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TEACHING PROFESSION
Common REPUBLIC ACTS in LET:

● RA 7836 - Philippine Teacher Professionalization Act of 1994
● RA 7796 - TESDA Act of 1994
● Article XIV 1987 Philippine Constitution (Educ.Sci & Tech,Arts,Culture& Sports) this is the very
fundamental legal basis of education in thr philippines.
● Education Act of 1982 (Batas Pambansa 232, Sept 11,1982) an Act providing for the
Establishment & Maintenance of an Integrated System of Education
● RA 4670 - Magna Carta for Public School Teachers (June 18,1966)
● RA 6713 - Code of Conduct & Ethical Standards For Public Officials and Employees
● RA 7877 - Anti-sexual Harrassment Act of 1995
● RA 9155 - Decentralization; Legal basis of Shared Governance in Basic Education
● RA 7784 - Establishment of Center of Excellence
● K-12 Curriculum - Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum
● RA 90210 - "An Act to Integrate Information Teachnology into the Public Elementary & Secondary
Curricula & Appropriating funds
● RA 10121 - DRMM approval headed by OCO office of Civil defense May 2010
REPUBLIC ACT
7610 -- Anti child abuse
7160 -- Local Government Code
9262 -- Violence against women
7877 --Anti sexual Harassment
1425 -- Batas ni Rizal
10533 -- K-12 Curriculum
4670 -- Magna Carta for Public Teacher
7836 -- LET (PRC)
9293 --Qualification of teachers, applicants, registration
9155 -- BEC
7796 -- TESDA
7722 -- CHED
9994 -- Expanded Senior citizens
7277 -- Disabilities
8049 -- Anti hazing Law ( fraternity...
6713 -- Code of conduct
REPUBLIC ACT No. 137
-Board of Textbooks. It provided for all public schools to use only those books approved by the
board for a period of six years from the date of their adoption.
-The inclusion of a course on the life, works and writings- especially the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo of Dr. Jose Rizal in the curricula of all public and private schools.
-The Magna Carta for Public School Teachers.
REPUBLIC ACT 1079
-Commonwealth Act No.117
-Civil Service Eligibility shall be permanent and shall be valid throughout a person’s lifetime.
-The Act Providing Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education.
(Scholarship Programs)
-Creating the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) composed of a chairperson and four (4)
commissioners.
-the establishment of public libraries and reading centers in every barangay and municipality of the
country.
-The Centers of Excellence Law
-The TESDA Law
-Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994
-Anti Sexual harassment Act of 1995
EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 27
-the inclusion of subject courses on human rights in the school curricula, textbooks, and other
reading materials
EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 189
-All public Secondary School teachers under the administrative supervision and control of DECS.
-Issued by former President Corazon Aquino.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 6-A
-known as the Educational Development Decree of 1972, and was implemented by the late former
President Ferdinand Marcos.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 146
-this decree requiring ALL senior high school students to pass the National College Entrance
Examination (NCEE) as pre-requisite for admission to any post- secondary academic or professional
degree program.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No.451
-this law repealed R.A No. 6139 and authorized the Sec. of Education and Culture to regulate the
imposition of tuition fee and other school fees in all private educational institutions.
-This law gave the Civil Service Commission the power and authority to give the appropriate
examination for all public school teachers.
-this decree issued on May 13, 1977, created the position of the undersecretary for NON-FORMAL
Education who shall make an overall assessment of the existing non formal education programs and
shall take charge of all non-formal education programs of DECS.
DEPARTMENT ORDER No. 1, s.1973
-this DECS order reiterates the policy on the use of locally published textbooks of Filipino authorship
in all levels of education, both public and private.
DEPARTMENT ORDER No. 25, s.1974
-The implementation of BILINGUAL EDUACATION Program which mandates the use of English and
Filipino as separate media of instruction.
MEC ORDER No. 22, s.1978
-ALL institutions shall offer in all their curricular programs at least six (6) units of Filipino, starting the
FIRST SEM Of school year 1979- 1980.
DECS ORDER No. 30, s. 1993
-this order issued on May 20, 1993, providing for a National Elementary Achievement Test (NEAT)
for ALL grade six pupils in Public and Private schools
DECS ORDER No. 38, s. 1994
-provided for a National Secondary Assessment Test (NSAT) to be administered to ALL graduating
public and private high school.
-the Law on the Observance of Flag Ceremony
EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 200, sec.3
-the Law prohibits fund raising in school
1987 CONSTITUTIONS ARTICLE XIV, sec. 3:2
-the Law teaches and imposes discipline
BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 232, sec. 13:2 / 1987 CONSTITUTION, ARTICLE XIV, sec 5:2,/ 1973
CONSTITUTION, ARTICLE XV, sec. 8:2
-the Law recognizes Academic Freedom
1992 MANUAL OF REGULATION FOR PRIVATE SCHOOL, sec 48-49
-the Law requires to have a fixed calendar
1992 MANUAL OF REGULATION FOR PRIVATE SCHOOL, sec. 44-47
-the Law on Education specifies faculty qualification
R.A No. 1054 AS AMMENDED BY P.D.’s Nos. 442, 570-A, 622, AND 643
-the Law requires Education to provide Medical and Dental Services
CIVIL CODE, ARTICLE 349
-the Law considers teachers, professors, and administrators to be in LOCO PARENTIS to their
pupils and students
1987 CONSTITUTIONS ARTICLE XIV, sec. 5:4
-the Law requires Education to provide professional advancement teachers.
LAWS ALLOWING PUBLICATIONS IN THE SCHOOL CAMPUS
-the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines prohibits the publication of the following:
1. ARTICLE 138 – inciting the people to rebellion
2. ARTICLE 142 – Seditious Libel
3. ARTICLE 154 – unlawful utterances
4. ARTICLE 201 – Immoral Doctrine, obscene publication and exhibition
5. ARTICLE 356 – threatening to publish and offering the prevent publication of an article for a
certain fee.
6. ARTICLE 357 – acts in the official proceedings that are prohibited to be published
7. ARTICLE 362 – Libellous remarks
REPUBLIC ACTS
9155 -- Governance of basic educ. act of 2001
6728 -- GASTPE
7722 -- creating CHED
7784 -- " " of center of excellence
7796 -- creating TESDA
6655 -- Free public secondary act of 1988
4090 -- creating a state scholarship council to intergrate, systematize, administer and implement all
program scholarships and appropriating funds.
5447 -- creation of a special educ. fund act enacted in 1968
-- organization and extension of classes
-- adding classroom to remote areas,barrios and provincial schools
6139 -- regulated the secretarian schools/private school in charging higher tuition fee
7687 -- science and technology scholarship act of 1994
7743 -- establishment of city and municipal libraries.
8292 -- higher educ. modernization act of 1997
6850 -- an act to grant Civil Service eligibility under certain conditions to Gov. employees appointed
under provisionap or temporary status who rendered 7 years of efficient service
8545 -- amending RA 7628 Expanded GASTPE Act
8525 -- Adopt a school program
8491 -- Flag and Heraldic code of the Ph.
7797 -- lengthen the school prog. to 200 days and not more than 220 days
8190 -- act of granting priority to residents of the brgy. where school is located in the appointment
and assignment of school.
6972 -- act of stablishing DAY CARE CENTER FOR EVERY BRGY.
7624 -- integrating of drug prevention and control in the intermediate & secondary curricula and
indigeneous learning system
7743 -- act providing libraries and reading centers throughout the Ph.
7877 -- anti-sexual harassment act of 1995
9163 -- NSTP of 2001
6193 -- regulation of tuition fees of private educ. institution
10627 -- anti-bullyinh act of 2013
10533 -- enhance basic educ. act of 2013 (K-12 PROGRAM)
9485 -- anti-red tape act
Executive Order (E.O.) 66 -- rule of cancellation of classes due to typhoon, flooding and other
calamities.
GENERAL SCIENCE with answer key.. 1-100

Multiple Choices:
1. These are living things that use sunlight, chlorophyll, water and carbon dioxide to produce food.
a. Autotrophs c. Heterotrophs
b. Consumers d. Food chain
2. It is describe as the lifeline of the body. IT is the body’s “pickup” and delivery system.”
a. Blood c. circulatory system
b. nervous system d. heart
3. It carries the oxygen-rich blood to the head, arms, and chest and down to the waist and the legs.
a. heart c. aorta
b. ventricles d. arteries
4. They are the transmitters of message from the different parts of the body to the brain and vice
versa.
a. spinal cord c. brain
b. neurons or nerve cells d. arteries
5. Which part of the brain controls the following activities: breathing, blood pressure, heart rate,
alertness?
a. brainstem c. cerebrum
b. hypothalamus d. spinal cord
6. Refers to a sequence of organism in a community that constitutes a feeding chain.
a. photosynthesis c. consumers
b. ecosystem d. food chain
7. Is a group of interacting plants, animals and human in a particular area?
a. ecological community c. living organism
b. environment d. food chain
8. Excessive presence of carbon dioxide in the air, trapping heat near the earth’s surface causing a
rise in temperature in the environment.
a. El Nino c. Deforestation
b. “Greenhouse Effect” d. Weather disturbance
9. The Earth’s shield against sun’s harmful radiation.
a. Atmosphere c. Ozone layer
b. Air d. Forest
10. The use of product containing ______ is discouraged because they contribute to the depletion
of_____.
a. Chlorofluorocarbon-solar radiation
b. Gas-ozone layer
c. Ozone layer air
d. Chlorofluorocarbon-ozone layer
11. What causes high and low tides?
a. Earth’s rotation on its axis
b. Moon’s gravitational pull
c. Sun’s solar energy
d. Earth’s gravitational pull
12. How is coral a tool formed?
a. Volcanic eruption
b. Corals growing around a volcanic island
c. Underwater bedrock formations
d. Earthquake
13. What is a long shore drift?
a. Movement of sand and shingles along the coast
b. Sand bars
c. Accumulation of sad at the river mouth
d. Island formed by volcanic eruptions
14. How does an occlusion form?
a. Cold air moving up from the ground
b. Cold front pushing warm air up of the ground
c. Unbalance electrical reaction in the air
d. Cold and warm air mixing in the atmosphere
15. What is a eat haze?
a. A reflection caused by pollutants in the air
b. A distorted image resulting from the bending o sun’s light rays by changes in air temperature
c. A movement o warm air over a vast expanse of land
d. Caused by extremely high temperature common in dessert areas
16. What sort of rock formation do the world’s greatest mountain ranges consist of?
a. Magma c. Fold eruptions
b. Chalk deposit d. Slip formation
17. What is the fore that wears down mountains?
a. Earthquake c. Volcanic eruptions
b. Erosion d. Deforestation
18. How are volcanic island formed?
a. Collision of two oceanic plates
b. Cooling of lava by seawater
c. Volcanic eruptions
d. Accumulation of corals
19. When the Theory of plate Tectonics was generally accepted?
a. 1900’s c. 1950’s
b. 1930’s d. 1980’s
20. The weathering away of rocks by water, wind and ice.
a. Denudation c. Volcanic rock
b. Erosion d. Metamorphic rock
21. How do hormones work?
a. By releasing adrenaline
b. By controlling cell chemistry
c. By regulating water loss
d. By controlling blood pressure
22. Name the male and female sex hormones
a. Sperm cell & Ovum c. Chromosomes
b. Testosterone d. Red & white blood cells
23. The unit of measurement of energy in a given an mount of food
a. Pound c. Olfactory system
b. Kilo d. calorie
24. Nitrogen compounds known as the building blocks of proteins
25. The growth of roots towards water is an example of?
a. Chemotropism c. Hydrotropism
b. Geotropism d. Phototropism
26. DNA means
a. Data nurturing analysis c. Deoxyribonucleic acid
b. Deoxytribonucleic acid d. Deotrixyl nucleic acid
27. What are the three products of oxygen when it has been burned?
a. Water, carbon dioxide and air
b. Energy, water and carbon dioxide
c. Energy, carbon and oxide
d. Energy, air and water
28. In flowering plants, fertilization happens in the?
a. Pollen tube c. Ovules
b. Stamen d. Pollen grain
29. The development of egg without fertilization
a. Mitosis c. Spermatogenesis
b. Parthenogenesis d. Mitochondria
30. Which of the following is a source of energy needed for photosynthesis?
a. Water c. Light
b. Soil d. Fertilizer
31. Chemistry is primarily concerned with the composition and changes of?
a. Nature c. Man
b. Matter d. Earth
32. A scientific theory is
a. A hypothesis not yet subjected to experimental test
b. An idea that correctly predict the result
c. An imagination
d. A guess
33. Which of the following units of measure is equivalent to cubic centimeter?
a. Milligram c. Millimeter
b. Milliliter d. Centiliter
34. Which of the following is NOT a compound?
a. acetic acid c. magnesium
b. alcohol d. Zinc Oxide
35. The easier the atom to receive electrons is measured by its?
a. Elecrtonegativity c. Number of shells
b. Atomic radius d. Valence electrons
36. The willingness o an atom to receive electron is measured by its?
a. Electronegativity c. Atomic size
b. Ionization potential d. Electron affinity
37. A molecule is said to be polar or dipole if?
a. Its positive and negative charges are at different places
b. It possesses polar bonds
c. Its’ polar bond have unsymmetrical charge distribution
d. All of the above
38. Which of the following is NOT a physical property of water?
a. freezing point at 0 degree C
b. boiling point at 100 degrees C
c. its’ heat of fusion at 80 cal/g.
d. its’ density at 4 degrees at 1 lb/cu. Ft
39. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Molecular weight does not influence boiling and melting point of a substance
b. Boiling and melting point tend to increase with molecular weight
c. Boiling and melting point tend to decrease with molecular weight
d. None o the above
40. A Mole is the amount of substance or a mass of a substance that contains?
a. 6.02 x 1023 particles c. 6.02 x 1023 particles
b. 60.2 x 1023 particles d. 60.2x 1023 particles
41. It is the measure of the amount of matter in an object
a. Weight c. Volume
b. Mass d. Quantity
42. It is the distance traveled by the body per unit time and tell how fast or slow the body moves
a. Velocity c. Acceleration
b. Speed d. None of the above
43. The rate of change of the distance traveled per unit time in a stated direction
a. Velocity c. Acceleration
b. Speed d. None of the above
44. This law states that the force acting upon an object is equal to the product o the mass and
acceleration of the object
a. Newton’s 2nd law of motion
b. Newton’s 3rd law of motion
c. Newton’s 1st law of motion
d. None of the amount
45. When a force is applied to a body, several effects are possible. Which one of the following effect
CAN”T occur?
a. the body rotates
b. the body changes direction
c. the body increase its mass
d. the body changes shape
46. It is the reluctance of the object to change either its’ state of rest or uniform motion in a straight
line
a. Force c. Inertia
b. Friction d. Motion
47. This law states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed but only changes from one form to
another
a. Energy law
b. Kinetic Theory of Matter
c. Law of Conservation Energy
d. None of the above
48. This law states that matter is made up of a large number of molecules which are in continuous
motion
a. Boyles’s Law c. Law of Conservation Energy
b. Kinetic Theory d. None of the above
49. The lowest possible temperature that a substance can reach
a. Freezing point c. Steam point
b. Absolute Zero d. Threshold
50. It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of kg. of a substance by degree C
a. Calorie c. Specific heat capacity
b. Watt d. Joule
51. The relationship of give-and-take of living organism in the biosphere is a balance of nature
called________.
a. universal relationship
b. symbiotic relationship
c. spontaneous relationship
d. abiogenetic relationship
52. Process of removing excess odor in water.
a. sedimentation c. distillation
b. chlorination d. aeration
53. Which of the following statement is CORRECT?
a. As altitude increases, atmospheric pressures corresponding
b. Throughout the available space, gas tends to contract
c. Equal chances are always given to all in life
d. Shadow is formed when a colored object is projected against the wall
54. The earth rotates on its axis from west to east. This causes the sun to _______?
a. appear with a fiery orange color
b. cause the appearance of solar eclipse
c. rise room the east and sets in the west
d. emit solar radiation
55. One of these planets has the greatest gravitational pull. Which one is it?
a. Mars b. Earth c. Mercury d. Jupiter
56. It is the law which explains why one can pull a piece without topping a glass in a quick motion.
a. energy in motion c. law of inertia
b. gravity d. force
57. Which of the following is NOT a source of energy?
a. water c. geothermal heat
b. nuclear d. inertia at rest
58. Which instrument will one use to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy?
a. rotor b. generator c. motor d. circuit
59. Sun’s energy is generated by?
a. nuclear fission
b. sun enacting with gravity
c. nuclear fusion reaction
d. reaction with magnetic field
60. Application of energy is called _______?
a. work c. kinetics
b. inertia d. simulation
61. The falling of any form of water from the air to the earth’s surface
a. Condensation c. Water vapor
b. Precipitation d. Rainwater
62. The part of the atmosphere that filters the ultraviolet rays of the sun
a. stratosphere c. Ozone layer
b. Troposphere d. Ionosphere
63. The point in the earth’s orbit nearest to the sun
a. Solstice c. Aphelion
b. Eclipse d. Perihelion
64. A property of minerals which gives off rays of light when exposed to ultraviolet light.
a. Luminescence c. Radiation
b. Phosphorescence d. Fluorescence
65. Which process involves chemical weathering?
a. Carbonation c. Hydration
b. Oxidation d. All of the above
66. How long does it take for the earth to complete one rotation
a. 365 days c. 24 hours
b. 30 days d. 12 hours
67. What is the principal function of gravity in the universe?
a. Provision for energy
b. Keeps the stars and other heavenly bodies in orbit
c. Causes movement in space
d. Part of universal design
68. What does the word “monsoon” mean?
a. Moon will soon come c. Seasons
b. Rains d. Wet weather
69. Its’ discovery enable geologist to date rocks accurately
a. layering c. Radioactivity
b. Evolutionary staging d. Carbon-dating
70. It occurs when the earth is between the sun and the moon, with the earth’s shadow cast over the
moon.
a. Total eclipse c. Eclipse
b. Lunar eclipse d. Partial Eclipse
71. Male and female reproductive part of a flower
a. Pollen grains and ovules c. Pollen grains and pistil
b. Stamen and pistil d. Stamen and ovules
72. In the human body, the cell that most nearly resembles a one-celled animals
a. Red Blood cell c. Nerve cell
b. White Blood cell d. Antibodies
73. The main energy source of a plant-eating animals
a. Glucose b. Starch c. Cellulose d. Glycogen
74. These are cellular secretions which help regulate the breakdown and buildup of various
substance in the body
a. Enzymes c. Plasma
b. Amino Acids d. Hormones
75. It is the energy source of the cell which it uses for growing, reproducing and other activities
a. Adenosine Triphosphate c. Chloroplast
b. Amino Acids d. Sunlight
76. It is a segment of DNA molecule which controls the appearance of a given trait
a. Chromosomes c. Gametes
b. Genes d. Zygotes
77. Group of similar cells performing similar functions together
a. Organs b. System c. Nucleus d. Tissue
78. The diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane
a. osmosis c. Transfusion
b. permeability d. Capillary
79. It shows the complex food relationship of organism in a given area and the cyclic flow of food
through organisms
a. Food chain c. Food pyramid
b. Food web d. Biological cycle
80. Which of the following does NOT occur to both respiration and fermentation?
a. energy is released
b. sugar is broken down
c. carbon dioxide is produced
d. alcohol is formed
81. Energy removal is best illustrated in
a. boiling of liquid substances
b. changing water to ice
c. changing water to stem
d. none of the above
82. Refers to the maximum amount of solute expressed in grams that can be dissolved in 100 grams
of water at a specific temperature
a. Solubility c. Molarity
b. Stability d. Molality
83. Compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulas
a. Cellulose c. Polymers
b. Isomers d. Monomers
84. The most penetrating type of radiation given of by radioactive elements
a. Alpha particle c. Gamma particle
b. Beta particle d. None of the above
85. The basic unit for expressing the masses o individual atoms
a. Atomic number c. Nucleus
b. Atomic mass unit d. Atomic weight
86. A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself undergoing a chemical change
a. catalyst c. Electrolytes
b. Enhancer d. Ionizer
87. The temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure of the
surroundings atmosphere
a. Melting point c. Boiling Point
b. Critical point d. None of the above
88. the warming of the earth’s surface due to an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide
a. “Greenhouse effect” c. Atmospheric pressure
b. Ozone d. El Nino phenomena
89. Describe the force of gravity on an object
a. mass c. capacity
b. weight d. pressure
90. When gaseous molecules are compressed, they tend to?
a. increase in volume c. repel each other
b. decrease in volume d.attract and liquefy
91. It is the union of two light nucleus to form a heavier nucleus, resulting in a mass defect and
release of energy
a. Radiation c. Nuclear Fusion
b. Nuclear Fission d. Radioactivity
92. Which of the following statements is a characteristic of an electronic spectrum?
a. They all travel at the same speed in fire space
b. The exhibit diffraction and interference phenomena
c. They follow the laws of refraction and reflection
d. All of the above
93. The term “RADAR” is derived from the phrase?
a. “Radiation Detection and Ranging “
b. “Radiation Diffusion and Ranging”
c. “Radio Diffraction and Resolution”
d. “Radiation Diffraction and Resolution”
94. A material whose ability to conduct electricity lies between those of conductors and insulators
a. Integrated Circuits c. Semiconductors
b. Silicon Chips d. Insulators
95. “LASER” is derived from the phrase?
a. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
b. Light Application by Simulated Emission of Radiation
c. Light Amplification by Simulated Ejection of Radiation
d. None of the above
96. What is the color of a transparent substance?
a. The color of the light it absorbs
b. The color of light it reflects
c. The color of light it transmit
d. The color of light it refracts
97. What is a rotating electromagnetic called?
a. Motor b. Rotor c. Phasor d. Sensor
98. What happens with the centripetal force when sped is doubled?
a. remains the same c. triples
b. force is increase 4x d. force is doubled
99. What is an electrochemical cell in which the reacting materials can be renewed by the use o
reverse current
a. Storage cell c. Fuel cell
b. Primary cells d. Chemical cell
100. What will make an object move in a circular path?
a. Central force c. Frictional force
b. Gravitational d. Electromagnetic force
***** THE END *****
WORK HARD, DREAM HARDER
science and health
1 a 51 b
2 c 52 d
3 d 53 a
4 b 54 c
5 a 55 d
6 d 56 c
7 a 57 d
8 b 58 b
9 c 59 c
10 d 60 a
11 b 61 b
12 b 62 c
13 a 63 d
14 b 64 b
15 b 65 d
16 c 66 c
17 b 67 b
18 a 68 c
19 c 69 c
20 b 70 b
21 b 71 b
22 b 72 b
23 d 73 c
24 d 74 d
25 c 75 a
26 c 76 b
27 b 77 d
28 c 78 a
29 b 79 b
30 c 80 d
31 b 81 b
32 a 82 a
33 b 83 b
34 c 84 c
35 d 85 b
36 d 86 a
37 b 87 c
38 b 88 a
39 b 89 b
40 c 90 a
41 b 91 c
42 b 92 d
43 c 93 a
44 a 94 c
45 c 95 a
46 d 96 c
47 b 97 b
48 b 98 d
49 b 99 a
50 c 100 a
1. Audience – a number of people listening to a lecture
2. Altruist – one, who considers the happiness and well-being of others first
3. Atheist – a person who does not believe in God
4. Anthropologist – one, who studies the evolution of mankind
5. Autocracy – government by one person
6. Autobiography – the life history of a person written by himself
7. Amputate – to cut off a part of a person's body which is infected
8. Arsenal – a place for ammunition and weapons
9. Archives – a place where government or public records are kept
10. Amateur – a man who does a thing for pleasure and not as a profession
11. Aristocracy – government by the nobles
12. Aquatic – animals/plants which live in water
13. Amphibian – animals which live both on land and sea
14. Ambidexter – one, who can use either hand with ease
15. Alimony – allowance paid to wife on legal separation
16. Anthology – a collection of poems
17. Abdication – voluntary giving up of throne in favour of someone
18. Arbitrator – a person, appointed by two parties to solve a dispute
19. Astronomer – a person, who studies stars, planets and other heavenly bodies
20. Astrologer – a person who studies the influence of heavenly bodies on human beings
21. Axiom – a statement which is accepted as true without proof
22. Agenda – a list of headings of the business to be transacted at a meeting
23. Anarchist – one, who is out to destroy all governance, law and order
24. Almanac – an annual calender with positions of stars
25. Bankrupt – a person who is unable to pay his debts
26. Bigamy – the practice of having two wives or husbands at a time
27. Bibliophile – a lover and collector of books
28. Bouquet – a collection of flowers
29. Bureaucracy – government by the officials
30. Belligerent – a person, nation that is involved in war
31. Biennial – an event which happens once in two years
32. Blasphemy – the act of speaking disrespectfully about sacred things
33. Creche – a nursery where children are cared for while their parents are at work
34. Cosmopolitan – a person who regards whole world as his country
35. Chauffeur – one, who is employed to drive a motor car
36. Curator – a person incharge of a museum
37. Carnivorous – one, who lives on flesh
38. Cannibal – one, who feeds on human flesh
39. Contemporaries – belonging to or living at the same time
40. Cloak room – a place for luggage at railway station
41. Cynosure – centre of attraction
42. Connoisseur – a critical judge of any art and craft
43. Crusade – a religious war
44. Choreographer – one, who teaches dancing
45. Cacographist – a person, who is bad in spellings
46. Calligraphist – a person, who writes beautiful handwriting
47. Cynic – one, who sneers at the aims and beliefs of his fellow men
48. Convalescent – one, who is recovering health
49. Cavalry – soldiers, who fight on horse back
50. Cardiologist – a person, who is specialist in heart diseases
51. Cartographer – one, who draws maps
52. Dormitory – the sleeping rooms with several beds especially in a college or institution
53. Drawn – a game that results neither in victory nor in defeat
54. Elegy – a poem of lamentation
55. Epitaph – words which are inscribed on the grave or the tomb in the memory of the buried
56. Ephemeral – lasting one day
57. Effeminate – a person who is womanish
58. Emigrant – a person who leaves his own country and goes to live in another
59. Edible – fit to be eaten
60. Egoism – practice of talking too much about oneself
61. Encyclopaedia – a book that contains information on various subjects
62. Epicure – one, who is devoted to the pleasure of eating and drinking
63. Florist – one, who deals-in flowers
64. Fastidious – one, who is very -selective in one's taste
65. Fanatic or Bigot – one, who is filled with excessive and mistaken enthusiasm in religious matters
66. Fatal – causing death
67. Fatalist – one, who believes in fate
68. Facsimile – an exact copy of handwriting, printing etc
69. Fauna – the animals of a certain region
70. Flora – the plants of a particular region
71. Fratricide – murder of brother
72. Fugitive – one, who runs away from justice or the law
73. Fragile – easily broken
74. Feminist – one, who works for the welfare of the women
75. Granary – a place for grains
76. Genocide – murder of race
77. Gregarious – animals which live in flocks
78. Hangar – a place for landing aeroplanes
79. Hive – a place for bees
80. Horticulture – the art of cultivating and managing gardens
81. Homicide – murder of man
82. Hearse – a vehicle which is used to carry a dead body
83. Hedonist – one, who believes that pleasure is the chief good (sensual)
84. Horizon – a line at which the earth and the sky seem to meet
85. Honorary – holding office without any remuneration
86. Heretic – one, who acts against religion
87. Herbivorous – one, who lives on herbs
88. Insolvent/Bankrupt – a person who is unable to pay his debts
89. Inaudible – a sound that cannot be heard
90. Inaccessible – that cannot be easily approached
91. Incorrigible – incapable of being corrected
92. Irreparable – incapable of being repaired
93. Illegible – incapable of being read
94. Inevitable – incapable of being avoided
95. Impracticable – incapable of being practised
96. Immigrant – a person who comes to one country from another in order to settle there
97. Invincible – undefeatable
98. Indelible – that cannot be erased
99. Incognito – travelling under another name than one's own
100. Indefatigable – one, who does not tire easily
101. Infallible – one, who is free from all mistakes and failures
102. Invigilator – one, who supervises in the examination hall
103. Itinerant – one, who journeys from place to place
104. Infirmary – a home or room used for ill or injured people
105. Infanticide – murder of an infant
106. Infantry – soldiers, who fight on foot
107. Inflammable – liable to catch fire easily
108. Interregnum – a period of interval between two reigns or governments
109. Kennel – a place for dogs
110. Lunatic asylum – a home for lunatics
111. Lexicographer – one, who compiles a dictionary
112. Loquacious – one, who talks continuously
113. Linguist – one, who is skilled in foreign languages
114. Lapidist – one, who cuts precious stones
115. Misanthrope – a hater of mankind
116. Misogamist – one, who hates marriage
117. Mortuary – a place, where dead bodies are kept for post mortem
118. Mercenery – working only for the sake of money
119. Matricide – murder of mother
120. Martyr – one, who dies for a noble cause
121. Maiden speech – the first speech delivered by a person
122. Mint – a place where coins are made
123. Misogynist – a hater of womankind
124. Morgue – a place, where dead bodies are kept for identification
125. Mammals – animals which give milk
126. Monogamy – the practice of marrying one at a time
127. Missionary – a person, who is sent to propagate religion
128. Numismatics – the study of coins
129. Namesake – a person having same name as another
130. Nostalgia – a strong desire to return home, home sickness
131. Novice or Tyro – one, new to anything, inexperienced
132. Narcotic – a medicine for producing sleep
133. Optimist – a person who looks at the brighter side of things
134. Orphan – one, who has lost parents
135. Omnipresent – one, who is present everywhere
136. Omnipotent – one, who is all powerful
137. Omniscient – one, who knows everything
138. Omnivorous – one, who eats everything.
139. Obituary – an account in the newspaper of the funeral of the one deceased
140. Orphanage – a home for orphans
141. Obstetrician – one, who is skilled in midwifery
142. Ostler – one, who looks after horses at an inn
143. Opaque – that which cannot be seen through
144. Pessimist – a person who looks at the darker side of things
145. Potable – fit to drink
146. Post mortem – an examination of dead body
147. Philanthropist – a lover of mankind
148. Patricide – murder of father
149. Philatelist – one, who collects stamps
150. Plagiarism – literary theft or passing off an author's original work as one's own
151. Polygamy – the practice of marrying more than one wife at a time
152. Polyandry – the practice of marrying more than one husband at a time
153. Philogynist – a lover of womankind
154. Plebiscite – (a decision made by) votes of all qualified citizens
155. Philanderer – one, who amuses himself by love making
156. Philistine – one who does not care for art and literature
157. Plutocracy – government by the rich
158. Pseudonym – an imaginary name assumed by an author for disguise
159. Posthumous – a child born after the death of his father or the book published after the death of the writer
160. Panacea – a remedy for all diseases
161. Paediatrician – a person, who is specialist in child diseases
162. Platitude – ordinary remarks often repeated
163. Pedant – one, who makes a vain display of his knowledge
164. Polyglot – one, who speaks many languages
165. Paleography – the study of ancient writing
166. Posse – a number of policemen called to quell a riot
167. Parole – pledge given by a prisoner for temporary release, not to escape
168. Pedestrian – one, who goes on foot
169. Portable – that can be carried easily
170. Quarantine – an act of separation from other persons to avoid infection
171. Rhetoric – the art of elegant speech or writing
172. Regicide – murder of King or Queen
173. Sacrilege – violating or profaning religious things/places
174. Sculptor – one, who cuts in stones
175. Suicide – murder of oneself
176. Stable – a place for horses
177. Somnambulist – a person, who walks in sleep
178. Somniloquist – a person, who talks in sleep
179. Souvenir – a thing kept as a reminder of a person, place or event
180. Swan song – the last work (literary) of a writer
181. Sot, Toper – one, who is a habitual drunkard
182. Sinecure – a job with high salary but little responsibility
183. Stoic – a person, who is indifferent to pleasure and pain and has control over his passions
184. Sanatorium – a place for the sick to recover health
185. Sororicide – murder of sister
186. Triennial – an event which happens once in three years
187. Truant – a person/student who absents himself from class or duty without permission
188. Teetotaller – one, who does not take any intoxicating drink
189. Transparent – that which can be seen through
190. Theocracy – government by religious principles
191. Uxorious – one extremely fond of one's wife
192. Utopia – an imaginary perfect social and political system
193. Uxoricide – murder of wife
194. Verbatim – repetition of speech or writing word for word
195. Volunteer – one, who offers one's services
196. Virgin – a woman who has no sexual experience
197. Versatile – expert in different things
198. Veteran – one, who has a long experience of any occupation
199. Venial – a fault that may be forgiven
200. Wardrobe – a place for clothes
SOCIAL SCIENCE!
TIMELINE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY
● 1380 - Muslim Arabs arrived at the Sulu Archipelago.
● 1521 - Ferdinand Magellan "discovers" the islands and names them: Archipelago of San Lazaro.
● 1542 - Spanish expedition commandeered by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos claims the islands for
Spain; names them "Philippines" after Prince Philip, later King Philip II of Spain; the Philippines
becomes part of Spanish Empire.
● 1872 - Gomburza (Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora) were executed by
the Spaniards.
● 1892 - Jose Rizal founded the civic organization La Liga Filipina.
● 1896 - Katipuneros tear their cedulas & shout in contempt of the Spaniards in what is called the
Cry of Pugadlawin.
● 1897 - General Emilio Aguinaldo establishes the a new republic at Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan.
● 1886 - José Rizal publishes anti-Spanish novel, Noli Me Tangere (The Lost Eden); and seers up
independence sentiment.
● 1896 - Spanish execute Rizal for instigating insurrection; public outrage spawns rebellion.
● 1898 - American warship Maine was blown up in Havana harbour, triggers the the Spanish-
American war, the battle of Manila Bay ensues.
● 1898 - Emilio Aguinaldo assembled the Malolos Congress in Bulacan, then declares
independence in Kawit, Cavite
● 1899 - Treaty of Paris ends Spanish-American War, cedes Philippines to U.S. after payment to
Spain by U.S. of $ 20 million. Emilio Aguinaldo declares independence then leads a guerrilla war
against U.S.
● 1901 - U.S. captures Aguinaldo; William Howard Taft arrives as first U.S. governor of Philippines.
● 1902 - Insurrection ends; Taft improves economic conditions, settles disputes over church
ownership of land, establishes "Pensionado" program, allowing Filipinos to study in U.S., which
helped modernize and westernize the country.
● 1916 - U.S. congress passes the Jones Law establishing elected Filipino legislature with house
and senate.
● 1934 - U.S. congress approves the Tydings-McDuffie Law promising Philippine independence by
1946; transition to independence begins.
● 1935 - Filipino people approve constitution creating the Philippine Commonwealth with Manuel
Quezon y Molina as president.
● 1941 - Japanese invades the Philippines, and defeats Gen. Douglas MacArthur at Bataan and
Corregidor; Quezon establishes government in exile in the U.S.
● 1944 - Quezon dies in exile; Vice President Sergio Osmeña assumes the presidency; MacArthur
returns to the Philippines and lands in Leyte with little resistance.
● 1945 - Gen. MacArthur liberates Manila and President Osmeña establishes government.
● 1946 - The U.S. gave the Philippines independence and Manuel Roxas y Acuña is elected as the
first president of the new republic.
● 1965 - Ferdinand E. Marcos is elected by a big majority as president.
● 1972 - Martial Law was declared by President Marcos. This period is marked with human rights
abuses and corruption.
● 1981 - Marcos lifts Martial Law.
● 1983 - Opposition leader Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino returns from exile and is assassinated on arrival
at Manila International Airport; Aquino's widow Corazon leads the "People Power" protest
movement.
● 1986 - Marcos was officially declared winner in a presidential election beating Corazon Aquino
amid charges of fraud; demonstrations erupt; Marcos flees to Hawaii; Aquino is declared president
and forms a new government.
● 1992 - Endorsed by Aquino, her Secretary of Defense Gen. Fidel Ramos wins presidential
election. U.S. Philippine congress rejects a new treaty with the U.S. and Subic Bay naval base and
Clark Air Field returns to Philippine government, ending American military presence in the
Philippines.
● 1996 - The government of Ramos agrees to greater autonomy for southern island of Mindanao.
Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) ends the guerrilla war with the government.
● 1997 - Asian financial crisis grips Asia and the Philippines escapes the crisis despite series of
currency devaluations.
● 1998 - Former movie actor Joseph Estrada is elected president.
● 2000 - On charges of corruption, the lower house impeach Estrada.
● 2001 - Estrada was forced to step down due to public outrage over corruption allegations. Vice
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo assumes the presidency.
● 2004 - Presidential election takes place. Arroyo's closest rival (a dear friend of Ex-President
Estrada) is film actor Fernando Poe, Jr. Arroyo narrowly defeats Poe, taking 39.5% of the vote to
Poe's 36.6%.
● 2005 - A taped conversation between President Arroyo & an election official surfaced during the
2004 elections implying she influenced the official election results. Calls for her resignation and
demonstrations followed soon after. In September 2005, Congress voted down the filing of an
impeachment against Arroyo.
● 2007 - Former President Joseph Estrada is convicted of plunder, the first ever in the history of the
Philippines.
● 2010 - First automated national elections in the Philippines.
● 2010 - Benigno "Noynoy" Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III wins the Presidential elections and sworn
in at Manila's Rizal Park on June 30, 2010.
● 2016 - Rodrigo "Rody" Roa Duterte, the former Mayor of Davao City assumes the Presidency. He
is the first president to come from Mindanao.
Administration of Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016–present)
Rodrigo Duterte, current President of the Philippines.
Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte of PDP–Laban won the 2016 presidential election, garnering
39.01% or 16,601,997 of the total votes, becoming the first Mindanaoan to become president. On
the other hand, Camarines Sur 3rd District representative Leni Robredo won with the second
narrowest margin in history, against Senator Bongbong Marcos.[220] On 30 May, the Congress had
proclaimed Rodrigo Duterte, despite his absence, as president-elect and Leni Robredo as vice
president-elect.[221] On July 12, 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled in favor of the
Philippines in its case against China's claims in the South China Sea.[222] Duterte's presidency
began following his inauguration on June 30, 2016 at the Rizal Ceremonial Hall of the Malacañang
Palace in Manila, which was attended by more than 627 guests.[223] On August 1, 2016, the
Duterte administration launched a 24-hour complaint office accessible to the public through a
nationwide hotline, 8888, and changed the nationwide emergency telephone number from 117 to
911.[224][225] After winning the Presidency, Duterte launched an intensified anti-drug campaign to
fulfill a campaign promise of wiping out criminality in six months.[226] By March 2017, the death toll
for the Philippine Drug War passed 8,000 people, with 2,679 killed in legitimate police operations
and the rest the government claims to be homicide cases.[227][228][229] On November 8, 2016, the
Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled in favor of the burial of the late president Ferdinand Marcos
in the Libingan ng Mga Bayani, the country's official cemetery for heroes, provoking protests from
thousands of millennials, Marcos-regime human rights victims, and relatives of people who were
tortured, killed, or were still missing due to martial rule. The burial of the late president was a
campaign promise of President Rodrigo Duterte, who was supported by voters in Ilocos Norte, the
home province of Marcos.[230] In November 18, 2016, the remains of Ferdinand Marcos was
secretly buried by the Philippine National Police, Armed Forces of the Philippines, and the family and
friends of Ferdinand Marcos, despite the Supreme Court order being non-executory due to protocol.
Later in the afternoon, the event was made public.[231] On May 23, 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte
signed Proclamation No. 216 declaring a 60-day martial law in Mindanao following clashes between
government forces and the Maute group in Marawi.
Here’s the Complete Line-up of Pres. Rody Duterte’s Cabinet:
Cabinet Secretary – Leoncio “Jun” Evasco
Executive Secretary – Salvador Medialdea
Presidential Communications Operations Office Secretary – Martin Andanar
Presidential Spokesperson – Ernesto Abella
National Security Adviser – Hermogenes Esperon Jr.
Secretary of Agrarian Reform – Rafael V. Mariano
Secretary of Agriculture – Emmanuel “Manny” Piñol
Secretary of Budget and Management – Benjamin Diokno
Secretary of Education – Leonor Briones
Secretary of Energy – Alfonso Cusi
Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources – Regina “Gina” Lopez
Secretary of Finance – Carlos “Sonny” Dominguez III
Secretary of Foreign Affairs – Perfecto R. Yasay, Jr.
Secretary of Health – Paulyn Jean Rosell Ubial
Secretary of Information and Communications Technology – Rodolfo Salalima
Secretary of the Interior and Local Government – Ismael Sueño
Secretary of Justice – Vitaliano Aguirre II
Secretary of Labor and Employment – Silvestre “Bebot” Bello III
Secretary of National Defense – Delfin Lorenzana
Secretary of Public Works and Highways – Mark Villar
Secretary of Science and Technology – Fortunato de la Peña
Secretary of Social Welfare and Development – Judy Taguiwalo
Secretary of Tourism – Wanda Corazon Teo
Secretary of Trade and Industry – Ramon Lopez
Secretary of Transportation and Communications – Arthur Tugade
Presidential Assistant for the Visayas – Michael Diño
Special Assistant to the President/Presidential Management Staff chief – Christopher “Bong” Go
FIRST REPUBLIC (Revolutionary government/The Philippines was still under Spanish rule)
(1899-1901) President: Emilio F. Aguinaldo
(1897?) Vice-President: Mariano C. Trias (elected VP during the Tejeros assembly)
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (American Period)
(1935-1944) President Manuel L. Quezon (Died in exile in the U.S.)
(1936-1944) Vice-President: Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr.
(1944-1946) President: Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. (Assumed the presidency upon the death of Quezon
while the Philippine Commonwealth government is in exile in the U.S.)
SECOND REPUBLIC (Japanese Occupation)
(1943-1945) President: Jose P. Laurel
(1943-1945) Vice-Presidents: Benigno Aquino, Sr. and Ramon Avancena
THIRD REPUBLIC
(1946-1948) President: Manuel L. Roxas (Died of a heart attack)
(1946-1948) Vice-President: Elpidio R. Quirino
(1948-1953) President: Elpidio R. Quirino (Assumed the remaining term & re-elected)
(1949-1953) Vice-President: Fernando H. Lopez
(1953-1957) President: Ramon F. Magsaysay
(Magsaysay died in an airplane crash on March 16, 1957 on Mt. Manunggal in Cebu)
(1953-1957) Vice-President: Carlos P. Garcia
(1957-1961) President: Carlos P. Garcia (Assumed the remaining term and re-elected)
(1957-1961) Vice-President: Diosdado P. Macapagal
(1961-1965) President: Diosdado P. Macapagal
(1961-1965) Vice-President: Emmanuel N. Pelaez
(1965-1972) President: Ferdinand E. Marcos (the first to win 2 presidential terms)
(1965-1972) Vice-President: Fernando H. Lopez
FOURTH REPUBLIC (Martial Law, "The New Republic" & Parliamentary Government)
(1972-1986) President: Ferdinand E. Marcos (unseated by the People Power Revolution)
(Marcos died in exile in Hawaii on September 28, 1989 of Lupus complications)
(1981-1986) Prime Minister Cesar E. A. Virata
(1986) Vice-President: Arturo M. Tolentino (proclaimed but did not serve due to the revolt)
FIFTH REPUBLIC (Under the new "People Power" Constitution)
(1986-1992) President: Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino
(1986-1992) Vice-President: Salvador H. Laurel
(1992-1998) President Fidel V. Ramos
(1992-1998) Vice-President: Joseph Ejercito Estrada
(1998-2001) President: Joseph Ejercito Estrada (Deposed by "People Power")
(1998-2001) Vice-President: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
(2001-2010) President: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (Assumed Estrada's remaining term & re-elected)
(2001-2004) Vice-President: Teofisto T. Guingona (1st term of Arroyo)
(2004-2010) Vice-President: Manuel "Noli" Leuterio de Castro (2nd term of Arroyo)
(2010-2016) President: Benigno Simeon "Noynoy" Cojuangco Aquino III
(2010-2016) Vice-President: Jejomar "Jojo" Cabauatan Binay
(2016-Present) President: Rodrigo "Rody" Roa Duterte a.k.a. Digong
(2016-Present) Vice-President: Maria Leonor "Leni" Santo Tomas Gerona-Robredo
TOP OFFICES OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
The Office of the President
The Supreme Court of the Philippines
The Senate of the Philippines
The House of Representatives
CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS
Civil Service Commission
Commission on Audit (COA)
Commission on Elections (COMELEC)
DEPARTMENTS
Department of Agriculture (DA),
Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR),
Department of Budget and Management (DBM),
Department of Education (DepEd),
Department of Energy (DOE),
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR),
Department of Finance (DOF)
Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) ,
Department of Health (DOH) ,
Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)
Department of Justice (DOJ) ,
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) ,
Department of National Defense (DND) ,
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
Department of Science and Technology (DOST) ,
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
Department of Tourism (DOT) ,
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) ,
Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC)
MILITARY
Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) ,
Philippine Air Force (PAF) ,
Philippine Army (PA) ,
Philippine Navy (PN) ,
OTHER AGENCIES
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP),
Career Executive Service Board (CESB) ,
Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP)
Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) ,
Government Service Insurance System (GSIS),
Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) ,
National Computer Center (NCC) ,
National Council on Disability Affairs (NCDA),
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)
National Food Authority (NFA) ,
National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA),
National Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB) ,
National Statistics Office (NSO) ,
National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) ,
Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA)
Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth),
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ,
Social Security System (SSS) ,
National Labor Resource Commission (NLRC)
Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA)
Assessment of Learning
Norm-Referenced Test- comparing every students.
Criterion referenced Test- not comparing, only One self students evaluation
Authentic assessment- test reflect real-life situations/experience.
Alternative assessment- performance tests, projects, portfolio, journals
Traditional asessement-paper-and-pencil test.
Placement assessment -done before instruction to determine the needs and ability levels of learners.
Diagnostic assessment- may be done before or during instruction to identify tha reccuring difficulty
Formative assessment-may be done during or after instruction to find out how learners are
progressing (ex: Quiz)
Summative assessment - done after instruction to determine what have been learned (ex: Exam)
Mean - measure of center or arithmetic method
Median -midpoint or.middle of a distribution of scores. Also known 50th percentile.
Mode -scores occurs most .
Range -between highest and lowest
Quartile Deviation- half of difference between the third quartile (Q3) and the first quartile (Q1)
Percentile Rank- percentage of scores in the frequency distribution which are lower
Z -Score-also known (Standard Score)
T- Score- obtain multiplying the z-score by 10 and adding the product to 50.
F-Test-Three or more means
God bless☝️😇
GENERAL EDUCATION
1. Ano ang pangalan ng alagang aso ni Dr. Jose Rizal?
A. Pandak
B. Bantay
C. Usman
D. Ondo
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter C - Usman
………………………………………………………………………
<Previous LET question>
2. Being a rationalist in life, what was the reported request of Dr. Jose Rizal to his executioners in
Bagumbayan?
A. Not to miss their target
B. Not to shoot him at the back
C. Shoot to kill
D. Not to shoot him on the head
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter B - Not to shoot him at the back
………………………………………………………………………
3. How many twenty thousands are there in one million?
A. 500
B. 50
C. 100
D. 1000
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter B – 50
………………………………………………………………………
<Hindi po ako Math major>
4. If P is a positive integer in the equation 12p=q, then q must be a _____.
A. positive even integer
B. negative even integer
C. positive odd integer
D. negative odd integer
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter A – Positive even integer
………………………………………………………………………
5. Voting is a privilege in a democracy. Those who are deprived their votes are normally _____.
A. Franchised
B. Exiled
C. Disenfranchised
D. Execute
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter C – Disenfranchised
………………………………………………………………………
6. How do countries register dislike or disagreement of another country’s discussion through
diplomatic means?
A. File a diplomatic protest
B. Recall all its nations
C. Declare war immediately
D. Retaliate by arresting nationals of the country
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter A – File a diplomatic protest
………………………………………………………………………
7. To be a moral person is to _____.
A. Know and act upon the “ought to be” and the “ought to do”
B. Be integrated in speech, feelings, thinking and action
C. Be able to follow the dictates of one’s experience
D. Be acceptable by society
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter C – Be able to follow the dictates of one’s experience
………………………………………………………………………
8. Without limiting the rights of parents to rear their children, the constitution provides compulsory
elementary education for _____>
A. All school children of pre-school age
B. All children of school age
C. All physically able individuals
D. Adult citizens and out-of-school youth
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter B – All children of school age
………………………………………………………………………
9. Water is rationed in a village every other day. The truck tanks deliver 8 tons of water to 10
houses. How many tons of water, were delivered in 4 days to each house by the agent?
A. 3.2 tons
B. 320 tons
C. 40 tons
D. 80 tons
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter A – 3.2 tons
………………………………………………………………………
10. He established the tobacco monopoly during the Spanish Era.
A. Jose Basco
B. Rafael Izquierdo
C. Basilio Agustin
D. Francisco Rizzo
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter A – Jose Basco
………………………………………………………………………
11. Technology _____ dramatically in the twenty-first century.
A. was improved
B. has improved
C. is improved
D. did improve
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter B – has improved
………………………………………………………………………
12. The nervous system has its specific function. Which is the closest function?
A. The spinal cord links the finger tips to the brain
B. Impulses transmit messages to the brain by electrical signal
C. Human body activities are all in the nervous system
D. The nervous system defends most on the brain
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter B – Impulses transmit messages to the brain by electrical signal
………………………………………………………………………
13. How does the Department of Science and Technology assure the quality Science teaching in
secondary schools?
A. Open up the science high school in every province.
B. Share researches and distributes equipment to schools
C. Carry one science fair every year
D. Maintain a scholarship grant for the deserving Science and Mathematics teachers
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter B – Share researches and distribute equipment to schools
………………………………………………………………………
14. A bread and butter sandwich _____ my favorite snack.
A. is
B. has been
C. are
D. have been
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter A – is
………………………………………………………………………
15. What does a professional code of conduct prescribe?
A. Civic conduct for all
B. Professional traditions and mores
C. Moral and ethical standards
D. Stricter implementation of laws
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter C – Moral and ethical standards
………………………………………………………………………
16. Which of the following organisms is considered heterotophic?
A. Algae
B. Moss
C. Grasshopper
D. Fern
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter C – Grasshopper
………………………………………………………………………
17. A toothpick can float on the surface of water because of _____>
A. Surface tension
B. Viscosity
C. Buoyant force
D. Liquid pressure
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter A – Surface tension
………………………………………………………………………
18. A candidate was detained for working against political party. Which right can be invoked?
A. Right to his political beliefs
B. Right to his aspirations
C. Right to seek redress
D. Right to vote according to one’s conscience
CORRECT ANSWER: Right to his political beliefs
………………………………………………………………………
19. The fundamental right invoked by filing the “writ of amparo” is _____.
A. The right to self defense
B. The right to due process
C. The right to life, liberty, and security
D. The right to be defended by a public attorney
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter C - The right to life, liberty, and security
………………………………………………………………………
20. Ano ang tinataglay ng mga sumusunod na salita: tanaw, aliw, kamay, reyna?
A. Diptonggo
B. Pares minimal
C. Klaster
D. Ponema
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter A – Diptonggo
………………………………………………………………………
21. This person serves as the brains behind the “arena theater”.
A. Carpio
B. Tinio
C. Montano
D. Avellana
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter C – Montano
………………………………………………………………………
22. Among all religions missionaries, who arrived first?
A. Dominicans
B. Franciscans
C. Jesuits
D. Augustinians
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter D – Augustinians
………………………………………………………………………
23. This field studies how human beings behave.
A. Philosophy
B. Morality
C. Psychology
D. Ethics
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter C – Psychology
………………………………………………………………………
24. Virtual face-to-face communication is made possible by this software.
A. Google
B. Skype
C. Twitter
D. Facebook
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter B – Skype
………………………………………………………………………
25. Which of these capitalized words do not rhyme?
A. That’s not easy to BEAR.
B. Let’s give a CHEER.
C. I know it CLEAR.
D. It shows, its SHEER truth
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter A – That’s not easy to BEAR.
………………………………………………………………………
26. Matapos alagaan at pakainin sa palad, siya ay kinagat sa sariling kanang kamay. Ito’y may
kahulugan na:
A. katraydoran sa negosyo
B. Kawalang utang na loob
C. Kabastusan ng tao
D. Kawalang gana sa matanda
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter B – Kawalang utang na loob
………………………………………………………………………
27. Which of the following is CLOSEST to the square root of 4000?
A. 63
B. 200
C. 22
D. 19
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter A
………………………………………………………………………
28. Not all ED’s in verbs sounds alike. Which ED is different?
A. She failed to get the needed answer.
B. She was not grantED and audience.
C. She wanted a chaperon.
D. She signed a contract.
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter D – She signed a contract
………………………………………………………………………
29. Which is the BEST way to write the CAPITALIZED WORDS in this sentence?
{The STUDIES REVEALING that, for various reasons, girls spent less time working with computers
than boys.
A. Revealing studies
B. Studies revealed
C. Studies revelations
D. Studies will reveal
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter B – Studies revealed
………………………………………………………………………
30. A child after birth has a right to a name. This is actually:
A. A right for just treatment
B. A right for survival
C. A right to suffrage
D. A right to his identity
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter D – A right to his identity
………………………………………………………………………
31. Which of the following lines is a simile?
A. “Holding wonder like a cup”
B. “Life has loneliness”
C. “Eyes that love you, arms the hold”
D. “Buy it and never count the cost”
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter A – “Holding wonder like a cup”
………………………………………………………………………
32. What is the sum of all the two digit numbers which are divisible by 5?
A. 945
B. 950
C. 960
D. 1050
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter A – 945
………………………………………………………………………
33. Which of the following will give the same value as a(b+c-d)?
A. ab-ac+ad
B. abc-d
C. ab+ac-ad
D. abcd
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter C – ab+ac=ad
………………………………………………………………………
34. If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal, the figure is a _____.
A. Shambers
B. Rectangle
C. Square
D. Parallelogram
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter D – Parallelogram
………………………………………………………………………
35. During the June 12, 1898 Declaration of Independence, a band played the ‘Marcha Nacional
Filipino.’ What band was this?
A. Pangkatkawayan ng Pateros
B. Kawit Cavite Band
C. Malabon Band
D. San Francisco de Malabon
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter D - San Francisco de Malabon
………………………………………………………………………
36. The Philippine lies in the _____, an area where volcanoes are active.
A. Archpelagic fault line
B. Ring of fire
C. Wheel of fire
D. Volcanic Rim
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter B – Ring of fire
………………………………………………………………………
37. Ito ang humadlang sa maayos na pakikinig.
A. Ingay
B. Okasyon
C. Oras
D. Salita
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter A - Ingay
………………………………………………………………………
39. P8000 is invested at 12% single interest. What is the amount at the end of 2 years?
A. P9,600
B. P8,960
C. P8,240
D. P9,920
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter D – P9,920
………………………………………………………………………
40. The flower smells _____.
A. sweetly
B. sweeter
C. sweet
D. more sweet
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter C – sweet
………………………………………………………………………
41. It’s now two hours past his schedule, the facilitator may not come anymore, but we’ll still be
ready in case he _____.
A. may
B. is coming
C. does
D. will come
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter D – will come
………………………………………………………………………
42. How many degrees are between the hands of a clock at 3:40?
A. 140°
B. 130°
C. 125°
D. 150°
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter D - 150°
………………………………………………………………………
43. What is meant by the statement: Values are absolute?
Values are _____.
A. changing
B. subjective
C. personal
D. unchanging
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter D – unchanging
………………………………………………………………………
44. Where would you commit a drug dependent for him to achieve a natural, tensionless ad anxiety-
free state?
A. NFPI
B. DARN
C. DARE
D. Bukang Liwayway Center
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter B – DARN (Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Network)
………………………………………………………………………
45. Below are different sources of energy. Which do you think is the most DISADVANTAGEOUS
because of its possible threat to human sources of food?
A. Geo-Thermal
B. Sun
C. Wind
D. Fauna
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter A – Geo-Thermal
………………………………………………………………………
46. Kung bibilangin ang pantig sa bawat taludtod ng tula, ito ang makukuha.
A. Talinghaga
B. Kariktan
C. Tugma
D. Sukat
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter D – Sukat
……………………………………………………………………… <Previous LET question>
47. The student’s request to reset the test _____ reasonable.
A. will
B. very
C. are
D. is
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter D – is
………………………………………………………………………
48. “My concept of inner peace came from my mother’s daily activities which I now recall with
fondness and awe. She was a full-time housewife wholly dependent on my father’s monthly salary.
How she made both ends meet, guided us in our studies and did small acts of charity on the side
was beyond me.” Based on the recount, the mother’s financial resource were _____.
A. more than enough
B. abundant
C. enough
D. limited
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter D – limited
………………………………………………………………………
49. What is the LCM of 5,2 and 7?
A. 35
B. 140
C. 15
D. 70
CORRECT ANSWER: Letter D – 70
………………………………………………………………………
50. This is modern technology’s response to message previously sent over couriers or post offices.
A. E-shopping
B. E-registry
C. E-mail
D. Frailocracia
CORRECT ANSWER C - E-MAIL
TYPE OF TEST
Group: LET Review University 🆙⬆️
INTELLIGENCE TEST-This test measures the intelligence quotient (IQ) of an individual as a genius,
very superior, high average, and average, low average, borderline or mentally defective.
PERSONALITY TEST-This measures the ways in which the individual's interest with other
individuals or in terms of the roles an individual has assigned to himself and how he adopts in the
society.
APTITUDE TEST-This kind of test is a predictive measure of a person's likelihood of benefit from
instruction or experience in a given field such as arts, music, clerical work, mechanical tasks, or
academic studies.
PROGNOSTIC TEST-This test forecast how well a person may do in a certain school subject or
work.
PERFORMANCE TEST-It is a measure which often makes use of accomplishing the learning task
involving minimum accomplishment or none at all.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST-This test identifies the weaknesses of an individual's achievement in any field
which serves as the basis for remedial instruction.
ACHIEVEMENT TEST-This test measures how much the students attain the learning task.
PREFERENCE TEST-This test is a measure of vocational or academic interest of an individual or
aesthetic decision by forcing the examinee to make force options between paired or group items.
SCALE TEST-this test is a series of items arranged in the order of difficulty.
SPEED TEST- this test measures the speed of accuracy of the examinee within the time imposed. It
is called "alertness test".
POWER TEST- this test is made up of a series of items arranged from easiest to the most difficult.
STANDARDIZED TEST-this test provides exact procedures in controlling the method of
administration and scoring with norms and data concerning the reliability and validity of the test.
TEACHER-MADE TEST-this test is prepared by classroom teachers based on the contents stated in
the syllabi and the lessons taken by the students.
PLACEMENT TEST- this test is used to measure the job an applicant should fill in the school setting
and the grade or year level the student or student should be enrolled after quitting from school.
Vocabulary: www.facebook.com/groups/letreviewuniversity
BROOD
VAGUE
IMPROVISATION
FURIOUS
TREPIDATION
GORGEOUS
CROSS
FLUTTER
CONTEMPT
SARCASM
Choose the words on the list above with the given meanings in the following:
1. the feeling of fear or agitation about something that may happen
2. spontaneous performance without preparation
3. think deeply about something
4. full of rage
5. uncertain or indefinite
6. nervous or anxious state
7. beautiful in a superb way; magnificent
8. dislike or hate
9. the use of irony to mock or convey contempt
10. annoyed or irritated
Forming Blended Words
Combine each pair of words to come up with a blended word.
1. sports + broadcast
2. cheese + hamburger
3. helicopter + airport
4. motor + cavalcade
5. splash + spatter
6. smoke + fog
7. twist + whirl
8. sky + laboratory
9. flutter + hurry
10. squirm + wriggle
11. camera + recorder
12. science + fiction
13. information + commercial
14. high + technology
15. cellular + telephone
Cognitive Development Theory by Jean Piaget's

Basic Cognitive Concepts: Madami lumabas dito!
1. Schema - the cognitive structure by which individuals intellectually adapt to and organize their
environment.
2. Assimilation - the process of fitting new experience into an existing created schema.
3. Accommodation - the process of creating a new schema
4. Equilibrium - achieving the proper balance between assimilation and accommodation.
Stages of Cognitive Development:
1. Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
Object permanence
– ability attained in this stage where he knows that an object still exists even when out of sight
2. Preoperational Stage ( 2 to 7 years)
Symbolic Function – the ability to represent objects and events.
Egocentrism – the tendency of a child to only see his point of view and assume that everyone else
also has his same point of view.
Centration – the tendency of the child to only focus on one thing or event and exclude other aspects.
Lack of Conservation – the inability to realize that some things remain unchanged despite looking
different.
Irreversibility – Pre-operational children still have the inability to reverse their thinking.
Animism – the tendency of the child to attribute human-like traits to inanimate objects.
Realism – believing that psychological events, such as dreams, are real
Transductive reasoning – reasoning that is neither inductive nor deductive, reasoning that appears
to be from particular to particular.
3. Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years).
Decentering – the ability of the child to perceive the different features of objects and situations.
Reversibility – the ability of the child to follow that certain operations can be done in reverse.
Conservation – the ability to know that certain properties of objects like number, mass, volume or
area do not change even if there is a change in appearance.
Seriation – the ability to arrange things in a series based on one dimension such as weight, volume,
size, etc.
4. Formal Operational Stage (11 years and beyond)
Hypothetical Reasoning – ability to come up with a different hypothesis about a problem and weigh
data to make a judgment.
Analogical Reasoning – ability to perceive the relationship in one instance and use that relationship
to narrow down possible answers in similar problems.
Deductive Reasoning – the ability to think logically by applying a general rule to a particular situation.
The Father of Philippine Folklore - E. Arsenio Manuel, Manuel, E. Arsenio

The Father of Tagalog Zarzuela and The Father of Philippine Zarzuela – Hermogenes Ilagan
The Father of Cebuano letters & The Father of Cebuano Language – Vicente Sotto
The Father of the Tagalog Short Story - Deogracias Rosario
The Father of Tagalog comics – Antonio “Tony” Velasquez
The Father of Ilocano literature - Pedro Bucaneg
Father of Modern Tagalog Poetry & Father of Modern Tagalog Prose - Alejandro abadilla
Father of Philippine Linguistics- Cecilio Lopez
Father of Filipino-American Literature - Carlos Bulosan
Father of Philippine National Anthem - Julian Felipe
Father of Philippine Journalism & Father of Philippine Masonry - Marcelo del Pilar
Father of Philippine Revolution & the Father of the Katipunan - Andres Bonifacio
Father of Philippine Independence, Father of the Philippine Republic, & Father of the Philippine
National Language - Manuel L. Quezon
Father of Philippine Local Autonomy & Father of the Local Government Code and the Cooperative
Code - Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel, Jr.
Father of Geothermal Development - Arturo Alcaraz
Father of the Philippine Archipelagic Doctrine - Arturo M. Tolentino
Father of Philippine Endocrinology - Dr. Augusto D. Litonjua
Father of Overseas Employment - Blas Ople
Father of the Filipino First Policy - Carlos P. Garcia
Father of R.A. 7171 (Tobacco Excise Tax Law) - Chavit Singson
Father of the Philippine Constitution - Claro M. Recto
Father of the Philippine Trade Union Movement - Crisanto Evangelista
Father of the Philippine Career Foreign Service Corps - Diosdado Macapagal
Father of Philippine Photography - Eduardo Masferre
Father of Philippine Industry - Elpidio Quirino
Father of the Philippine Army Special Forces - Fidel Ramos
Father of Tagalog Dialect & Father of the Tagalog Poem - Francisco Balagtas
Father of Poultry Science in the Philippines - Dr. Francisco M. Fronda
Father of Modern Philippine Ophthalmology - Dr. Geminiano T. De Ocampo
Father of Philippine Cinema - Gerardo de Leon
Father of Philippine Surgery - Dr. Gregorio Singian
Father of Rehabilitation Medicine in the Philippines & Father of the College of Allied Medical
Professions - Guillermo Damian
Father of Philippine Retailing - Henry Sy, Sr.
Father of Public Health in the Philippines - Hilario Lara
Father of Philippine Landscape Architecture - Ildefonso Santos
Father of Philippine Labor Union Movement, Father of the Philippine Socialism, & Father of Ilocano
Journalism - - Isabelo de los Reyes
Father of Pinoy Rock - Joey "Pepe" Smith
Father of the Philippine Workmen's Compensation Law - Jose Avelino
Father of the Philippine Pharmaceutical Industry - Jose Y. Campos
Father of Philippine Movies - Jose Nepumuceno
Father of Philippine Nationalism, Father of Modern Tagalog Orthography, & Father of Philippine
Children’s Literature - Jose Rizal
Father of the Masses - Joseph Estrada
Father of Philippine Liberalism - Jovito Salonga
Father of the Nationalistic Film - Julian Manansala
Father of Philippine Pharmacy - Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero
Father of Philippine Jazz - Lito Molina
Father of Manila City Charter - Macario Adriatico
Father of Philippine Independence, Father of the Philippine Republic, & Father of the Philippine
National Language - Manuel L. Quezon
Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture - Napoleon Abueva
Father of Philippine Sonata - Nicanor Abelardo
Father of the Philippine Rice Breeding Program - Dr. Pedro Escuro
Father of Filipino America - Philip Vera Cruz
Father of Anesthesia in the Philippines - Dr. Quintin J. Gomez
Father of Modern Arnis - Remy Amador Presas
Father of Philippine Email - Roberto Verzola
Father of Philippine Housing - Rodolfo Biazon
Father of Philippine Franchising - Samie Lim
Father of Philippine Neurosurgery - Dr. Victor A. Reyes
Father of the Philippine Internet - William Torres
The Father of Trigonometry - Hipparchus of Nicaea
The Father of Oceanography and Naval Metereology - Matthew Fontaine Maury
The Father of Zoology - Aristotle
The Father of Logic - Aristotle
The Father of Mathematics - Archimedes
The Father of Ecology - Alexander von Humboldt
The Father of Botany - Theophrastus
The Father of Ethics - Socrates
The Father of Ancient Greek Philosophy - Thales of Miletus
The Father of Periodic Table - Dmitri Mendeleev
The Father of Biology – Aristotle
The Father of Anatomy - Herophilus of Alexandria
The Father of Modern Medicine - Hippocrates
The Father of Geometry – Euclid
The Father of History – Herodotus
The Father of Trigonometry - Aryabhata Hipparchus
The Father of Genetics – Gregor Mendel, William Bateson
The Father of Microbiology - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
The Father of Neuroscience - Santiago Ramón y Cajal
The Father of Taxonomy - Carolus Linnaeus
The Father of Modern Biochemistry - Carl Alexander Neuberg
The Father of Early Chemistry - Jabir ("Geber") ibn Hayyan
The Father of Modern Chemistry - Antoine Lavoisier, Robert Boyle, Jöns Berzelius, John Dalton
The Best Compilation!

1. The oldest disease on earth is leprosy(Mycobacterium Leprae).
2. The hardening of cartilage into bones by deposition of minerals is OSSIFICATION.
3. There are four chambers present in the human heart.
4. Add acids to water and don't add water to acids.....There are reasons.
5. The joint found in the jaw is called Temponomadibulate joint.
5.sounds heard after reflections are called Echoes.
6. Like charges repel and unlike charge attracts. Law of Electronegativity.
7. Aristotle is the father of anatomy.
8. Antony van leewenhoech discovered microorganisms...
10. Showing disinterestedness in politics is called political Apathy.
11. Albert Venn Dicey propounded the rule on the law.
12. The inability of blood to clot is Haemophilia.
13. Fibrinogen does blood clothing.
14. The strongest bone is Matties. Maximum.
15. The longest bone is the Femur
16. The smallest is the Stapes.
17.sperms are stored in the seminiferous. Tubules
18. Detergent reduces surface tension.
19. Projectiles are bodies which travel along a parabolic part to the horizontal surface.
20. When light passes through a triangular prism it forms ROYGBIV.
Laws of reflections,
21. The incident rays the normal ray and the reflected, all lie on the same plane.
22. The angle of incident is equal to the angle of reflection. From Snell's law...
23. The cell is the building block of life, Mitochondria is the powerhouse of a cell.
24. Cytoplasm+Nucleus=Protoplasm.
25. Encephalon is another name for the brain..
List of Greek Gods and Goddesses!

Groups: LET Review University 🆙⬆️
Achelois - One of the moon goddesses.
Achelous - The patron god of the Achelous river.
Aeolus - (a.k.a. Aeolos, Aiolos, Aiolus, Eolus) God of air and the winds.
Aether - (a.k.a. Aither, Akmon, Ether) God of light and the atmosphere.
Alastor - God of family feuds.
Alcyone - One of the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione.
Alectrona - Early Greek goddess of the sun.
Amphitrite - (a.k.a. Salacia) The wife of Poseidon and a Nereid.
Antheia - Goddess of gardens, flowers, swamps, and marshes.
Aphaea - (a.k.a. Aphaia) A Greek goddess who was worshipped exclusively at a single sanctuary on
the island of Aegina in the Saronic Gulf.
Aphrodite - (a.k.a. Anadyomene, Turan, Venus) Goddess of love and beauty.
Apollo - (a.k.a. Apollon, Apulu, Phoebus) God of the sun, music, healing, and herding.
Ares - (a.k.a. Enyalius, Mars, Aries) God of chaotic war.
Ariheavens.- (a.k.a. Aristaios) Patron god of animal husbandry, bee-keeping, and fruit trees.
Artemis - (a.k.a. Agrotora, Amarynthia, Cynthia, Kourotrophos, Locheia, Orthia, Phoebe, Potnia
Theron) Goddess of the moon, hunting, and nursing.
Asclepius - (a.k.a. Aesculapius, Asklepios) God of health and medicine.
Astraea - The Star Maiden - a goddess of justice, included in Virgo and Libra mythologies.
Até - Goddess of mischief.
Athena - (a.k.a. Asana, Athene, Minerva, Menerva) Goddess of wisdom, poetry, art, and the
strategic side of war.
Atlas - The Primordial Titan who carried the weight of the heavens on his back.
Atropos - (a.k.a. Aisa, Morta) One of The Fates - She cut the thread of life and chose the manner of
a persons death.
Attis - The (minor) god of rebirth.
List of Greek Gods and Goddesses - B
Bia - The goddess of force.
Boreas - (a.k.a. Aquilo, Aquilon) The North Wind. One of the Anemoi (wind gods).
Brizo - Protector of Mariners.
List of Greek Gods and Goddesses - C
Caerus - (a.k.a. Kairos, Occasio, Tempus) The (minor) god of luck and opportunity.
Calliope - One of the Muses. Represented epic poetry.
Calypso - (a.k.a. Kalypso) The sea nymph who held Odysseus prisoner for seven years.
Castor - (a.k.a. Castore, Kastor) One of the twins who represent Gemini.
Celaeno - The name of a wife of Poseidon.
Cerus - The wild bull tamed by Persephone, made into the Taurus constellation.
Ceto - (a.k.a. Keto) a sea monster goddess who was also the mother of other sea monsters.
Chaos - (a.k.a. Khaos) The nothingness that all else sprung from.
Charon - (a.k.a. Charun) The Ferryman of Hades. He had to be paid to help one cross the river Styx.
Chronos - (a.k.a. Chronus, Khronos) God of time.
Circe - (a.k.a. Kirke) A goddess who transformed her enemies into beasts.
Clio - One of the Muses. She represented History.
Clotho - (a.k.a. Nona) One of the Fates - Spun the thread of life from her distaff onto her spindle.
Crios - The crab who protected the sea nymphs, made into the Cancer constellation.
Cronus - (a.k.a. Cronos, Kronos, Saturn) God of agriculture, father of the Titans.
Cybele - (a.k.a. Agdistis, Magna Mater, Meter, Meter Oreie) Goddess of caverns, mountains, nature
and wild animals.
List of Greek Gods and Goddesses - D
Demeter - (a.k.a. Ceres, Demetra, Tvath) Goddess of the harvest.
Dinlas - Guardian of the ancient city of Lamark, where wounded heroes could heal after battle.
Dionysus - (a.k.a. Bacchus, Dionysos, Liber) God of wine and pleasure.
Doris - A Sea Nymph, mother of the Nereids.
List of Greek Gods and Goddesses - E
Eileithyia - (a.k.a. Eileithyiai, Eilithia, Eilythia, Eleuthia, Ilithia, Ilithyia, Lucina) Goddess of childbirth.
Eireisone - The deity who embodied the sacred ceremonial olive branch.
Electra - (a.k.a. Atlantis) One of the seven Pleiades.
Elpis - (a.k.a. Spes) The spirit of Hope.
Enyo - (a.k.a. Bellona) A (minor) goddess of war, connected to Eris.
Eos - (a.k.a. Aurora, Eosphorus, Mater Matuta, Thesan) Goddess of the Dawn.
Erato - One of the Muses - represents Lyrics/Love Poetry.
Erebus - (a.k.a. Erebos) God of darkness.
Eris - (a.k.a. Discordia) Goddess of strife, connected to Enyo.
Eros - (a.k.a. Amor, Cupid, Eleutherios) God of love, procreation and sexual desire.
Eurus - (a.k.a. Euros, Vulturnus) The East Wind - One of the Anemoi (wind gods).
Euterpe - One of the Muses - represents Music/Lyrics/Poetry.
List of Greek Gods and Goddesses - G
Gaia - (a.k.a. Celu, Gaea, Terra) Goddess of the Earth, also known as Mother Earth.
Glaucus - (a.k.a. Glacus, Glaukos) A fisherman turned immortal, turned Argonaut, turned a god of
the sea.
List of Greek Gods and Goddesses - H
Hades - (a.k.a. Aita, Dis Pater, Haidou, Orcus, Plouton, Pluto) God of the Dead, King of the
Underworld.
Harmonia - (a.k.a. Concordia) Goddess of Harmony and Concord.
Hebe - (a.k.a. Juventas) Goddess of youth.
Hecate - (a.k.a. Hekat, Hekate, Trivia) Goddess of magic, witchcraft, ghosts, and the undead.
Helios - (a.k.a. Sol) God of the Sun.
Hemera - (a.k.a. Amar, Dies, Hemere) Goddess of daylight.
Hephaestus - (a.k.a. Hephaistos, Vulcan, Sethlans, Mulciber) God of fire and blacksmithing who
created weapons for the gods.
Hera - (a.k.a. Juno, Uni) Goddess of goddesses, women, and marriage and wife of Zeus.
Heracles - (a.k.a. Herakles, Hercules, Hercle) An immortal hero of many Greek legends, the
strongest man on Earth.
Hermes - (a.k.a. Pyschopompus, Mercury, Turms) God of commerce and travel, and messenger of
the gods.
Hesperus - (a.k.a. Hesperos, Vesper) The Evening Star.
Hestia - (a.k.a. Vesta) Greek goddess of the home and fertility. One of the Hesperides.
Hygea - (a.k.a. Hygieia, Salus) Goddess of cleanliness and hygeine.
Hymenaios - (a.k.a. Hymenaeus, Hymen) God of weddings.
Hypnos - (a.k.a. Somnus) God of sleep.
List of Greek Gods and Goddesses - I-L
Iris - Goddess of rainbows.
Khione - The goddess of snow and daughter of the North Wind (Boreas)
Kotys - (a.k.a. Cotys, Cottyto, Cottytus) A Dionysian goddess whose celebrations were wild and
liscivious.
Kratos - A god of strength and power.
Lacheses - (a.k.a. Decima) One of the Fates. Measured the thread of life with her rod.
List of Greek Gods and Goddesses - M
Maia - (a.k.a. Mya, Fauna, Maia Maiestas, Bono Dea) One of the seven Pleiades, Goddess of fields.
Mania - (a.k.a. Mania, Manea) Goddess of insanity and the dead.
Melpomene - One of the Muses - represented Tragedy.
Merope - One of the seven Pleiades, married to king Sisyphos.
Metis - Titan goddess of wisdom.
Momus - (a.k.a. Momos) God of satire, writers, and poets.
Morpheus - God of dreams and sleep.
List of Greek Gods and Goddesses - N-O
Nemesis - (a.k.a. Rhamnousia, Invidia) Goddess of retribution (vengeance).
Nereus - (a.k.a. Phorcys, Phorkys) Titan God who Fathered the Nereids. God of the Sea before
Poseidon.
Nike - (a.k.a. Victoria, Nice) Goddess of victory.
Notus - (a.k.a. Auster) The South Wind. One of the Anemoi (wind gods).
Nyx - (a.k.a. Nox) Goddess of night.
Oceanus - Titan god of the ocean.
List of Greek Gods and Goddesses - P
Pallas - A giant who was one of the ancient Titan gods of war.
Pan - (a.k.a. Faunus, Inuus) God of woods, fields, and flocks. Also a Satyr.
Peitha - (a.k.a. Peitho, Suadela) Goddess of persuasion.
Persephone - (a.k.a. Persephassa, Persipina, Persipnei, Persephatta, Proserpina, Kore, Kora,
Libera) Goddess of the Spring who lives off-season in the Underworld.
Pheme - (a.k.a. Fama) Goddess of fame and gossip.
Phosphorus - (a.k.a. Phosphor, Lucifer) The Morning Star.
Plutus - God of wealth.
Pollux - (a.k.a. Polydeuces) One of the twins who represent Gemini.
Polyhymnia - One of the Muses - represents sacred poetry and geometry.
Pontus - (a.k.a. Pontos) Ancient god of the deep sea.
Poseidon - (a.k.a. Neptune, Nethuns, Neptunus) God of the sea and earthquakes.
Priapus - (a.k.a. Priapus, Mutinus, Mutunus) A (minor) god of gardens and fertility, best known for
having an enormous penis.
Pricus - The immortal father of sea-goats, made into the Capricorn constellation.
Proteus - An early sea god before Poseidon.
List of Greek Gods and Goddesses - R-S
Rhea - (a.k.a. Cybele) Goddess of nature.
Selene - (a.k.a. Luna) Goddess of the Moon and the 'mother' of vampires.
Sterope - (a.k.a. Asterope) One of the seven Pleiades, who bore a child of Ares.
Styx - A Naiad who was the first to aid Zeus in the Titan war. (Not to be confused with the river Styx).
List of Greek Gods and Goddesses - T
Tartarus - (a.k.a. Tartaros, Tartarizo) God of the depths of the Underworld - a great storm pit - and
the father of Typhon.
Taygete - (a.k.a. Taygeti, Taigeti) One of the seven Pleiades, a mountain nymph.
Terpsichore - One of the Muses - represented Dancing.
Thalia - One of the Muses - represented Comedy.
Thanatos - (a.k.a. Mors) God of death.
Themis - Ancient goddess of divine order, law, and custom.
Thetis - Leader of the Nereids, a shapeshifter, and a prophet.
Triton - Trumpeter of the sea and messenger of the deep.
Tyche - (a.k.a. Fortuna, Nortia) Goddess of fortune and prosperity.
Typhon - (a.k.a. Typhaon, Typhoeus, Typhus) God of monsters, storms, and volcanoes. Challenged
Zeus for control of Mount Olympus.
List of Greek Gods and Goddesses - U-Z
Urania - One of the Muses - represented Astronomy and Astrology.
Uranus - (a.k.a. Ouranos, Caelus) God of the sky and the heavens. Father of the Titans.
Zelus - The god of zeal, rivalry, and jealousy.
Zephyrus - (a.k.a. Zephyros, Favonius, Zephyr) The West Wind. One of the Anemoi (wind gods).
Zeus - (a.k.a. Dias, Jupiter, Tinia, Jove, Jovis Pater) Leader of the Olympic gods, and god of
lightning, thunder, and the heavens
VERBAL RELATIONSHIPS ANALOGY
Commonly Used Relationships
1. Synonym or Antonym
Mirth : Gaiety
(Mirth means the same as Gaiety)
Anarchy : Order
(Anarchy is the opposite of Order)
2. Classification or Characterization
Spear : Weapon
(A spear is a type of weapon)
3. Part-whole or specific-general
Lens : Camera
(A lens is a part of a camera)
4. Sequence
Wriggler : Mosquito
(A wriggler becomes a mosquito)
5. Cause and effect
Flood : Typhoon
(Flood is an effect of typhoon)
6. Complement
Spoon : Fork
(A spoon usually goes with fork)
7. Function - Purpose
Crowbar : Dig
(a crowbar is used to dig)
8. Typical tool or instrument
Stethoscope : Physician (A sthethoscope is used by a physician)
9. Composition
Glass : Silica
(A glass is made of silica)
10. Degree of difference
Bungalow : Mansion
(A bungalow is smaller than a mansion)
11. Intensity, quantity, amount
Breeze : Gale
(Breeze is a gentle wind; gale is a strong wind. Therefore, breeze is weaker than gale.)
12. Measure
Liter : Liquid
(Liter is a measure of liquids)
13. Shape, color, smell, taste
Boxing Ring : Square
(A boxing ring is square)
14. Position or Location
Baguio : Cordillera
(Baguio is located in the Cordilleras)
15. Grammatical or Verbal
Fight : Fought
(Fought is the past tense of fight)
16. Ddfining Characteristic
Lion : Carnivorous
(A lion is defined as carnivorous or meat-eating animal)
17. Worker and article created
Composer : Song
(A composer creates a song)
18. Worker and workplace
Teacher : Classroom
(A teacher works in a classroom)
19. Tool and its action
Forceps : Hold
(A pair of forceps is used to hold objects)
20. Tool and object it acts upon
Pen : Paper
(A pen writes on paper)
21. Age
Colt : Stallion
(A colt is a young stallion)
22. Gender
Doe : Stag
( A doe is a female deer; a stag is a male deer)
23. Symbol and what it represents
Dove : Peace
(A dove is a symbol of peace)
TEACHING LEARNING THEORIES KEYWORDS

Behaviorism - change
Essentialism - basic
Humanism - build
Existentialism - choice
Idealism - mind
Realism - real, see
Perrenialism - constant, Great Books
Pragmatism - practice
Progressivism - improve
Reconstructivism - beneficial to all
Utilitarianism - best
Proponents of Learning Theories:
Ivan Pavlov - Classical Conditioning Theory
John Watson - American Behaviorism
Edward Lee Thorndike - Reinforcement Theory
Wolfgang Kohler, et. al. - Gestalt Theory
Jean Piaget - Cognitive Dev't Theory
Albert Bandura - Social-Cognitive Theory
Lev Vygotsky - Social Constructivism
Jerome Bruner - Concept of Categorization
Allan Paivio - Dual-code Theory
FILIPINO REVIEWER
1. Sinong Filipino manunulat ang tinaguriang “Ama ng Zarsuelang Tagalog”?
A. Aurelio Tolentino C. Alejandro Abadilla
B. N.V.M. Gonzalez D. Severino Reyes
Sagot: D. Severino Reyes ang nagtatag ng unang samahan sa dula, “Gran Compania de Zarzuela
Tagala.” Ang kanyang zarsuelang “Walang Sugat” ay ang tinuturing na kanyang obra-maestra.
2. Ang Gintong Panahon ng Panitikan ng Pilipinas ay ang panahon ng __________.
A. Amerikano C. Kastila
B. Hapones D. Kontemporaryo
Sagot: B. Pinagbawal ng pamahalaang Hapon ang mga Pilipino sa pagsulat ng anumang akda sa
Ingles, kaya umusbong ang mga akdang naisulat sa Filipino.
3. Isang tanyag na Pilipinong manunulat na may sagisag-panulat na “Kalipulako.”
A. Jose dela Cruz C. Mariano Ponce
B. Antonio Luna D. Severino Reyes
Sagot: C. Tatlo ang kilalang sagisag-panulat ni Mariano Ponce: Kalipulako, Tikbalang at Nanding.
4. Alin sa mga sumusunod ang HINDI epiko ng Mindanao?
A. Indarapata at Sulayman C. Bidasari
B. Alim D. Bantugan
Sagot: B. Ang Alim ay epiko ng mga Ifugao.
5. Ang titik na “ng” sa Alpabetong Filipino ay nagmula sa alpabetong ___________.
A. Ingles C. Romano
B. Abecedario D. Abakada
Sagot: D. Si Lope K. Santos ang nagbalangkas ng Abakada. Sa Abakada nanggaling ang titik na
“ng.”
6. Ilang titik ang hiniram ng Alpabetong Filipino mula sa Alpabetong Ingles?
A. 6 C. 8
B. 7 D. 9
Sagot: B. Ang mga titik na hiniram ng Alpabetong Filipino mula sa Alpabetong Ingles ay ang mga
titik na c, f, j, q, v, x, at z.
7. Anong titulo sa panitikan ng Pilipinas ang ibinigay sa may-akda sa tulang pinamagatang “Isang
Dipang Langit”?
A. Makata ng Pag-ibig C. Makata ng Masa
B. Makata ng Manggagawa D. Ama ng Wikang Pambansa
Sagot: B. Ang may-akda sa tulang “Isang Dipang Langit” ay si Amado V. Hernandez, at siya ang
tinaguarian na “Makata ng Manggagawa.”
8. Isa sa pinakatanyag na Pilipinong manunulat sa Ingles at kilala sakanyang sagisag na panulat na
“Doveglion.”
A. Jose Garcia Villa C. Alejandro Abadilla
B. N.V.M. Gonzalez D. Zulueta de Costa
Sagot: A. Si Jose Garcia Villa ay kilala sa paggamit ng mga matatalim na mga salita. Ang kanyang
sagisag na panulat na “Doveglion,” ay nagmula sa dove, eagle at lion.
9. Kinilala siyang “Makata ng Pag-ibig” at “Hari ng Balagtasan” ng kanyang panahon. Siya ang
sumulat sa titik ng makabayang awitin ng “Bayan Ko.”
A. Jose Garcia Villa C. Aurelio Tolentino
B. Jose Corazon de Jesus D. Zulueta de Costa
Sagot: B. Si Jose Corazon de Jesus ay ang “Makata ng Pag-ibig” at “Hari ng Balagtasan” sa
kanyang panahon. Tinagurian siyang “Hari ng Balagtasan” matapos manalo laban kay Florentino T.
Collantes.
10. Ang may-akda ng tulang “Ako Ang Daigdig”.
A. Alejandro Abadilla C. Aurelio Tolentino
B. Jose Corazon de Jesus D. Amado Fernandiz
Sagot: A. Si Alejandro Abadilla ang may-akda ng tulang “Ako Ang Daigdig.” Ang tulang ito ay isang
tulang malayang taludturan na umiikot sa tatlong salita: ako, daidig at tula.
11. Sabihin mo na ang totoo
Totoo at walang bahid na kasinungalingan
Kasinungalingan ay ‘di ko tatanggapin
Tatanggapin lamang kung ano ang totoo at nararapat sa akin
Ang nasa itaas ay halimbawa ng anong uri ng tayutay?
A. Anapora C. Anadiplosis
B. Epipora D. Konsonans
Sagot: C. Ang anadiplosis ay isang uri ng tayutay na kung saan inuulit ang huli at unang bahagi
isang taludtod o pahayag.
12. Ang salita ang may klaster?
A. palma C. pluma
B. basta D. basket
Sagot: C. Upang magkaroon ng klaster ang isang salita, hindi lang dapat magkasunod ang dalawa o
higit pa na katinig, kung hindi, dapat din na nasa iisang pantig ang nasabing magkasunod na katinig.
13. “Ang aking pag-ibig ay tanging sa iyo lamang.” Ibigay ang ayos ng pangungusap na ito.
A. payak C. karaniwan
B. tambalan D. di-karaniwan
Sagot: D. Di-karaniwan ang ayos ng isang pangungusap kung nauna ang simuno kaysa sa
panaguri.
14. Aling salita ang may diptonggo?
A. buwis C. buhay
B. bayan D. iwas
Sagot: C. Upang magkaroon ng diptonggo ang isang salita, hindi lang dapat magkasunod ang isang
patinig at ang malapatinig na w o y, kung hindi, dapat din na ang dalawa ay nasa iisang pantig.
15. Sa kanya pa rin babalik sigaw ng damdamin,
Sa kanya pa rin sasaya bulong ng puso ko,
Sa kanya lamang at wala ng iba.
Anong uri ng tayutay ang pinapakita sa itaas?
Sagot: A. Ang anapor ay ang pag-uulit sa unang bahagi ng taludtod o pahayag.
16. Ipaglalaban kita dahil mahal kita.
Aalagaan kita dahil mahal kita.
Kailangan kita dahil mahal kita.
Ang nasa itaas ay halimbawa ng anong uri ng tayutay?
Sagot: B. Ang epipora ay isang uri ng tayutay na kung saan inuulit ang huling bahagi ng isang
taludtod o pahayag.
17. Ang Cebuano, Ilokano at Hiligaynon ay halimbawa ng anong barayti ng wika?
A. sosyolek C. dayalekto
B. dyolek D. jargon
Sagot: C. Ang dayalekto ay isang barayti ng wika na tumutukoy sa isang wika na sinasalita sa isang
pook, rehiyon o lugar.
18. “Nakulong si Janette.” Ibigay ang ayos nga pangungusap na ito.
Sagot: C. Karaniwan ang ayos ng isang pangungusap kung nauna ang panguri kaysa simuno
19. “Meron akong nalaman. ‘Di ko sasabihin sa iyo.” Nasa anong antas ng wika ang mga salitang
nakasalungguhit?
A. kolokyal C. pampanitikan
B. balbal D. lalawigan
Sagot: A. Ang kolokyal ay isang halimbawa ng impormal na antas ng wika na kung saan pinapaikli
ang isang salita mula sa orihinal na salita.
20. Ito ang pinakaunang Sistema ng pagsulat ng mga katutubong Pilipino.
A. Alibata C. Diona
B. Cuneiform D. Abecedario
Sagot: A. Ang Alibata ay hango sa alpabetong Arabo na “alif-ba-ta.” Ito ay may 17 titik: 3 patinig at
14 na katinig.
21. Ito at isang epiko tungkol sa kasaysayan ng pag-iibigan ng mga bathala mula sa Iloilo, Antique at
Aklan.
A. Hinilawod C. Bidasari
B. Biag-ni-Lam-ang D. Maragtas
Sagot: A. Ang Hinilawod ang tinuturing pinakamahaba at pinakamatandang epiko ng Panay.
22. Siya ay kilala “dakilang manunulat ng kilusang propaganda.
A. Graciano Lopez Jaena C. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
B. Jose Rizal D. Gregorio Del Pilar
Sagot: B. Ang “Triumvirate” ng Kilusang Propaganda ay sina Graciano Lopez Jaena, Jose Rizal at
Marcelo H. Del Pilar, at ang tinaguriang ang “dakilang manunulat” ay si Jose Rizal.
23. Alin sa mga sumusunod na titik ng Alpabetong Filipino ay isang hiram?
A. y C. c
B. b D. ng
Sagot: C. Ang titik na c ay mula sa Alpabetong ingles.
24. Anong teorya ng wika ang nagsasabing ang wika ay nailikha bunga ng masidhing damdamin ng
tao?
A. Bow-wow C. Ding-dong
B. Pooh-pooh D. Yoheho
Sagot: B. Ang Teoryang Pooh-pooh ay ang teorya ng wika na nagsasabing ang wika ay nailikha
bunga ng masidhing damdamin ng tao gaya ng sakit, tuwa, sarap, kalungkutan, takot, pagkabigla at
iba pa.
25. “Natutulog ba ng Diyos?”
Ang pahayag sa itaas ay halibawa ng anong uri ng tayutay?
A. Pagdaramdam C. Pagtanggi
B. Tanong retorikal D. Pagsalungat
Sagot: B. Ang Tanong Retorikal ay isang tanong na may pangunahing layunin na makuha ang
atensyon mambabasa sa pamamagitan ng pagbibigay ng tanong na hindi naman kailangang bigyan
ng kasagutan.
26. Bakit Tagalog ang siyang napiling batayan ng kauna-unahang wikang pambansa sa Pilipinas?
A. Dahil sa ito ang ginagamit ng mga taga-Manila kung saan naman matatagpuan ang kabisera ng
Pilipinas
B. Dahil sa ito ay binubuo ng mga kaakit-akit na mga salita at bokabularyo
C. Dahil sa ito ay tinatanggap at ginagamit na ng mas nakararaming Pilipino
D. A at C
Sagot: C. Maliban sa napatunayan na ang wikang Tagalog ay ang may pinakamaunlad na kayarian,
mekanismo at literature, pinili ang Tagalog bilang batayan ng kauna-unahang wikang pambansa
dahil sa ito ay tinatanggap at ginagamit na ng mas nakararaming Pilipino.
27. Ano ang naging pangalan ng wikang pambansa noong 1959?
A. Pilipino C. Tagalog
B. Filipino D. Wikang Pambansa
Sagot: A. Pinaikli ang pangalan ng naunang wikang pambansa noong taong 1939, at ito ay nagging
Pilipino sa taong 1959.
28. Isang awiting bayan na ginamit sa pagpapatulog ng bata ay ang _______.
A. diona C. soliranin
B. oyayi D. umbay
Sagot: B. Ang diona ay para sa panliligaw, Soliranin para sa paggaod ng Bangka at ang umbay para
sa paglilibing.
29. “Ang palasyo ay nag-anunsyo na walang pasok bukas.”
Ano ang tayutay ang ginamit sa pahayag sa itaas?
A. Pagpapalit-saklaw C. Pagtanggi
B. Pagpapalit-tawag D. Pagsalungat
Sagot: B. Ang papalit-tawag ay ang paggamit ng isang pangalan upang tukuyin ang isa pang
pangalan na pinapalitan nito. Sa itaas, ang palasyo ay ginamit na tumutukoy naman sa pangulo ng
Pilipinas.
30. “Apat na mga mata ang tumititig sa kanya.”
Ano ang tayutay ang ginamit sa pahayag na ito?
A. Pagpapalit-saklaw C. Pagtanggi
B. Pagpapalit-tawag D. Pagsalungat
Sagot: A. Ang pagpapalit-saklaw ay ang pagbanggit ng isang bahagi bilang pagtukoy sa kabuuan.
Sa itaas, ang apat na mata ay ginamit na tumutukoy naman sa dalawang tao.
31. Ang “Maupay na Aga!” ng mga taga Samar ay halimbawa ng anong antas ng wika?
A. kolokyal C. balbal
B. pambansa D. lalawigan
Sagot: A. Waray-waray ang tawag sa dayalekto ng mga taga-Samar. Ang ibang katawagan ng
dayalekto ay lalawiganin. Ang dayalekto o lalawigan ay isang barayti ng wika na tumutukoy sa isang
wika na sinasalita sa isang pook, rehiyon o lugar.
32. Ang “Hindi po namin kayo tatantanan” at “Dahil hindi natutulog ang balita 24 oras” ay mga
tanyag na pahayag ni Mike Enriquez sa telebisyon. Sa anong barayti ng wika ito nauuri?
A. Jargon C. Sosyolek
B. Dayalekto D. Idyolek
Sagot: D. Ang idyolek ay isang barayti ng wika na kung saan iba ang wika ng bawat isa dahil ang
bawat tao ay may kanya-kanyang personal na paggamit nito.
33. “ Neneng ang pangalan ng aking ermat.” Ano ang antas ng wikang nakasalungguhit?
A. kolokyal C. balbal
B. pambansa D. lalawiganin
Sagot: C. Ang balbal ang pinakamababang antas ng wika. Ito ay kadalasang ginagamit sa usapang
kalye.
34. Ano ang tamang ispeling ng salitang barbershop sa Filipino?
A. barbersyap C. barbershap
B. barbershop D. barbersiyap
Sagot: B. Ang mga salitang may digrapong sh ay pinananatili na lamang sa orihinal na anyo.
35. Isang kwento hinggil sa pinagmulan ng sansinukuban at kalipunan ng iba’t-ibang paniniwala sa
mga diyos at diyosa ay ________.
A. pabula C. mitolohiya
B. parabula D. anekdota
Sagot: C. Ang pabula ay tungkol sa kwento na ang nagsisiganap ay mga hayop, parabula ay mula
sa Bibliya, at ang anekdota ay mga pangyayari na hango sa tunay na buhay, karanasan at
kapupulutan ng aral.
36. Isang mahabang tulang pasalaysay tungkol sa kabayanihan ng pangunahing tauhan na may
pambihirang katangian ay ang _________.
A. epiko C. parabula
B. pabula D. dalit
Sagot: A. Ang pabula ay tungkol sa kwento na ang nagsisiganap ay mga hayop. Ang parabola ay
mula sa Bibliya, at ang dalit ay awit na pumupuri sa diyos.
37. Alin sa apat na uri ng akdang pampanitikan na patula ay tungkol sa pangangatwiran at tagisan
ng talino?
A. tulang pasalaysay C. tulang padula
B. tulang patnigan D. tulang liriko
Sagot: B. Ang tulang patnigan ay isang uri ng pagtatalong patula na itinatanghal ng mga
natutunggaling makata.
38. “Ikaw ang aking mahal.” Ibigay ang ayos ng pangungusap na ito.
Sagot: D. Di-karaniwan ang ayos ng isang pangungusap kung nauna ang simuno kaysa sa
panaguri.
39. Alin sa mga sumusunod ay HINDI tulang pasalaysay?
A. Moro-moro C. Awit
B. Epiko D. Korido
Sagot: A. Ang moro-moro ay isang tulang padula na nagpapakita ng hidwaan ng mga kristyano at ng
mga Di-Kristyano.
40. Alin sa mga tula sa ibaba ang isang tulang liriko?
A. Panunuluyan C. Pastoral
B. Daplo D. Balagtasan
Sagot: C. Ang pastoral ay isang tulang liriko na naglalayong ilarawan o ipahayag ang tunay na
buhay sa kabundukan.
41. Isang tulang maromansa na kung saan nakaharap sa mga pakikipagsapalaran ang mga tauhan
at hango sa tunay na buhay ay ______.
A. oda C. soneto
B. awit D. elehiya
Sagot: B. Ang oda, soneto at elehiya ay hindi tulang maromansa. Ang mga ito ay mga tulang liriko.
42. Alin sa sumusunod ang HINDI epiko ng Bisaya?
A. Lagda C. Bidasari
B. Maragtas D. Hinilawod
Sagot: C. Ang Bidasari ay epiko ng mga Muslim.
43. Ang tinaguriang pinakasikat na epiko ng mga Ilokano, ay ang _______.
A. Ibalon at Aslon C. Hinilawod
B. Bantugan D. Biag ni Lam-ang
Sagot: D. Ang Biag ni Lam-ang ay isang tanyag na epiko ng mga Ilokano bago pa man dumating
ang mga Kastila, subalit nasulat lamang ito noong dakong dantaong labimpito. Ito ay akda ni Pedro
Bukaneg.
44. Ito ay isang epiko na tungkol sa mga bathalang Ifugao ni Punholdayan at Makanungan.
Tinutukoy rito ang pagpapakasal ng magkapatid na Bugan at Wigan.
A. Haraya C. Hari sa Bukid
B. Alim D. Lagda
Sagot: B. Ang Haraya, Hari sa Bukid at Lagda ay mga epiko ng mga Bisaya.
45. Alin sa mga sumusunod ay isang epiko ng mga Ifugao.
A. Ibalon at Aslon C. Biag ni Lam-ang
B. Hudhud D. Haraya
Sagot: B. Ang Hudhud ay isang epiko ng mga Ifugao na tungkol sa mga buhay at
pakikipagsapalaran ng mga dakilang bayani ng Ifugao na ang tanging bida ay si Aliguyon.
46. Isang manunulat sa wikang Kastila na may sagisag panulat na Batikuling at nahirang na
Makatang Laureado, ay si_______.
A. Jesus Balmori C. Alejandro Abadilla
B. N.V.M Gonzalez D. Zulueta de Costa
Sagot: A. Si Jesus Balmori ay nahirang na Makatang Laureado dahil tinalo niya si Manuel Bernabe
sa balagtasan ng wikang kastila.
47. Ang kauna-unahang nobelang sinulat ng isang Pilipino gamit ang wikang Ingles, ay ang _____.
A. The Wound and Stars C. Like the Molave
B. A Cild of Sorrow D. A Vision of Beauty
Sagot: B. Ang “A Child Of Sorrow” ay isang akda ni Zoilo Galang.
48. Isang Cebuana na ipinalalagay na pinakapangunahing manunulat na babae sa Ingles bago
makadigma, ay si _______.
A. Estrella Alfon C. Dolores Manapat
B. N.V.M Gonzalez D. Jomapa
Sagot: A. Si Estrella Alfon ay ipinanganak sa San Nicolas, Cebu at nagwagi ng mga karangalan
mula sa maikling kwento at dula sa Free Press, Carlos Palanca Award at iba pa.
49. “Nagtaksil si Adrian”. Ibigay ang ayos ng pangungusap na ito.
Sagot: C. Karaniwan ang ayos ng isang pangungusap kung nauna ang panaguri kaysa sa simuno.
50. “Umiiyak si Ana habang siya ay nagbasa ng isang sulat.” Anong uri ng pangungusap ayon sa
kayarian ang pangungusap na ito?
A. pasalaysay C. hugnayan
B. padamdam D. tambalan
Sagot: C. Ang hugnayan ay isang uri ng pangungusap ayon sa kayarian na binubuo ng isang
sugnay na makapag-iisa at isang sugnay na di-makapag-iisa. Ito ay ginagamitan ng pantulong
pangatnig gaya ng pangatnig na habang. Ang pasalaysay at padamdam ay uri ng pangungusap
ayon sa gamit.
51. “Nasusunog ang bahay!” Anong uri ng pangungusap ayon sa kayarian ang pangungusap na ito?
A. padamdam C. payak
B. pasalaysay D. tambalan
Sagot: C. Ang payak na pangungusap ay isang uri ng pangungusap ayon sa kayarian na bunubuo
ng isang sugnay na makapag-iisa. Ang pasalaysay at padamdam ay uri ng pangungusap ayon sa
gamit.
52. Ito ay ang pag-aaral ng makabuluhang tunog ng isang wika.
A. Ponolohiya C. Sintaks
B. Morpolohiya D. Palabuuan
Sagot: B. Ang ponolohiya ay ang tawag sa pag-aaral ng mga ponema.
53. Isang pag-aaral tungkol sa wika na tinatawag ding palabuuan, ay ang______.
A. Ponolohiya C. Sintaks
B. Morpolohiya D. Wala sa nabanggit
Sagot: B. Ang ponolohiya ay palatunugan at ang sintaks naman ay palaugnayan.
54. Alin sa mga sumusunod ay HINDI uri ng pangungusap ayon sa gamit/
A. padamdam
B. langkapan
C. pautos
D. patanong
Sagot: B. Ang langkapan ay uri ng pangungusap ayon sa kayarian.
55. Sino ang may-akda ng nobelang Banaag at Sikat?
A. Jose dela Cruz C. Jose Corazon de Jesus
B. Lope K. Santos D. Emilio Jacinto
Sagot: B. Si Lope K. Santos ay isang tanyag na Pilipinong manunulat at tinaguriang “Ama ng
Balarilang Tagalog.”
56. Isang Pilipinong manunulat na may sagisag panulat na Dimas-ilaw, ay si______.
A. Jose dela Cruz C. Jose Corazon de Jesus
B. Antonio Luna D. Emilio Jacinto
Sagot: D. Si Jose dela Cruz ay Huseng Sisiw, Antonio Luna ay Taga-ilog, at Jose Corazon de Jesus
ay Huseng Batute.
57. May sagisag panulat na Paralitiko at ang tinaguriang “Utak ng Himagsikan”, ay si ______.
A. Emilio Jacinto C. Jose Corazon de Jesus
B. Antonio Luna D. Apolinario Mabini
Sagot: D. Si Apolinario Mabini ay tinaguriang “Utak ng Himagsikan” sapagkat siya ang kanang
kamay ni Emilio Aguinaldo.
58. Isang satirikong bersyon ni Del Pilar sa akdang sinulat ni Padre Jose Rodriguez na may ganito
ring pamagat, ay ang _____.
A. Caiingat Cayo
B. Dasalan at Tocsohan
C. Fray Botod
D. Sagot ng Espanya sa Hibik ng Pilipinas
Sagot: A. Ang Caiingat Cayo ay isang akdang isinulat ni Del Pilar na nagtatanggol sa Noli Me
Tangere ni Rizal. Ito ay sagot sa Caiingit Cayo ni Padre Jose Rodriguez.
59. Sino ang may-akda ng Dasalan at Tocsohan?
A. Graciano Lopez Jaena
B. N.V.M Gonzalez
C. Andres Bonifacio
D. Marcelo H. del Pilar
Sagot: D. Ang Dasalan at Tocsohan ay akda ni del Pilar. Ito ay kahawig ng mga dasal na itinuturo ng
mga prayle sa mga Pilipino. Sa dasal na ito, lantaran niyang tinutuligsa ang mga kasalanan ng mga
prayle noon.
60. Isang tanyag na Pilipinong manunulat na may sagisag-panulat na “Agap-ito Bagumbayan” si
_____.
A. Graciano Lopez Jaena
B. N.V.M Gonzalez
C. Andres Bonifacio
D. Marcelo H. del Pilar
FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
JOHN LOCKE -"FATHER OF LIBERALISM"
FRANCIS BACON - "FATHER OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD-“ FATHER OF EMPIRICISM"
JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU- "HOLLISTIC EDUCATION"
EDGAR DALE -"CONE OF EXPERIENCE" AKA "FATHER OF MODERN MEDIA IN EDUCATION"
ERIK ERIKSON- “PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT"
JOHANN HEINRICH PESTALOZZI - "SOCIAL REGENERATION OF HUMANITY" HIS MOTTO":
LEARNING BY HEAD, HAND, AND HEART"
FRIEDRICH FROBEL-“ FATHER OF KINDERGARTEN"
JOHANN HERBART -“FOUNDER OF PEDAGOGY AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE.
EDWARD LEE THORNDIKE-“FATHER OF MODERN EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY"
ACCULTURATION - LEARNING OTHER CULTURE; THE PASSING OF CUSTOMS, BELIEFS, AND
TRADITION THROUGH INTERACTION AND READING.
ENCULTURATION - THE PASSING OF GROUP'S CUSTOM, BELIEFS AND TRADITIONS FROM ONE
GENERATION TO THE NEXT GENERATION
CONVERGENT QUESTIONS - ARE THOSE THAT TYPICALLY HAVE ONE CORRECT ANSWER.
DIVERGENT QUESTIONS - ALSO CALLED OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS ARE USED TO
ENCOURAGE MANY ANSWERS AND GENERATE GREATER PARTICIPATION OF STUDENTS.
HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS; TO THINK MORE CREATIVELY.
90 DAYS - ENROLLED BILLS BECOMES A LAW
30 DAYS - "LAPSE"
PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF LEARNING & MOTIVATION
PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY/PSYCHOANALYSIS - SIGMUND FREUD
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY - ERIK ERIKSON'S THEORY OF PERSONALITY
ECOLOGICAL THEORY - ERIC BRONFENBRENNER THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT
SOCIOHISTORIC COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC THEORY - LEV SEMANOVICH VYGOTSKY
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT - JEAN PIAGET; JOHN DEWEY; JEROME BRUNNER
PHENOMENOLOGY - ABRAHAM MASLOW; CARL ROGERS; LOUIS RATHS
BEHAVIORISM - EDWARD THORNDIKE; IVAN PAVLOV; BURRHUS FREDERICK SKINNER
MORAL DEVELOPMENT - LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
IVAN PAVLOV - CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
EDWARD THORNDIKE - CONNECTIONISM
B.F. SKINNER - OPERANT CONDITIONING & REINFORCEMENT
ALBERT BANDURA - "BOBO DOLL" EXPERIMENT; MODELLING; SELF EFFICACY
DAVID AUSUBEL - MEANINGFUL RECEPTION THEORY
JEROME BRUNER - DISCOVERY LEARNING THEORY/INQUIRY METHOD
WOLFGANG KOHLER'S - INSIGHT LEARNING PROBLEM
RICHARD ATKINSON & RICHARD SHIFFRIN'S - INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY
ROBERT GAGNE'S - CUMULATIVE LEARNING THEORY
HOWARD GARDNER - MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
KURT LEWIN'S - FIELD THEORY/ HIS CONCEPT OF LIFE SPACE
BRONFENBRENNER - ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM THEORY
LEV VYGOTSKY - SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM; ZOND OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT (ZPD) *
GAP B/W ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT
HILDA TABA - GRASSROOT APPROACH
Here are the republic acts for all teachers in the Philippines:
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 137 -Board of Textbooks. It provided for all public schools to use only those
books approved by the board for a period of six years from the date of their adoption.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 1425 -The inclusion of a course on the life, works and writings- especially the
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo of Dr. Jose Rizal in the curricula of all public and private
schools.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 4670 -The Magna Carta for Public School Teachers.
• REPUBLIC ACT 1079 - Commonwealth Act No.117. Civil Service Eligibility shall be permanent and
shall be valid throughout a person’s lifetime.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 6728 -The Act Providing Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in
Private Education. (Scholarship Programs)
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 7722 -Creating the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) composed of a
chairperson and four (4) commissioners.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 7743 - The establishment of public libraries and reading centers in every
barangay and municipality of the country.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 7784 - The Centers of Excellence Law
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 7796 - The TESDA Law
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 7836 - Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 7877 - Anti Sexual harassment Act of 1995
• EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 27 - the inclusion of subject courses on human rights in the school
curricula, textbooks, and other reading materials
• EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 189 - All public Secondary School teachers under the administrative
supervision and control of DECS. Issued by former President Corazon Aquino.
• PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 6-A - Known as the Educational Development Decree of 1972, and
was implemented by the late former President Ferdinand Marcos.
• PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 146 - This decree requiring ALL senior high school students to pass
the National College Entrance Examination (NCEE) as pre-requisite for admission to any post-
secondary academic or professional degree program.
• PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No.451 - This law repealed R.A No. 6139 and authorized the Sec. of
Education and Culture to regulate the imposition of tuition fee and other school fees in all private
educational institutions.
• PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 688 - This law gave the Civil Service Commission the power and
authority to give the appropriate examination for all public school teachers.
• PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1139 - This decree issued on May 13, 1977, created the position of
the undersecretary for NON-FORMAL Education who shall make an overall assessment of the
existing non formal education programs and shall take charge of all non-formal education programs
of DECS.
• DEPARTMENT ORDER No. 1, s.1973 - This DECS order reiterates the policy on the use of locally
published textbooks of Filipino authorship in all levels of education, both public and private.
• DEPARTMENT ORDER No. 25, s.1974 - The implementation of BILINGUAL EDUCATION
Program which mandates the use of English and Filipino as separate media of instruction.
• MEC ORDER No. 22, s.1978 - ALL institutions shall offer in all their curricular programs at least six
(6) units of Filipino, starting the FIRST SEM Of school year 1979- 1980.
• DECS ORDER No. 30, s. 1993 - This order issued on May 20, 1993, providing for a National
Elementary Achievement Test (NEAT) for ALL grade six pupils in Public and Private schools
• DECS ORDER No. 38, s. 1994 - Provided for a National Secondary Assessment Test (NSAT) to be
administered to ALL graduating public and private high school.
• REPUBLIC ACT No. 1265 - The Law on the Observance of Flag Ceremony
• EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 200, sec.3 -The Law prohibits fund raising in school
• 1987 CONSTITUTIONS ARTICLE XIV, sec. 3:2 -The Law teaches and imposes discipline
• BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 232, sec. 13:2 / 1987 CONSTITUTION, ARTICLE XIV, sec 5:2,/ 1973
CONSTITUTION, ARTICLE XV, sec. 8:2 -the Law recognizes Academic Freedom
• 1992 MANUAL OF REGULATION FOR PRIVATE SCHOOL, sec 48-49 - The Law requires to have
a fixed calendar
• 1992 MANUAL OF REGULATION FOR PRIVATE SCHOOL, sec. 44-47 - The Law on Education
specifies faculty qualification
• R.A No. 1054 AS AMENDED BY P.D.’s Nos. 442, 570-A, 622, AND 643 - The Law requires
Education to provide Medical and Dental Services
• CIVIL CODE, ARTICLE 349 - The Law considers teachers, professors, and administrators to be in
LOCO PARENTIS to their pupils and students
• 1987 CONSTITUTIONS ARTICLE XIV, sec. 5:4 - The Law requires Education to provide
professional advancement teachers.
LET Review University

May 13 at 7:48 AM ·
Be familiar: LET Review University 🆙⬆️

1. Fr. Pedro Pelaez- Secularization Movement.
2. Limited- Mother Financial Problem.
3. Polka- NOT a folk dance from Mexico.
4. Bodabil- A play NOT from the Spanish Era.
5. Acta de Tejeros- Rejected Aguinaldo as President.
6. Folklore- The Philosophy of our folks during Pre-hispanic Era.
7. Katalinuhan- Basal o Di-Koncreto.
8. Spanish Surnames- by Narciso Claveria.
9. Leeches: Anticoagulation - Segmented: Worm
10. Biotechnology*
11. Teaching is like... A simile is not in the choices but METAPHOR* is there.
12. Rebirth- Rennaisance
13. Bitterness- Rancor
14. Oxygen- Waste product of photosynthesis.
15. Tissue- Group of cells.
16. Spencer- Survival of the Fittest.
17. Pagsang-ayon- Kasalungat ng pagtugol.
18. In Vitro Fertilization - Test tube babies.
19. Kuwit- Paghihiwalay ng mga sunod-sunod na pangungusap.
20. Pangungusap- Salita o grupo ng mga salita.
21. P3,200- Manufactured bed P4,000 less 20%.
22. 20 Times - How many times digit 7 appears between 1-100.
23. Lupang Hinirang- Pamagat ng Nat'l Anthem ng Pilipinas.
24. Balagtasan- Uri ng pagtatanghal na binubuo ng paligsahan ng dalawang makata.
25. Elements*
26. Oxygen- These are compounds EXCEPT.
27. K-III - Anong grade tinuturo ang mother tongue.
28. Chat room-Science Subject.
29. Learning is an active process - What is violated when Teacher Ivon just lectures while students listen.
30. Pancreas- Organ who secretes insulin.
31. Multi-grade class- Combining 2-3 grade level
32. K-12- Kindergarten is compulsory before proceed to grade 1.
33. 45,46- Consecutive number whose sum is 91.
34. Developmental Portfolio- Penmanship skills of the students in the beginning, middle, and after the school
year.
35. Persiflage- Praise glowingly.
36. Indefatigable- Tireless.
37. Working- The father finally found the time to rest after_____the whole day.
38. Irrelevant- Impertinent
39. I, II ( I-trial and error, II-stimulus response) - Behaviorism anchored with the theories related to.
40. 5x3x2x2x2- Prime factor of 120.
41. I, II, III ( I-Participative Learning, II- Constructive planning, III- innovative Planning) - Formulation of
teachers professional development plan.
42. Diksyunaryo- Kahulugan ng mga salita.
43. Routine*
44. Operant Conditioning- Skinner
45. Authentic Assessment- Real-life.
46- Developmental Portfolio- Display the drawings of the children.
47. Below 75- Did not meet the expectation.
48. Pagkatakot- Gabi na ngunit bakit wala pa siya.
49. Brigada Eskwela- Bayanihan in School.
50. Drive- MotivationMarch 2018
Part 2
51. Pre-conventional( Mutual Benefit) - reward, star, stamp.
52. Post-conventional(Common Good) - A taxi driver returned the baggage left by the passenger.
53. Blood Compact- Legazpi and Rajah Sikatuna in Bohol.
54. Sounds- Phonology
55. Socialization- Participating and functioning members of the society by fighting into organizing way of
living.
56. Drawing- Visual/Spatial.
57. Hierarchy of Biology Taxonomy - Has 8 levels.
58. Spiral Curriculum- K-12
59. Essentialism- Basic/Essential.
60. "Ganyan lang talaga"- Teacher Mediocrity.
61. Punishment- A quiz NOT as.
62. Should match with the objectives- Criterion reference.
63. Professional Licensed- Signed by the PRC.
64. CPU - the brain of the computer.
65. Sa kanyang ama (Padre Damaso) - Saan namana ni Maria Clara ang kanyang pagka mestiza.
66. Resource Provider- Role of the teachers play when they help their colleagues by sharing instructional
resources.
67. Deductive- From Generalization to Specific.
68. Motivation- Part of lesson development is concerned with mood setting.
69. Field Trip - Stimulate more senses.
70. Visual Imagery- Graphic Organizer.
71. Tax reform for Acceleration and INclusion-TRAIN Law means...
72. Archipelago - the Philippines is an...
73. Has - Population in the Philippines_____increase tremendously.
74. Conservation- about Mother Earth.
75. Stress the positive aspects of culture- IP ( Indigenous People)
76. Spreadsheet - Performs computation.
77. Biosphere - Air, Water, and Land.
78. Philippine Qualifications Framework- What does PQF means.
79. Reforestation - Solution due to increasing global warming.
80. Long and Dictated - NOT a characteristic in giving assignments.
81. Bread Provider- NOT the role of a Mother during the Pre-Hispanic Era.
82. 45 units - CPD units need for teachers to renew the license.
83. According to PRC Revised Guidelines for Continuing Professional Development (Resolution No. 2013-
774, every professional teacher is required proof of ________ continuing professional development units for
renewal of professional identification card every three years.
a. 36
b. 45 -
c. 30
d. 48
84.Based on the enhanced Basic Education act of 2013, which does basic education in the Philippines
encompass?
I. Kindergarten
II. Elementary
III. Secondary
IV. ALS
A.II and III
B.I II III and IV-
LIST OF LITERARY TERMS

Groups: LET Review University 🆙⬆️
❤Abstract Language- Language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific
things, people, or places. The observable or "physical" is usually described in concrete language.
❤Ad homonym—Latin for "against the man." When a writer personally attacks his or her opponents
instead of their arguments
❤Ad populum— Latin for "to the crowd." A fallacy of logic in which the widespread occurrence of
something is assumed to make it true.
❤Allegory—A narrative or description having a second meaning beneath the surface one. A story,
fictional or nonfiction, in which characters, things, and events represent qualities or concepts. The
interaction of these characters, things, events is meant to reveal an abstraction or a truth. These
characters, etc. may be symbolic of the ideas referred to.
❤Alliteration—The repetition at close intervals of initial identical consonant sounds. Or, vowel
sounds in successive words or syllables that repeat.
❤Allusion—An indirect reference to something (usually a literary text) with which the reader is
expected to be familiar. Allusions are usually literary, historical, Biblical, or mythological.
❤Ambiguity—An event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way. Also, the manner
of expression of such an event or situation may be ambiguous. Artful language may be ambiguous.
Unintentional ambiguity is usually vagueness.
❤Anachronism—Assignment of something to a time when it was not in existence, e.g. the watch
Merlyn wore in The Once and Future King.
❤Analogy—An analogy is a comparison to a directly parallel case. When a writer uses an analogy,
he or she argues that a claim reasonable for one case is reasonable for the analogous case.
❤Anaphora—Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a
row. This device is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.
❤Anecdote—A brief recounting of a relevant episode. Anecdotes are often inserted into fictional or
nonfiction texts as a way of developing a point or injecting humor.
❤Angst—A term used in existential criticism to describe both the individual and the collective
anxiety-neurosis of the period following the Second World War. This feeling of anxiety, dread, or
anguish is notably present in the works of writers like Jean Paul Sartre and Albert Camus.
❤Annotation—Explanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources, or give bibliographic data
(by the author or student).
❤Antithesis—A balancing of two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses.
❤Apostrophe—An address to the dead as if living; to the inanimate as if animate; to the absent as if
present; to the unborn as if alive. Examples: "O Julius Caesar thou are mighty yet; thy spirit walks
abroad," or "Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean, roll."
❤Archetype—A term borrowed by psychologist Carl Jung who described archetypes as "primordial
images" formed by repeated experiences in the lives of our ancestors, inherited in the "collective
unconscious" of the human race and expressed in myths, religion, dreams, fantasies, and literature.
These "images" of character, plot pattern, symbols recur in literature and evoke profound emotional
responses in the reader because they resonate with an image already existing in our unconscious
mind, e.g. death, rebirth.
❤Argumentation—Exploring of a problem by investigating all sides of it; persuasion through reason.
One of the four chief forms of discourse, the others being exposition, narration, and description. The
purpose of argumentation is to convince by establishing the truth of falsity of a proposition.
❤Aside—A dramatic convention by which an actor directly addresses the audience but it is not
supposed to be heard by the other actors on the stage.
❤Assonance—Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity. "Fake" and
"lake" denote rhyme; "lake" and "fate" demonstrate assonance.
❤Asyndeton—A series of words separated by commas (with no conjunction), e.g. "I came, I saw, I
conquered." The parts of the sentence are emphasized equally; in addition, the use of commas with
no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence.
❤Balance—Construction in which both halves of the sentence are about the same length and
importance, sometimes used to emphasize contrast.
❤Bandwagon—Trying to establish that something is true because everyone believes it is true.
❤Catharsis—The process by which an unhealthy emotional state produced by an imbalance of
feelings is corrected and emotional health is restored.
❤Causal Relationship (cause and effect)—In causal relationships, a writer assert that one thing
results from another. To show how one thing produces or brings about another is often relevant in
establishing a logical argument.
❤Characterization—The method an author uses to develop characters in a work. In direct
charachterization, the author straightforwardly states the character’s traits. With indirect
characterization, those traits are implied through what the character says, does, how the character
dresses, interacts with other characters, etc.
❤Chiasmus—Arrangement of repeated thoughts in the pattern of X Y Y X. Chiasmus is often short
and summarizes a main idea, e.g., "ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do
for your country."
❤Chronological Ordering—Arrangement of ideas in the order in which things occur; may move from
past to present or in reverse, from present to past.
Classification (as means of ordering)—Arrangement of objects according to class; e.g., media
classified as print, television, radio.
❤Comedy of Manners—Deals with the relations and intrigues of gentlemen and ladies living in a
polished and sophisticated society; it evokes laughter mainly at the violations of social conventions
and decorum and relies on the wit and humor of the dialogue for its effect.
❤Comic relief—Humorous speeches and incidents in the course of the serious action of a tragedy;
frequently comic relief widens and enriches the tragic significance of the work.
❤Conceit—Unusual or surprising comparison between two very different things (a special kind of
metaphor or complicated analogy.
❤Concrete Language—Language that describes specific, observable things, people or places,
rather than ideas or qualities.
❤Connotation—Rather than the dictionary definition, the associations associated by a word. Implied
meaning rather than literal meaning or denotation.
❤Consonance—Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.
❤Conventional—Following certain conventions, or traditional techniques of writing. An over reliance
on conventions may result in a lack of originality. The five-paragraph theme is considered
conventional.
❤Cumulative—Sentence which begins with the main idea and then expands on that idea with a
series of details or other particulars.
❤Deduction—A form of reasoning that begins with a generalization, then applies the generalization
to a specific case or cases.
❤Diction—Word choice, particularly as an element of style. Different types and arrangements of
words have significant effects on meaning. An essay written in academic diction, for example, would
be much less colorful, but perhaps more precise, than street slang.
❤Didactic—A term used to describe fiction or nonfiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or
provides a model or correct behavior or thinking.
❤Digression—A temporary departure from the main subject in speaking or writing.
❤Dramatic Irony—When the reader is aware of an inconsistency between a fictional or nonfiction
character's perception of a situation and the truth of that situation.
❤Elegy—A formal sustained poem lamenting the death of a particular person.
❤Elliptical—Sentence structure which leaves out something in the second half. Usually, there is a
subject-verb-object combination in the first half of the sentence, and the second half of the sentence
will repeat the structure but omit the verb and use a comma to indicate the ellipsed material.
❤Emotional Appeal—When a writer appeals to an audience's emotions (often through "pathos") to
excite and involve tem in the argument.
❤Ennui—A persistent feeling of tiredness or weariness which often afflicts existential man, often
manifesting as boredom.
❤Enthymeme—A syllogism in which one of the premises—often the major premise—is unstated,
but meant to be understood, e.g. "Children should be seen and not heard. Be quiet, John." Here, the
minor premise—that John is a child—is left to the ingenuity of the reader.
❤Epigraph—A quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of a theme. One
found at the beginning of John Kennedy Toole's Confederacy of Dunces: "When a true genius
appears in the world, you may know him by this sign; that all the dunces are in a confederacy
against him." —Jonathan Swift.
❤Epiphany—A major character's moment of realization or awareness.
❤Epithet—a term used to characterize a person or thing, such as rosy-fingered in rosy-fingered
dawn or the Great in Catherine the Great. Also a term used as a descriptive substitute for the name
or title or a person, such as The Great Emancipator for Abraham Lincoln.
❤Ethical Appeal—When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her
based on a presentation of image of self through the text. Reputation is sometimes a factor in ethical
appeals, but in all cases the aim is to gain the audience's confidence.
❤Euphemism—The use of a word or phrase that is less direct, but is also considered less distasteful
or less offensive than another. E.g. "He is at rest" instead of "He is dead." Also consider "Technicolor
yawn" for "vomiting."
❤Example—An individual instance taken to be representative of a general pattern. Arguing by
example is considered reliable if examples are demonstrably true or factual as well as relevant.
❤Explication—The act of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text. Explication usually
involves close reading and special attention to figurative language.
❤Exposition—Background information provided by a writer to enhance a reader's understanding of
the context of a fictional or nonfictional story.
❤False Analogy—When two cases are not sufficiently parallel to lead readers to accept a claim of
connection between them.
❤Farce—A type of comedy in which one-dimensional characters are put into ludicrous situations;
ordinary standards of probability and motivation are freely violated in order to evoke laughter.
❤Fiction—A product of a writer's imagination, usually made up of characters, plot, setting, point of
view, and theme.
❤Figurative Language—A word or words that are inaccurate literally, but describe by calling to mind
sensations or responses that the thing described evokes. Figurative language may be in the form of
metaphors or similes, both non-literal comparison. Shakespeare's "All the world's a stage" is an
example of non-literal figurative language (metaphor specifically).
❤Figure of Speech—A form of expression in which words are used out of the usual sense in order
to make the meaning more specific
❤Flat Character—A character constructed around a single idea or quality; a flat character is
immediately recognizable.
❤Foil—A character whose traits are the opposite of another and who thus points up the strengths
and weaknesses of the other character.
❤Freight-train—Sentence consisting of three or more very short independent clauses joined by
conjunctions.
❤Generalization—When a writer bases a claim upon an isolated example or asserts that a claim is
certain rather than probable. Sweeping generalizations occur when a writer asserts that a claim
applies to all instances instead of one.
❤Genre—French, a literary form or type; classification. e.g. tragedy, comedy, novel, essay, poetry.
❤Hubris—Overwhelming pride or insolence that results in the misfortune of the protagonist of a
tragedy. It is the particular form of tragic flaw that results from excessive pride, ambition, or
overconfidence. The excessive pride of Macbeth is a standard example of hubris in English drama.
Also spelled hybris
❤Hyperbole—Conscious exaggeration used to heighten effect. Not intended literally, hyperbole is
often humorous. Example: "And fired the shot heard round the world."
❤Image—A word or group of words, either figurative or literal, used to describe a sensory
experience or an object perceived by the senses. An image is always a concrete representation.
❤Imagery—The use of images, especially in a pattern of related images, often figurative, to create a
strong unified sensory impression.
❤Induction—A form or reasoning which works from a body of facts to the formulation of a
generalization; frequently used in science and history.
Inversion—Variation of the normal word order (subject first, then verb, then complement) which puts
a modifier or the verb as first in the sentence. The element that appears first is emphasized more
than the subject.
❤Irony—When a reader is aware of a reality that differs from a character's perception of reality
(dramatic irony)/ The literal meaning of a writer's words may be verbal irony. Generally speaking, a
discrepancy between expectation and reality.
❤Litotes—Opposite of hyperbole; litotes intensifies an idea understatement by stating through the
opposite. E.g. saying "It wasn't my best day" instead of "It was my worst day."
❤Logical Appeal—Relies on the audience's logical faculties; logical appeal moves from evidence to
conclusion.
❤Metaphor—A comparison of two things, often unrelated. A figurative verbal equation results where
both "parts" illuminate one another. Metaphors may occur: in a single sentence —"Talent is a
cistern; genius is a fountain;" as a controlling image of an entire work —"Pilgrim at Sea by Par F.
Lagerkvist; as obvious ("His fist was a knotty hammer.") or implied (But O beware the middle mind
that purrs and never shows a tooth.").
❤Dead Metaphor—So overused that its original impact has been lost.
❤Extended Metaphor—One developed at length and involves several points of comparison.
Mixed Metaphor—When two metaphors are jumbled together, often illogically.
❤Metonymy—Designation of one thing with something closely associated with it. E.g. calling the
head of a committee a CHAIR, the king the CROWN, a newspaper the PRESS, or old people the
GRAY HAIRS.
❤Mood—An atmosphere created by a writer's word choice (diction) and the details selected. Syntax
is also a determiner of mood because sentence strength, length, and complexity affect pacing.
❤Moral—The lesson drawn from a fictional or nonfictional story. A heavily didactic story.
❤Motif—A frequently recurrent character, incident, or concept in literature.
❤Negative-Positive—Sentence that begins by stating what is not true, but ending by stating what is
true.
❤Non-sequiter—Latin for "it does not follow." When one comment isn't logically related to another.
❤Novel—An extended piece of prose fiction. Some examples include:
❤sociological novel —emphasizes the influence of economic and social conditions on characters
and events and often embodies an implicit thesis for social reform.
❤historical novel —takes its setting and a number of its characters and events from history.
❤regional novel —emphasizes setting and mores of a particular locality as these affect character
and action (local color); e.g. Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole.
novel of ideas
❤epistolary novel—tells narrative through letters (beginning of Frankenstein by Mary Shelly)
❤Onomatopoeia—The use of a word whose pronunciation suggests its meaning. "Buzz," "hiss,"
"slam," and "pop" are commonly used examples.
❤Oxymoron—A rhetorical antithesis. Juxtaposing two contradictory terms, like "wise fool" or
"deafening silence."
Parable—A short story from which a lesson may be drawn.
❤Paradox—A seemingly contradictory statement or situation which is actually true. This rhetorical
device is often used for emphasis or simply to attract attention.
❤Parallelism—Sentence construction which places in close proximity two or more equal
grammatical constructions. Parallel structure may be as simple as listing two or three modifiers in a
row to describe the same noun or verb; it may take the form of two or more of the same type of
phrases (prepositional, participial, gerund, appositive) that modify the same noun or verb; it may also
take the form of two or more subordinate clauses that modify the same noun or verb. Or, parallel
structure may be a complex blend of single-word, phrase, and clause parallelism all in the same
sentence.
❤Parody—An exaggerated imitation of a usually more serious work for humorous purposes. The
writer of a parody uses the quirks of style of the imitated piece in extreme or ridiculous ways.
❤Pathos—Qualities of a fictional or nonfictional work that evoke sorrow or pity. Over-emotionalism
can be the result of an excess of pathos.
❤Periodic Sentence—Sentence that places the main idea or central complete thought at the end of
the sentence, after all introductory elements—e.g. "Across the stream, beyond the clearing, from
behind a fallen a tree, the lion emerged."
Peripety—Reversal in the hero's fortunes.
❤Persona—A writer often adopts a fictional voice to tell a story. Persona or voice is usually
determined by a combination of subject matter and audience.
❤Personification—Figurative Language in which inanimate objects, animals, ideas, or abstractions
are endowed with human traits or human form—e.g. "When Duty whispers…”
❤Plot—System of actions represented in a dramatic or narrative work.
Point of View—The perspective from which a fictional or nonfictional story is told. First-person, third-
person, or third-person omniscient points of view are commonly used.
❤Polysyndeton—Sentence which uses and or another conjunction, with no commas, to separate the
items in a series, usually appearing in the form X and Y and Z, stressing equally each member of the
series. It makes the sentence slower and the items more emphatic than in the asyndeton.
❤Post hoc Fallacy—Latin for "after this, therefore because of this." When a writer implies that
because one thing follows another, the first caused the second. Establishes an unjustified link
between cause and effect.
❤Protagonist—Chief character in a dramatic or narrative work, usually trying to accomplish some
objective or working toward some goal.
❤Pun—A play on words that are identical or similar in sound but have sharply diverse meanings.
❤Red Herring—Device through which a writer raises an irrelevant issue to draw attention away from
the real issue.
❤Refutation—Occurs when a writer musters relevant opposing arguments.
❤Repetition—Word or phrase used two or more times in close proximity.
❤Rhetoric—The art of effective communication, especially persuasive discourse. Rhetoric focuses
on the interrelationship of invention, arrangement, and style in order to create felicitous and
appropriate discourse.
❤Rhetorical Criticism—Emphasizes communication between the author and reader. Analyzes the
elements employed in a literary work to impose on the reader the author's view of the meaning, both
denotative and connotative, of the work.
❤Rhetorical Question—A question asked for rhetorical effect to emphasize a point; no answer is
expected.
❤Round Character—A character drawn with sufficient complexity to be able to surprise the reader
without losing credibility.
❤Satire—A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by
portraying it in an extreme way. Satire doesn't simply abuse (as with invective) or get personal (as
with sarcasm). Satire usually targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals; its purpose is
customarily to inspire change.
❤Sarcasm—A type of verbal irony in which, under the guise of praise, a caustic and bitter
expression of strong and personal disapproval is given. Sarcasm is personal, jeering, and intended
to hurt.
Setting—Locale and period in which the action takes place.
❤Simile—A figurative comparison of two things, often dissimilar, using the connecting words: "like,"
"as," or "then." E.g. "More rapid than eagles his coursers they came."
❤Situational Irony—Applies to works which contain elaborate expressions of the ironic spirit. Also,
irony applies to both Hamlet's situation and to his famous soliloquy, "To be or nor to be."
❤Soliloquy—When a character in a play speaks his thoughts aloud —usually by him or herself.
❤Stock Character—Conventional character types that recur repeatedly in various literary genres.
E.g. the wicked stepmother or Prince Charming or the rascal.
❤Stream of Consciousness—Technique of writing that undertakes to reproduce the raw flow of
consciousness, with the perceptions, thoughts, judgments, feelings, associations, and memories
presented just as they occur without being tidied into grammatical sentences or given logical and
narrative order.
❤Style—The choices in diction, tone, and syntax that a writer makes. In combination they create a
work's manner of expression. Style is thought to be conscious and unconscious and may be altered
to suit specific occasions. Style is often habitual and evolves over time.
Syllogism—A form of reasoning in which two statements or premises are made and a logical
conclusion is drawn from them (a form of deductive reasoning).
❤Symbol—A thing, event, or person that represents or stands for some idea or event. Symbols also
simultaneously retain their own literal meanings. A figure of speech in which a concrete object is
used to stand for an abstract idea —e.g. the cross for Christianity.
❤Synecdoche—Part of something is used to stand for the whole —e.g. "threads" for clothes;
"wheels" for cars.
❤Syntax—In grammar, the arrangement of words as elements in a sentence to show their
relationship.
❤Theme—A central idea of a work of fiction or nonfiction, revealed and developed in the course of a
story or explored through argument.
❤Tone—A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative
language, and organization of the sentence and global levels.
❤Tragedy—Representations of serious actions which turn out disastrously.
❤Tragic Flaw—Tragic error in judgment; a mistaken act which changes the fortune of the tragic hero
from happiness to misery; also known as hamartia.
❤Understatement-Deliberately representing something as much less than it really is —e.g. "Last
week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her appearance." —
Jonathan Swift
❤Unity—A work of fiction or nonfiction is said to be unified is all the parts are related to one central
idea or organizing principle. Thus, unity is dependent upon coherence.
❤Verbal Irony—When the reader is aware of a discrepancy between the real meaning of a situation
and the literal meaning of the writer's words.
❤Zeugma—The writer uses one word to govern several successive words are clauses —e.g. She
discovered New York and her world.

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