedding of Richard II to
1923 second son of King George V Queen Mother) Anne of Bohemia

29
November Prince George, Duke of Kent, son of King George V Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark
1934
20
The Duke of Edinburgh (who was Lt Philip Mountbatten The Princess Elizabeth (now Queen Elizabeth II), elder
November
until that morning) daughter of King George VI
1947
The Princess Margaret, second daughter of King George
6 May 1960 Antony Armstrong-Jones (later Earl of Snowdon)
VI
24 April
Hon. Angus Ogilvy Princess Alexandra of Kent
1963
14
November Captain Mark Phillips The Princess Anne, only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II
1973
23 July Prince Andrew, Duke of York, second son of Queen
Miss Sarah Ferguson
1986 Elizabeth II
29 April Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, grandson of
Miss Catherine Middleton
2011[51] Queen Elizabeth II

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Dean and Chapter

Westminster Abbey is a collegiate church governed by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, as established by Royal charter of Queen Elizabeth I
dated 21 May 1560,[52] which created it as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster, a Royal Peculiar under the personal jurisdiction of the
Sovereign.[29] The members of the Chapter are the Dean and four canons residentiary;[53] they are assisted by the Receiver General and Chapter
Clerk.[54] One of the canons is also Rector of St Margaret's Church, Westminster, and often also holds the post of Chaplain to the Speaker of the
House of Commons.[55] In addition to the Dean and canons, there are at present three full-time minor canons: the precentor, the sacrist and the
chaplain.[56] A series of Priests Vicar assist the minor canons.[56]

Burials and memorials

Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of a royal saint, Edward the Confessor, whose relics were placed in a 0:00 MENU
shrine in the sanctuary. Henry III himself was interred nearby, as were many of the Plantagenet kings of Audio description of the shrine of
England, their wives and other relatives. Until the death of George II in 1760, most kings and queens were Edward the Confessor by John Hall
buried in the abbey, some notable exceptions being Henry VI, Edward IV, Henry VIII and Charles I who are
buried in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. Other exceptions include Edward II buried at Gloucester
Cathedral, John buried at Worcester Cathedral, Henry IV buried at Canterbury Cathedral and Richard III, now
buried at Leicester Cathedral, and the de facto queen Lady Jane Grey, buried in the chapel of St Peter ad
Vincula in the Tower of London. More recently monarchs have been buried either in St George's Chapel or at
Frogmore to the east of Windsor Castle.[57]

From the Middle Ages, aristocrats were buried inside chapels, while monks and other people associated with the
abbey were buried in the cloisters and other areas. One of these was Geoffrey Chaucer, who was buried here as
he had apartments in the abbey where he was employed as master of the King's Works. Other poets, writers and
musicians were buried or memorialised around Chaucer in what became known as Poets' Corner. Abbey
musicians such as Henry Purcell were also buried in their place of work.[58] A recumbent effigy on a tomb in
Westminster Abbey
Subsequently, it became one of Britain's most significant honours to be buried or commemorated in the
abbey.[59] The practice of burying national figures in the abbey began under Oliver Cromwell with the burial of
Admiral Robert Blake in 1657.[60] The practice spread to include generals, admirals, politicians, doctors and
scientists such as Isaac Newton, buried on 4 April 1727, Charles Darwin, buried on 26 April 1882, and Stephen
Hawking, ashes interred on 15 June 2018. Another was William Wilberforce who led the movement to abolish
slavery in the United Kingdom and the Plantations, buried on 3 August 1833. Wilberforce was buried in the
north transept, close to his friend, the former Prime Minister, William Pitt.[61]

During the early 20th century it became increasingly common to bury cremated remains rather than coffins in
the abbey. In 1905 the actor Sir Henry Irving was cremated and his ashes buried in Westminster Abbey, thereby
becoming the first person ever to be cremated prior to interment at the abbey.[62] The majority of interments at The cloister
the Abbey are of cremated remains, but some burials still take place – Frances Challen, wife of Sebastian
Charles, Canon of Westminster, was buried alongside her husband in the south choir aisle in 2014.[63] Members
of the Percy family have a family vault, The Northumberland Vault, in St Nicholas's chapel within the abbey.[64]

In the floor, just inside the Great West Door, in the centre of the nave, is the tomb of The Unknown Warrior, an unidentified British soldier killed on
a European battlefield during the First World War. He was buried in the abbey on 11 November 1920. This grave is the only one in the abbey on
which it is forbidden to walk.[65]

At the east end of the Lady Chapel is a memorial chapel to the airmen of the Royal Air Force who were killed in the Second World War. It
incorporates a memorial window to the Battle of Britain, which replaces an earlier Tudor stained glass window destroyed in the war.[66]

On 6 September 1997 the formal, though not "state" funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held. It was a royal
ceremonial funeral including royal pageantry and Anglican funeral liturgy. A second public service was held on
Sunday at the demand of the people. The burial occurred privately later the same day. Diana's former husband,
sons, mother, siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present. Diana's body was clothed in a black long-
sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker, which she had chosen some weeks before. A set of rosary beads
was placed in her hands, a gift she had received from Mother Teresa, who died a day before Diana's funeral. Her
grave is on the grounds of her family estate, Althorp, on a private island.[67]
Funeral procession of Diana,
In 1998 ten vacant statue niches on the façade above the Great West Door were filled with representative 20th- Princess of Wales, at Westminster
century Christian martyrs of various denominations. Those commemorated are Maximilian Kolbe, Manche
Masemola, Janani Luwum, Grand Duchess Elizabeth of Russia, Martin Luther King Jr., Óscar Romero, Dietrich
Bonhoeffer, Esther John, Lucian Tapiedi, and Wang Zhiming.[68][69]

On 9 April 2002 the ceremonial funeral of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother was held in the abbey. She was interred later the same day in the
King George VI Memorial Chapel at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle next to her husband, King George VI, who had died 50 years previously. At
the same time, the ashes of the Queen Mother's daughter, Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, who had died on 9 February 2002, were also
interred in a private family service.[70]

Schools
Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the abbey. The Choir School educates and trains the choirboys
who sing for services in the Abbey.[71]

Music
Westminster Abbey is renowned for its choral tradition, and the repertoire of Anglican church music is heard in daily worship, particularly at the
service of Choral Evensong.[72][73]

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Organ

The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was
used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848
was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed and built in the late 19th
century by John Loughborough Pearson, were re-instated and coloured in 1959.[74]

In 1982 and 1987, Harrison and Harrison enlarged the organ under the direction of the then abbey organist
Simon Preston to include an additional Lower Choir Organ and a Bombarde Organ: the current instrument now President George W. Bush greets
has five manuals and 109 speaking stops. In 2006, the console of the organ was refurbished by Harrison and the Westminster Abbey Choir
Harrison, and space was prepared for two additional 16 ft stops on the Lower Choir Organ and the Bombarde
Organ.[74]

The current Organist and Master of the Choristers, James O'Donnell, has been in post since 2000.[75]

Bells
The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971 by the Whitechapel Bell
Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or
1544 kg).[76]

In addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas
Lester and two unused bells – one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester.[76] The two
service bells and the 1320 bell, along with a fourth small silver "dish bell", kept in the refectory, have been noted as being of historical importance by
the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England.[77]

Chapter house
The chapter house was built concurrently with the east parts of the abbey under Henry III, between about 1245
and 1253.[78] It was restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1872. The entrance is approached from the east
cloister walk and includes a double doorway with a large tympanum above.[78]

Inner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an
octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains
of 14th-century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled
windows.[78] These are virtually contemporary with the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris.[78]
The interior of the chapter house
The chapter house has an original mid-13th-century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from
around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England.[79] The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the
14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame designed by Scott. The Chapter house was
originally used in the 13th century by Benedictine monks for daily meetings. It later became a meeting place of
the King's Great Council and the Commons, predecessors of Parliament.[80]

The Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory. It dates to the late 11th century and was used
as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers are of 11th-century date, several of the
capitals were enriched in the 12th century and the stone altar added in the 13th century. The term pyx refers to
the boxwood chest in which coins were held and presented to a jury during the Trial of the Pyx, in which newly
minted coins were presented to ensure they conformed to the required standards.[81] The ceiling of the chapter house

The chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage, but
under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster.[80]

Museum
The Westminster Abbey Museum was located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey.
This was one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065. This space had
been used as a museum since 1908[82] but was closed to the public in June 2018, when it was replaced as a museum by the Queen's Diamond
Jubilee Galleries, high up in the Abbey triforium.[46]

Transport
St James's Park
London Underground
Westminster
London River Services Westminster Millennium Pier

See also
Archdeacon of Westminster
List of Deans of Westminster
List of churches in London
The Abbey – a three-part BBC TV documentary written and hosted by playwright Alan Bennett

Notes
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pdf) (PDF). westminster-abbey.org. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20160304200004/http://www.westminster-abbey.org/__data/a
ssets/pdf_file/0009/86076/ABBEY-Dimensions-for-web-.pdf) (PDF)
from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
2. Newcomb, Rexford (1997). "Abbey". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.).
Collier's Encyclopedia. I A to Ameland (First ed.). New York, NY: P.F.
Collier. pp. 8–11.
3. Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1291494)"
(https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1291494).
National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
4. "History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140703161201/http://www.w
estminster-abbey.org/our-history). Dean and Chapter of Westminster
Abbey. Archived from the original (http://www.westminster-abbey.org/
our-history) on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
5. "Coronations" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222319/http://w
ww.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/royals/coronations). Dean and
Chapter of Westminster Abbey. Archived from the original (http://ww
w.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/royals/coronations) on 14 July
2014. Retrieved 19 April 2008.Westminster-abbey.org (http://www.we
stminster-abbey.org/our-history/royals/coronations)
6. "Royal Weddings at Westminster Abbey" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20140714203302/http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/roy
als/weddings). Westminster Abbey. Archived from the original (http://
www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/royals/weddings) on 14 July
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80. "Chapter house and Pyx Chamber" (http://www.english-heritage.org.
uk/visit/places/chapter-house-and-pyx-chamber/). English Heritage.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180728221719/http://www.e
nglish-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/chapter-house-and-pyx-chamber/)
from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
81. "History of the Trial of the Pyx" (https://www.royalmint.com/discover/u
k-coins/history-of-the-trial-of-the-pyx/). The Royal Mint. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20180728221525/https://www.royalmint.co
m/discover/uk-coins/history-of-the-trial-of-the-pyx/) from the original
on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
82. Trowles 2008, p. 156

References
Bradley, S. and N. Pevsner (2003) The Buildings of England – London 6: Westminster, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 105–207.
ISBN 0-300-09595-3
Mortimer, Richard, ed., Edward the Confessor: The Man and the Legend, The Boydell Press, 2009. Eric Fernie, 'Edward the Confessor's
Westminster Abbey', pp. 139–150. Warwick Rodwell, 'New Glimpses of Edward the Confessor's Abbey at Westminster', pp. 151–167. Richard
Gem, Craftsmen and Administrators in the Building of the Confessor's Abbey', pp. 168–172. ISBN 978-1-84383-436-6
Harvey, B. (1993) Living and Dying in England 1100–1540: The Monastic Experience, Ford Lecture series, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-
820161-3
Morton, H. V. [1951] (1988) In Search of London, London: Methuen. ISBN 0-413-18470-6
Trowles, T. (2008) Treasures of Westminster Abbey, London: Scala. ISBN 978-1-85759-454-6

Further reading
Westminster Abbey 900 Years. 1965
Brooke-Hunt, Violet The Story of Westminster Abbey. London: James Nisbet

External links
Official website (http://www.westminster-abbey.org/)
Walter Thornbury, Old and New London, Volume 3, 1878, pp. 394–462, British History Online (http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubi
d=341)
Westminster Abbey Article at Encyclopædia Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/641068/Westminster-Abbey)
Historic images of Westminster Abbey (http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/results.aspx?index=24&mainQuery=westminster%20abb
ey%20&searchType=all&form=home)
Westminster Abbey: A Peek Inside (http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/52521/westminster-abbey-a-peek-inside) – slideshow by Life
magazine
Keith Short – Sculptor (http://www.keithshortsculptor.com/westminsterabbey.htm) Images of stone carving for Westminster Abbey
Carved Crests for the Knights of the Bath (http://www.heraldicsculptor.com/bathcres.html)
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12/24/2020 Westminster Abbey - Wikipedia

A history of the choristers and choir school of Westminster Abbey (http://www.ofchoristers.net/Chapters/WestminsterAbbey.htm)

Catholic Encyclopedia: Westminster Abbey (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15598a.htm/)
Adrian Fletcher’s Paradoxplace Westminster Abbey Pages—Photos (http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/UK/Britain_South_and_We
st/Westminster_Abbey/Westminster_Abbey.htm)
A panorama of Westminster Abbey in daytime – 3D QuickTime (http://digitalurban.blogspot.com/2005/08/westminster-abbey-london-panorama.
html) version
Westminster Abbey on Twitter (https://twitter.com/wabbey)
Audio Guide of Westminster Abbey (http://www.audio4travel.com/westminster-abbey)

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