UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

GEOLOGY AND DRILLING LABORATORY
(CGE558)

NAME :MUHD FAHMIE BIN MOHD RAMLI

STUDENT NO :2018207114
GROUP :EH 243 6C
EXPERIMENT : WELL CORRELATION
DATE PERFORMED :7/12/2020
SEMESTER :6
PROGRAME/CODE :EH 243

No. Title Allocated Marks (%) Marks

1 Abstract/Summary 5
2 Introduction 5
3 Aims 5
4 Theory 5
5 Apparatus 5
6 Methodology/Procedure 10
7 Results 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 10
11 Recommendations 5
12 Reference 5
13 Appendix 5
TOTAL MARKS 100
Remarks:

Checked by : Rechecked by:

Date : Date :
 ABSTRACT

The experiment main objective is to correlate between the well logs. For petroleum
engineers, well log correlation is important to identify and connect the equivalent patterns or
values between log curves of adjacent wells. There are two well logs, type A and type B given
for this experiment.

Both well have gamma ray log and sonic log. From identifying these two well logs, the shape
and the environment of the well logs can be defined. The gamma ray logs measure the shale-free
sandstones and sonic log to support and calibrate seismic data and to derive the porosity of a
formation.
 INTRODUCTION

Well correlation is a principal task for many geologists, particularly in the oil and gas
industry. Things such as cuttings, cores and well logs constitute the main data used for
correlation, with well logs playing a special role because they are long, continuous recordings.
Well logs are useful because they have unbiased physical measurements and often available in
large number of wells in a field or a basin resulting in large of hydrocarbon exploit if done right.

By having a complete well log data, the well log can be determined to be commercially viable or
not. The process of casing, cementing and completion will be run if the well log is commercially
viable.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the correlation between well logs.

 THEORY

Well log data includes a header that provides specific information about the well, such as
the operating company, well information and type of log run as well as the main log section, and
graph. The graph charts vertically the depth reached, and the horizontal scale it is the
measurement scale which are represented linearly and/or by logarithms.

Next, inserts are found throughout the graph at each major section of the log. It is used
for identifying each curve. The curves on the log or traces, reading or measurements, is
represented by solid, long-dashed, short-dashed or dotted lines to decipher between the different
measurements represented on the log.

There are many types of well logs. Gamma Ray Logs is used to measure the radioactivity
of the rocks to calculate the amount of shale in a formation.

Sonic logs measure the porosity by determining how fast sound waves travel through
rocks. Different tools are used to determine different subsurface characteristics.

For Resistivity Logs, it measures on how electricity travels through the rocks and
sediments. This can determine what are the types of fluids that are present because oil and fresh
water are poor conductors of electricity and formation waters are salty and can easily conduct
electricity.

For Induction Logs, it is used in wells that do not use mud or water, but oil-based drilling
fluids or air that are nonconductive which resulting electric logs cannot be used. Induction uses
the interaction of magnetism and electricity to determine resistivity.

For Spontaneous Potential (SP) Logs, it is used to show the permeability of the rocks in
the well. By calculating the electrical currents generated between the drilling fluids and
formation water held in the pore spaces, the permeability can be determined. SP is used many
times to determine between shale and sandstone.
 APPARATUS

1. Well log
2. Pencil
3. Ruler

PROCEDURE

1. The well log was observed.

2. Boundary at the log based on their shape and pattern was drawn.
3. The lithofacies based on the shape at each boundary were interpreted.
4. The environment at each boundary were determined.
5. The permeable and non-permeable zone were determined by referring to gamma ray log.
6. The porosities were determined at sonic log.
 RESULT

For well A, the permeable zones are located around 30 meters to 40 meters and 50 meters
to 60 meters on depth. This is due both having high reading of gamma ray logs. The sonic log
reading for 30 meters to 40 meters are short but the reading of sonic log on 50 meters to 60
meters are high.

For well B, the permeable zones are from 5 meters to 10 meters. This is due to high
reading of gamma ray log. After 10 meters depth, the reading of Gamma Ray Logs decreases.
The reading of sonic log high on 5 meters to 10 meters and decreases after 10 meters.
 DISCUSSION

The depth measure used in the correlation was standard true vertical depth. The
correlated logs in figure are results of gamma ray logs and sonic logs. Horizons were placed to
determine different formation and all the horizon have cylinder shapes.

On well A, the horizon shows high value in gamma ray log around 145 gAPI. For sonic
log, it shows values around 100 µs/f. From this observation, depths on 30 meters and 40 meters
formation in permeable and have low porosity. This is due to shale contains micro-porosity
which is filled with water which lead high value in shales.

On well B, the horizon shows high value in gamma ray log which is around 143 gAPI.
For sonic log, it shows short time reading values which is around 43 µs/f. From this observation,
depths on 5 meters to 10 meters are permeable and have high porosity. This part mostly have a
high chance of containing hydrocarbon.
 CONCLUSION

For conclusion, the experiment was started by observing the well log data of A and B.
Both well A and well B consists of gamma ray logs and sonic logs. Well A is not commercially
viable as it had high gamma ray log reading but also high sonic log reading which indicates shale
that contains micro-porosity which is filled with water which leaded to high value in shales. For
well B, it had high gamma log reading and low sonic log reading which indicates hydrocarbon is
present.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. More well logs types should be given as it can determine the location of hydrocarbon
more accurately.
2. The line should be drawn straight to avoid any human errors.
3. All reading should be taken 3 times to avoid human errors.

REFERENCES

1. CGE 558 lab manual.

2. How Does Well Logging Work? (n.d.). Retrieved December 19, 2020, from
https://www.rigzone.com/training/insight.asp?insight_id=298
3. CGE 558 lab manual.

4. Startzman, R., & Kuo, T. (1987, September 01). A Rule-Based System for Well Log
Correlation. Retrieved December 19, 2020, from https://www.onepetro.org/journal-
paper/SPE-15295-PA