E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 1

Lecture Notes 20

Energy Is Static Electric Fields:

Figure: Q1

Q2

1
Q3 ∞

Consider the work required li assemble charge a distribution of n = 3 point chargers. The region
is assumed to be charge free initially a with E = 0 throughout.
Referring to the figure above the work required li place the first charge Q1 is zero. Then
when Q2 is moved toward the region work equal to the product of this charge and potential due
to Q1 is required. Thus, the total work done to position the three chargers is

Wε = W1 + W2 + W3
= Q + (Q2, V2.1) + (Q3 V3. 1+ Q3 V3. 2)

Where V2.1 is the potential at point 22, due to the charge Q1 at point 1.

If the three chargers were brought in a reverse order then

WE = W3 + W2 + W1
= 0 + (Q2 + V2 . 3) + ( Q1, V1.3 + Q1, V1.2)

When the above results are added the result is twice the stored energy

: 2 WE = Q1 ( V1.2 + V1.3) + Q2 (V2.1+ V2.3) + Q3 (V3.1 + V3.2)

= Q1V1 + Q2V2 + Q3V3

n
1
Thus WE =
2
∑Q V
m =1
m m

For a region containing n point chargers for a region with charge density ρv c/m3
1
2 ∫V
WE = ρV V dϑ

B. I .Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.

E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 1
Lecture Notes 20

The stored energy can also be expressed as

1
2 ∫υ
WE = D × E dϑ
1 2

2 ∫υ
= ∈ E dϑ

1 D2
2 ∫ ∈
Or WE = dϑ
For example the energy stored in a capacitance is
1 1
WE = QV = CV2
2 2

Equipotential Surface
Equipotential surface is a surface on which the potential is same everywhere. Charge
movement on such surface does not require any work. Since all the points on the surface are at
same potential a zero potential difference exists between any two points. The electrical field is
also zero everywhere along the surface. This means that the electric field is always to
equipotential surface it.
For a equipotential surface V is same the potential in matrix a unit charges for a length dl
is 0

Is E . dl = 0 = V
Edl cosθ = 0 = V
∴
θ = 900
Hence E and V are at 900

Example: For a point charge

Q
V=
4π ∈ r
Thus a surface with fixed ‘R’ world have the same potential everywhere. Thus, for a point charge
surface with constant E R (which are concentric spheres) are equipotential surface.
Problems on Work Done And Potential
1. Find the work done in moving a charge +2c from (2, 0, 0) m to (0, 2, 0)m along a st line
path joining the too points of the electric field is
E = 2x ax – 4y ay v/m

Solution: The differential work is

dw = -Q E.dl
= -2 (2x ax – 4y ay) . (dx ax + dy ay + dz az)
= - 4x dx + 8y dy
The equation at st line from (2, 0, 0)m to (0, 2, 0) m
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 0 2
x2  42 
- 4  + 8 
2 2 2 0
= + 8 + 16
B. I .Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.
= 24
E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 1
Lecture Notes 20

x−2 y −0
=
0−2 2−0
x−2
= Y/2
−2
2x – 4 + 2y = 0
x+y=2
∴ dx = -dy
∴ = - 4x dx + 8 (2-x) (-dx)
= - 4x dx + 16dx + 8x dx
= (4x – 16) dx
0
∴W = ∫ ( 4 x − 16 ) dx
2
0
x2  0
= 4  − 16 x ]2
2 2
−16
= + 32
2
= 24 . joules

2. Find the work done in the field

E = 2x ax – 4y ay v/m when a 2c charge is moved from (2, 0, 0)m to (0, 0, 0) m along x
axis and then (0, 0, 0)m to (0, 2, 0)m along y axis.

The path is shown in figure on the first segment on path (2)

y = dy = dz = 0 y (0, 2, 0)
dw = -2(2x ax – d ax).dx ax
= - 4x dx
Path 1
On the 2nd segment on path (2)
Dx = x = dz = 0
∴ dw = -2 (-Dy ay) . dy ay
= 8y dy
(2, 0,0)
0 2
∴W =-4 ∫2
x dx + 8 ∫ 0
y dy x
Path 2
0 2
x2  y2 
= -4  + 8 
2 2 2 0
4
= 4. + 8.4/2
2
= 24 joukes

Along the path (1) it can be seen that the work done is same (Ref prob.)
Hence irrespective of path chosen work done is always same.

B. I .Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.

E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 1
Lecture Notes 20

3. For a line charge ρl = (10-9/2) c/m on the Z . axis. Find VAB where A is (2m, π/2, 0) & B is
(4m, π, 5m)

A ρl
Solution: VAB = - ∫B
E.dl where E =
2π ∈ r
ar
E.dl = E.(dr ar + rdφaφ dz az )
Since E is completely in radius direction
E.dl = E.dr
A 10 −9
∴ VAB = - ∫ dr
B
( 2π ∈o r )
A 10−9
=- ∫
B
10−9
4π ×
36π 9
2
= - 9 ( ln r ) 4
4. Given the potential V = 50 x2yz + 20y2v. in free space. Find
(i) voltage at P (1, 2, -3)
(ii) field strength at P
(iii) AN at P
Solution: V = 50 x2yz + 20y2

(i) at P (1, 2, -3)

V = 50 × 1 × 2 × -3 + 20 × 4
= -300 + 80
= -220 v
(ii) E = - ∇v
 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
= -  lz + ly + lz  [50xy2 + 20y2)
 ∂x ∂y dz 
= - [ 100 × 45 ax + ( 50xz + 40 y ) ay + (50x2y) ay
∴ E = - 100xyz ax – ( 50x2z + 40y) ay - 50 x2y az)
At P = ( 1, 2, -3
E = 600 ax + 700 ay – 100 az

600ax + 70ay + 100az

aN at P =
 6002 + 702 + 12ol 
 

B. I .Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.