What is Derivatives Of Displacement?

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Position and its various derivatives define an ordered hierarchy of meaningful concepts.
There are special names for the derivatives of position (first derivative is called velocity,
second derivative is called acceleration, etc.), up to the eighth derivative and down to the -5th
derivative (fifth integral).

These derivatives of position and their corresponding names and special significance are as
follows:

0th derivative is position

In physics, displacement is the vector that specifies the change in position of a point,
particle, or object. The position vector directs from the reference point to the present
position.

A sensor is said to be displacement-sensitive when it responds to absolute position.

For example, whereas a dynamic microphone is a velocity receiver (responds to the derivative
of sound pressure or position), a carbon microphone is a displacement receiver in the sense
that it responds to sound pressure or diaphragm position itself.

1st derivative is velocity

Velocity is defined as the rate of change of position or the rate of displacement. It is a
vectorphysical quantity, both speed and direction are required to define it. In the SI (metric)
system, it is measured in meters per second (m/s). The scalarabsolute value (magnitude) of
velocity is speed. For example, "5 metres per second" is a speed and not a vector, whereas "5
metres per second east" is a vector. The average velocity (v) of an object moving through a
displacement ( ) in a straight line during a time interval ( ) is described by the
formula:

Simply put, velocity is change in position per unit of time.

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Most piano-style music keyboards are approximately velocity-sensitive, within a certain
specific, though limited range of key travel, i.e. to a first-order approximation, a note is made
louder by hitting a key faster. Most electronic music keyboards are also velocity sensitive, and
measure the time interval between switch contact closures at two different positions of key
travel on each key.

2nd derivative is acceleration

Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity. It is thus a vector quantity with
dimension length/time². In SI units, acceleration is measured in metres/second² (m·s-
²). The term "acceleration" generally refers to the change in instantaneous velocity.

3rd derivative is jerk

Jerk, (sometimes called jolt in British English, but less commonly so, due to possible
confusion with use of the word to also mean electric shock), surge or lurch, is the rate of
change of acceleration; more precisely, the derivative of acceleration with respect to time, the
second derivative of velocity, or the third derivative of displacement. Jerk is described by the
following equation:

where
is acceleration,

– velocity,

– position

stands for time.

4th derivative is jounce

Jounce (also known as snap) is the fourth derivative of the position vector with respect to
time, with the first, second, and third derivatives being velocity, acceleration, and jerk,
respectively; in other words, jounce is the rate of change of the jerk with respect to time.

5th and beyond: Higher-order derivatives

Following jounce (snap), the fifth and sixth derivatives of the displacement vector are
sometimes referred to as crackle and pop, respectively. The seventh and eighth derivatives of
the displacement vector are occasionally referred to as lock and drop.

-1st derivative (integral) of position is absement

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The blue curve represents absement. The slope of the blue
curve, at a particular point, denotes position. Thus if the blue
line denoted quantity of water in a reservoir where flow was
dicated linearly by displacement of a control valve, the slope of
the green line would give the position of the control valve at
that point in time.

Absement (or absition) refers to the -1th time-derivative of

displacement (or position), i.e. the integral of position over
time.

The rate of change of absement is position. Absement is a quantity with dimension

length*time. In SI units, absement is measured in metre seconds (m·s).

One meter-second corresponds to being absent from an origin or other reference point for
a duration of one second. This amount of absement is equal to being two metres away from
the origin for one half second, or being one half a metre from the origin for two seconds, or a
1mm absence for 1000 seconds, a 1km absence for 1 millisecond, etc..

The word "absement" is a blend of the words absence and displacement.

Useful applications of absement

Whereas most musical keyboard instruments, such as the piano, and many electronic
keyboards, respond to velocity at which keys are struck, and some such as the tracker-organ,
respond to displacement (how far down a key is pressed), flow-based musical instruments
such as the hydraulophone, respond to the integral of displacement, i.e. to a time-distance
product. Thus "pressing" a key (water jet) on a hydraulophone down for a longer period of
time will result in a buildup of the sound level, as fluid (water) begins to fill the sounding
mechanism (reservoir), up to a certain maximum filling point beyond which the sound levels
off (along with a slow decay). Hydraulophone reservoirs have an approximate integrating
effect on the distance or displacement applied by the musician's fingers to the "keys" (water
jets). Whereas the piano provides more articulation and enunciation of individual note-
onsets than the organ, the hydraulophone provides a more continuously fluidly varying
sound than either the organ or piano.

Of course all these models are approximate: hydraulophones are approximately presement-
responsive, pianos are approximately velocity-responsive, etc..

The concepts of absement and presement originated in regards to flow-based musical

instruments like hydraulophones, but may be applied to any area of physics, as they exist
along the hierarchy of the derivatives of displacement.

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A very slow-responding pipe-organ with tracker-action can often exhibit an effect similar to
that of a hydraulophone, when it takes time for the wind and sound levels to build up, so that
the sound level is approximately the product of how far down a key is pressed and how long it
is held down for.

Example to illustrate the concept of absement: Consider a 5-

hour train ride that takes you 500 miles directly from your
home, in a straight line, where you stay for 5 hours and then
return. Suppose you want to stay logged into your home
computer at a communications cost of $1/mile/hour(where
"mile" is the distance between your current position and your
home). The total cost of your online communications is
$5000, since the absement (time-integral of displacement) is
5000 mile hours (1250 mile hours on the way to your
destination, plus 500 miles * 5 hours stay = 2500 mile hours,
plus 1250 mile hours of absement during the return trip).

The concept of absement may also be applied to

communications theory. For example, the difficulty in
maintaining a communications channel (wired or wireless) increases with distance as well as
with the time for which the channel must be kept active.

As a crude but simple example, absement may be used, very approximately, to model the cost
of a long-distance phone call as the product of distance and time. A short-duration call over a
long distance might, for example, represent the same quantity of absement as a long-
duration call over a shorter distance.

Absement may also be used in sociological studies, i.e. we might express loneliness or
homesickness as a product of distance from home and time away from home. Simply put, the
old aphorism "absence makes the heart grow fonder" has been expressed as "absement
makes the heart grow fonder"[1], to suggest that it matters both how absent one is (i.e. how
far), as well as for how long one is absent.

Absement versus presement

Absement refers to the time-distance product (or more precisely the integral of
displacement) away from a reference point, whereas the integral of reciprocal position, called
presement, refers to the closeness, compounded over time [1].

The word "presement" is a portmanteau constructed from the words presence and
displacement.

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Placement (scalar quantity, nearness) is defined as the reciprocal of position (scalar quantity
distance), and presement refers to the time-integral of placement. Most notably, with some
high-pressure hydraulophones, it is physically impossible to fully obstruct a water jet, so
position can never reach zero [1], and thus placement remains finite, as does its time integral,
presement.

Simply put, absement is the time-integral of farness, and presement is the time-integral of
nearness, to a given point (e.g. farness or nearness of a musicians finger to/from the exit port
of a water jet in a hydraulophone).

Lower-order derivatives (higher-order integrals) of position

Some hydraulophones, such as the North Nessie (the hydraulophone on the North side of
hydraulophone circle) at the Ontario Science Centre consist of cascaded hydraulophonic
mechanisms, resulting in a double-integrating effect. In particular, the hydraulophone is
linked indirectly to the North pipes, such that the water in direct physical contact with the
fingers of the musician is not the same water in the organ pipes. As a result of this
indirection, the instrument itself responds to presement/absement, the first integral of
position whereas the pipes respond absemently to the action in the instrument, i.e. to the
second integral of position of the player's fingers. The time-integral of the time-integral of
position is called absity/presity.

Absity is a portmanteau formed from the words absement (or absence) and velocity.

Following this pattern, higher integrals of displacement may be named as follows:

Absement is the integral of displacement;

Absity is the double integral of displacement;
Abseleration is the triple integral of displacement;
Abserk is the fourth integral of displacement;
Absounce is the fifth integral of displacement, and so on...

Likewise, Presement, Presity, Preseleration, etc., are the integrals of reciprocal displacement
(nearness).

Although there are no three-stage hydraulophones currently being manufactured as

products, there are a number of three-stage (and some with higher numbers of stages)
hydraulophone prototypes, in which some elements of the sound production respond to
absity/presity, abseleration/preseleration, etc..

Summary
The following table is a summary of the derivatives of position:

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 derivative terminology SI unit meaning

-5 absounce m·s5 time integral of abserk

-4 abserk m·s4 time integral of abseleration

-3 abseleration m·s³ time integral of absity

-2 absity m·s² time integral of absement

-1 absement (absition) m·s time integral of position

0 position (displacement) m position

1 velocity m·s-1 rate-of-change of position

2 acceleration m·s-2 rate of change of velocity

3 jerk m·s-3 rate of change of acceleration

4 jounce (snap) m·s-4 rate of change of jerk

5 crackle m·s-5 rate of change of jounce

6 pop m·s-6 rate of change of crackle

7 lock m·s-7 rate of change of pop

8 drop m·s-8 rate of change of lock

References
[1] What is the term used for the third derivative of position?

[2] Steve Mann, Ryan Janzen, Mark Post (2006), "Hydraulophone Design Considerations:
Absement, Displacement, and Velocity-Sensitive Music Keyboard in which Each Key is a
Water Jet." ACM Multimedia (MM 2006), pp. 519-528, Santa Barbara, CA, Oct. 23-27, 2006.
([1])

[3] Steve Mann, Michael Georgas, Ryan Janzen (2006), "Water jets as pixels: water fountains
as both sensors and displays", Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia, IEEE
ISM2006, pp. 766-772, Dec. 11-13, 2006, San Diego, CA.

[4] Steve Mann, Ryan Janzen, Raymond Lo, Chris Aimone (2007), "Inventing new
instruments based on a computational "hack" to make a badly tuned or unpitched
instrument play in perfect harmony", International Computer Music Conference, ICMC2007,
Aug. 27-31, 2007, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Position may refer to:

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 A location in a coordinate system, usually in two or more dimensions; the science of
position and its generalizations is topology

..... Read more.

Physics is the science of matter[1] and its motion[2][3], as well as space and time[4][5] —the
science that deals with concepts such as force, energy, mass, and charge.
..... Read more.

spatial vector, or simply vector, is a concept characterized by a magnitude and a direction.

A vector can be thought of as an arrow in Euclidean space, drawn from an initial point A
pointing to a terminal point B.
..... Read more.

A velocity receiver is a sensor that responds to velocity rather than absolute position.

For example, dynamic microphones are velocity receivers.

Likewise, many electronic keyboards used for music are velocity sensitive, and may be said to
posess a velocity receiver in each
..... Read more.

A displacement receiver is a device that responds to or is sensitive to directed distance

(displacement).

Examples of displacement receivers include carbon microphones, strain gauges, and pressure
sensors or force sensors, which, to within an appropriate scale factor,
..... Read more.
velocity is defined as the rate of change of position. It is a vector physical quantity, both
speed and direction are required to define it. In the SI (metric) system, it is measured in
meters per second (m/s). The scalar absolute value (magnitude) of velocity is speed.
..... Read more.

derivative is a measurement of how a function changes when the values of its inputs
change. Loosely speaking, a derivative can be thought of as how much a quantity is changing
at some given point.
..... Read more.

spatial vector, or simply vector, is a concept characterized by a magnitude and a direction.

A vector can be thought of as an arrow in Euclidean space, drawn from an initial point A
pointing to a terminal point B.
..... Read more.

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A physical quantity is either a physical property that can be measured (e.g. mass, volume,
etc.), or the result of a measurement. The value of a physical quantity Q is expressed as the
product of a numerical value and a physical unit [Q].
..... Read more.

Si, si, or SI may refer to (all SI unless otherwise stated):

In language:
One of two Italian words:
sì (accented) for "yes"
si

..... Read more.

Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed
(scalar) and velocity (vector quantity which specifies both magnitude and a specific
direction), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds.
..... Read more.

scalar is a simple physical quantity that does not depend on direction, and is therefore not
changed by coordinate system rotations (in Newtonian mechanics), or by Lorentz
transformations (in relativity). (Contrast to vector.
..... Read more.

In mathematics, the absolute value (or modulus[1]) of a real number is its numerical value
without regard to its sign. So, for example, 3 is the absolute value of both 3 and −3.
..... Read more.

For other senses of this word, see magnitude.

The magnitude of a mathematical object is its size: a property by which it can be larger or
smaller than other objects of the same kind; in technical terms, an ordering of the class of
objects to which
..... Read more.

Speed is the rate of motion, or equivalently the rate of change in position, many times
expressed as distance d traveled per unit of time t.

Speed is a scalar quantity with dimensions distance/time; the equivalent vector quantity to
speed is known as
..... Read more.
acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity, or, equivalently, as the second
derivative of position. It is thus a vector quantity with dimension length/time². In SI units,
acceleration is measured in metres/second² (m·s-²).
..... Read more.

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derivative is a measurement of how a function changes when the values of its inputs
change. Loosely speaking, a derivative can be thought of as how much a quantity is changing
at some given point.
..... Read more.

velocity is defined as the rate of change of position. It is a vector physical quantity, both
speed and direction are required to define it. In the SI (metric) system, it is measured in
meters per second (m/s). The scalar absolute value (magnitude) of velocity is speed.
..... Read more.

spatial vector, or simply vector, is a concept characterized by a magnitude and a direction.

A vector can be thought of as an arrow in Euclidean space, drawn from an initial point A
pointing to a terminal point B.
..... Read more.

Length is the long dimension of any object. The length of a thing is the distance between its
ends, its linear extent as measured from end to end. This may be distinguished from height,
which is vertical extent, and width or breadth
..... Read more.

time.

One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe, a dimension in
which events occur in sequence, and time itself is something that can be measured.
..... Read more.

Si, si, or SI may refer to (all SI unless otherwise stated):

In language:
One of two Italian words:
sì (accented) for "yes"
si

..... Read more.

The metre (or meter) per second squared is the SI derived unit of acceleration. It is a
measure of magnitude and can be a scalar measure or, when associated with a direction, a
vector, for example by having sign positive or negative.
..... Read more.

jerk, jolt (esp in British English), surge or lurch, is the rate of change of acceleration;
more precisely, the derivative of acceleration with respect to time, the second derivative of
velocity, or the third derivative of position.
..... Read more.

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British English (BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the
English language used in the United Kingdom from forms used elsewhere in the Anglophone
world.
..... Read more.

acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity, or, equivalently, as the second
derivative of position. It is thus a vector quantity with dimension length/time². In SI units,
acceleration is measured in metres/second² (m·s-²).
..... Read more.

derivative is a measurement of how a function changes when the values of its inputs
change. Loosely speaking, a derivative can be thought of as how much a quantity is changing
at some given point.
..... Read more.

velocity is defined as the rate of change of position. It is a vector physical quantity, both
speed and direction are required to define it. In the SI (metric) system, it is measured in
meters per second (m/s). The scalar absolute value (magnitude) of velocity is speed.
..... Read more.

In physics, displacement is the vector that specifies the position of a point or a particle in
reference to an origin or to a previous position. The vector directs from the reference point to
the current position.
..... Read more.

acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity, or, equivalently, as the second
derivative of position. It is thus a vector quantity with dimension length/time². In SI units,
acceleration is measured in metres/second² (m·s-²).
..... Read more.

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