Tag - J - 01-DG - Section 1 General-Version 4

ABU DHABI SEWERAGE SERVICES COMPANY
(ADSSC)
DESIGN GUIDELINES
SECTION 1
GENERAL
Design
ADSSC/DG Section 1 General Rev: 04 Aug. 2019 Page 1 of 32
Guidelines
Design Guidelines
Abu Dhabi Sewerage Services Company
(ADSSC)
DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET
Revision No. Date Revision Description / Purpose of Issue
01 April 2008 First Issue
02 Jan. 2011 ADSSC New Logo
- Appendix – 2 : Typical Sewerage Analysis (Revised)

- Appendix 5- Typical Treated Sewerage Effluent
Analysis (Revised)
- Subsection # 1.4.11 – GIS Data (Added)
03 April. 2017 - Added new clause under the sub-heading of 1.2 –
Related Document as “g” to address the Abu Dhabi
Emirate Guideline for Infrastructure Services
Standards; published by Abu Dhabi Quality &
Conformity Council (QCC-Abu Dhabi)
- Added new clause under the sub-heading of 1.2 –
Related Document as “h” to address “Abu Dhabi
Urban Street Design Manual (USDM)”.
04 Aug. 2019 - Subsection # 1.4.8 – Value Management & Value
Engineering; revised to comply to Department of
Urban Planning and Municipalities (DPM) developed
“Value Engineering Guidelines”.
05
06
07
08
09
10
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................4

1.1.1 SCOPE ...................................................................................................4
1.1.2 CONTENTS AND ARRANGEMENT ......................................................4
1.2 RELATED DOCUMENTS ...................................................................................4
1.3 MANUAL UPDATING ........................................................................................5
1.4 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................5

1.4.1 DESIGN LIFE .........................................................................................5
1.4.2 DESIGN INFORMATION ........................................................................5
1.4.3 SITE INVESTIGATIONS .........................................................................6
1.4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ..................................................................6
1.4.5 CLASSIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY EXPLOSIVE AREAS ................6
1.4.6 FORMATION OF ODOROUS COMPOUNDS ........................................6
1.4.7 HEALTH AND SAFETY IN DESIGN .......................................................7
1.4.8 VALUE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE ENGINEERING ..........................7
1.4.9 COST CONSIDERATION AND FINANCIAL EVALUATION ...................8
1.4.10 DRAWINGS ..........................................................................................10
1.4.11 GIS DATA .............................................................................................10
1.4.12 STRUCTURAL DESIGN .......................................................................11
1.4.13 CONCRETE STRUCTURES ................................................................12
1.4.14 STEEL STRUCTURES .........................................................................12
1.4.15 DESIGN PRESENTATION ...................................................................13
1.5 MATERIALS .....................................................................................................14
APPENDIX 1 – CLIMATIC DATA..............................................................................15
APPENDIX 2 – TYPICAL SEWAGE ANALYSIS ......................................................17
APPENDIX 3 – TYPICAL GROUNDWATER ANALYSIS .........................................19
APPENDIX 4 – TYPICAL POTABLE WATER ANALYSIS .......................................20
APPENDIX 5 – TYPICAL TREATED SEWAGE EFFLUENT ANALYSIS ................21
APPENDIX 6 – MATERIALS SELECTION ...............................................................22

1 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.................................................................22
2 MATERIALS SELECTION .........................................................................22
3 PIPES .........................................................................................................23
4 STRUCTURES ...........................................................................................26
5 MANHOLES ...............................................................................................30
6 MANHOLE COVERS .................................................................................30
7 STEP IRONS AND LADDERS...................................................................31
Design
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 SCOPE
This document, the Design Guidelines (DG), is for use by design consultants
when carrying out the design of projects for ADSSC. It presents guidelines
for the design, but it does not include design theories and methods of
calculation but instead describes local practices and criteria to be adopted.
Where any deviation from these criteria is considered necessary by the

designer, ADSSC shall be consulted and our approval obtained.
ADSSC is committed to using new and innovative technologies where they,

in ADSSC’s opinion represent the best technical solution, provide low life
cycle costs and value for money. All technologies will be considered for use
by ADSSC subject to proving in terms of performance, quality and cost.
Copyright of the DG resides with ADSSC and it may not be reproduced in

any format without our express permission.
Use of the DG does not absolve design consultants from their normal
responsibilities. It is meant as a guide only and should be used only by
competent practitioners, with due diligence.
1.1.2 CONTENTS AND ARRANGEMENT
The Design Guidelines are divided into seven separate sections:
a) General.
b) Geotechnical Investigation Guideline.
c) Sewerage System Design.
d) Sewage Treatment Plant Design.
e) Treated Sewage Effluent.
f) Standard and Typical Drawings.
g) CAD Standards
1.2 RELATED DOCUMENTS
Related documents to the Design Guidelines are:
a) ADSSC Conditions of Engagement for Consulting Services.
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b) ADSSC Quality Management System.
c) ADSSC Construction Documents Manual.
d) ADSSC Operation and Maintenance Contracts Manual.
e) ADSSC Specifications (for Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Works)
f) ADWEA Health and Safety Manual / SPC Construction Safety Manual
g) For other utility’s details; please register at web site of Abu Dhabi Quality
& Conformity Council (QCC-Abu Dhabi) by clicking the web link
“https://qcc.abudhabi.ae/en/isgl” and download the relevant utilities’
technical documents
h) Abu Dhabi Urban Street Design Manual (USDM)
1.3 MANUAL UPDATING
Sections of this document are reviewed from time to time and it will be the
responsibility of all design consultants using it to ensure that they are
working to the current issue. Any errors and/or constructive comments shall
be notified to ADSSC.
1.4 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1.4.1 DESIGN LIFE
The minimum design life shall be as follows:
a) Pipelines 60 years
b) Structures 30 years
c) Mechanical and Electrical Equipment 15 years
d) Instrumentation 5 years
1.4.2 DESIGN INFORMATION
The following data is provided in Appendices 1 to 5 at the end of this section

of the Design Guidelines. This data is given for guidance only and represent
typical conditions in Abu Dhabi which should be confirmed by the designer
before use:
a) Climatic Data.
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b) Typical Sewage Analysis.
c) Typical Ground Water Analysis.
d) Typical Potable Water Analysis.
e) Typical Treated Sewage Analysis.
1.4.3 SITE INVESTIGATIONS
A description of the geology of Abu Dhabi and the requirements for site
investigations are given in the Geotechnical Design Manual.
1.4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
The designer shall address the environmental impacts of projects in

accordance with the relevant legislation and Environment Agency Abu Dhabi
(EAD) guidelines.
1.4.5 CLASSIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY EXPLOSIVE AREAS
The designer shall consider the Classification of Potentially Explosive

Atmospheres within sewerage systems and related operational processes to
assess the risk of ignition and to attempt to remove or reduce the risk of
explosion.
ADSSC’s requirements for the classification of potentially explosive areas

and atmospheres are described in Section 16680: Hazardous Area
Applications Guidelines.
1.4.6 FORMATION OF ODOROUS COMPOUNDS
The designer shall consider the formation of odorous compounds in

sewerage systems and shall take measures to remove or reduce the risk of
releasing odours to the atmosphere.
a) Prevent / reduce the development of septicity.
b) Retain odorous compounds in solution.
c) Reduce the release of odours.
d) Contain and treat odours.
e) Locate odorous processes as far from potential receptors as possible.
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ADSSC’s requirements for Odour Control are described in Section 15080:

Odour Control.
1.4.7 HEALTH AND SAFETY IN DESIGN
The designer must be aware of all his responsibilities regarding health and
safety in the design and detailing of a project and shall:
a) Ensure that any design he prepares and which he is aware will be used
for the purposes of construction work includes among the design
considerations adequate regard to the need:
i. To avoid foreseeable risks to the health and safety of any person at

work carrying out construction work or cleaning work in or on the
structure at any time, or of any person who may be affected by the
work of such a person at work.
ii. To combat at source risks to the health and safety of any person
carrying out construction work in or on the structure at any time, or
of any person who may be affected by the work of such a person at
work.
iii. To give priority to measures which will protect all persons at work
who may carry out construction work or cleaning work at any time
and all persons who may be affected by the work of such persons
at work over measures which only protect each person carrying out
such work.
b) Ensure that the design includes adequate information about any aspects
of the project or structure or materials (including articles or substances)
which might affect the health and safety of any person at work carrying
out construction work or cleaning work in or on the structure at any time
or of any person who may be affected by the work of such a person at
work.
c) Co-operate with ADSSC and with any other designer who is preparing
any design in connection with the same project or structure so far as is
necessary to enable each of them to comply with the requirements and
prohibitions placed on him in relation to the project by or under the
relevant statutory provisions.
d) Comply with the requirements of the ADWEA Health and Safety Manual.
1.4.8 VALUE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE ENGINEERING
Value Management (VM) can be defined as “A service which maximises the
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functional value of a project by managing its development from concept to

completion and commissioning through the examination of all decisions
against a pre-defined value system”.
Value Engineering (VE) can be defined as “The application of VM

techniques within the design process”.
a) The principles of Value Management are:
i. Agreeing clear objectives.

ii. Agreeing value criteria.
iii. Ensuring that they are understood by all parties.
iv. Generating ideas for options.
v. Validating outputs against agreed objectives and value criteria.
vi. Identifying value enhancements on the selected option.
Value = Satisfaction of needs / Resources used.
b) VM reviews should be carried out throughout the project life cycle, as set
out in the value management plan, and the number required will depend
on the project complexity. The reviews should generally follow the
following sequence:
i. VM1 Project definition.

ii. VM2 Concept design.
iii. VE1 Preliminary design and engineering.
iv. VE2 a,b,c Detailed design.
v. VM3 Procurement and contract strategy.
vi. VM4 Post project feedback.
c) Department of Urban Planning and Municipalities (DPM) developed

“Value Engineering Guidelines”, to be referred and comply
Consultant to assure that the Value Engineering process is integrated in all

sectors of projects including the planning, design, construction and
maintenance program processes.
1.4.9 COST CONSIDERATION AND FINANCIAL EVALUATION
Robustness and redundancy is an essential part of the design of works as

obtaining spare parts at a later date and changes to network locations can
be problematic. Minimising capital expenditure resulting in a works that will
require a lot of maintenance is not what is required.
Civil works cost estimates may be built up using local rates and allowing
further margins for overhead and profit of any overseas involvement.
Major mechanical and electrical equipment cost estimates can be obtained

from international suppliers of equipment. Allowances must be made for
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shipping costs, installation, overhead and profit and local agents costs.
These can more than double the base price.
Cost estimates should also allow for the consideration of:
a) Project complexity.
b) Levels of competition.
c) Current and international workload.
d) Unusual project scope.
e) Operations expenditure.
f) Operations expenditure (OPEX) covers the following aspects:
i. Labour.
ii. Power.
iii. Chemicals.
iv. Sludge disposal.
v. Maintenance and spares.
Currently, labour costs are generally low; therefore high manning levels can
be acceptable.
Chemicals can be difficult to obtain and can be expensive. They will be

required for certain processes but if their use can be avoided it is desirable.
Maintenance costs should be agreed with ADSSC based upon the value of
the asset cost.
1.4.9.1 Net Present Value
Net Present Value (NPV) or Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) calculations are a
method of comparing capital and operations costs over a period to
determine which has the lowest overall value. In essence, all costs are
reduced back to present day prices.
Capital costs for expenditure in the first year, Year 0, are the actual costs
whereas costs for future capital expenditure, e.g. phased construction or
replacement of plant, are represented by the sum which invested now would
build up to the capital sum needed in the future.
Operations costs are represented by the present day sum that invested now
will enable the annual running costs to be paid and reduce to zero at the end
of the term.
A discount rate is chosen on which to base the assessment. Normally this is
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between 3% - 7%. A sensitivity analysis can be done at different discount

rates if required. Inflation need not be considered as all sums are reduced
to present day values.
The period of the NPV calculations should be at least 20 years.

Replacement life of items should be agreed in advance with ADSSC but in
general computer hardware should be allowed for every 5 years, machinery
15 years and civil structures 30 years. In all but the most sensitive
calculations there is no need to consider residual values i.e. the remaining
value of the item at the end of the term under consideration.
The NPV may be calculated according to the following equation:
NPV = Cost/(1-r)n
Where n= number of years and r = discount rate
1.4.10 DRAWINGS
A complete list of standard and typical drawings is given in Section 6

Standards and Typical Details of the Design Guidelines.
The standard drawings should be used in their original format without

alterations. Where used in contract documents their numbers shall remain
unaltered and may be referred to without the need to incorporate as hard
copies into all documents.
Typical drawings are presented as an indication of standard format and

quality. These may be used as the basis of individual contract drawings but
must be renumbered and edited accordingly for specific projects.
1.4.11 GIS DATA
Upon completion of Contract Drawings and / or Final Route approval. The

Tender Drawings are required to be updated in planned layers in GIS
System. A high level of information presented in few CAD layers and limited
Access database attribute is required. This submission is to be made by
consultant and the data provided is the consultant responsibility. This
submission shall include the followings and fulfill the requirements as
specified in the technical reports (refer to AMD GIS Section to collect the
recent templates of:
 CAD file, and

 Access Database.
Consultant is responsible to provide accurate data in terms of geo-graphic

location (northing/Easting of CAD file) in WGS84 Zone 40 for all assets
constructed in Abu Dhabi emirates (including assets falls under other
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projection Zones for example zone 39) and accurate data in terms of asset
descriptive information (Access Database).
During Construction a follow up GIS, related layers and tables are requested
from External or Internal Stakeholder such as GESC, DMA, EAD, ADSIC …
etc. It is required from consultant to fulfill the templates update to allow for
GIS system update. Most of the updates are Project related such as project
planned progress, project actual progress, project Quarterly/Semi-yearly/
Yearly planned spending during a year, actual Quarterly/Semiyearly/Yearly
planned spending during a year, challenges. Etc.
Consultant to supervise, review and confirm the GIS data required/provided

by the contractor in Project Procedures section.
1.4.12 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Structural design calculations shall be submitted to ADSSC for approval.
Design should be generally in accordance with the recent Municipal

Engineer‘s Department of Abu Dhabi Municipality publication — “Building
Regulations & Recommendations for Structural Design & Concrete
Practices“.
The structural design submission shall include a separate design information

sheet, which contains the following:
a) Design standards adopted for design.
b) Design loadings and partial safety factors used.
c) Load path showing the safe load transfer from structural elements to the
ground.
d) Clear cover to main reinforcement.
e) Concrete properties.
f) Protective methods used for concrete.
g) Reinforcement properties and coating.
h) Safe allowable bearing capacity of soil, soil report to be attached.
i) Pile foundation arrangement where appropriate.

j) Types of structures.
k) Dewatering requirements.
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l) Concrete curing methods.
m) Formwork removal notes.
1.4.13 CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Calculations should satisfy the requirements of BS8110, BS8002, BS8004,

BS 8007, BS6399 and BS8666 where applicable or any equivalent and
acceptable international code of practice.
Approval shall be obtained from the ADSSC to use design standards other
than those detailed above.
Concrete structures must be designed for serviceability and ultimate limit

state as per the design standard adopted. Relevant design standard as per
the type of structure to be used.
a) For serviceability limit state the following apply:
i. Partial safety factor for all loads is 1.

ii. Factor of safety against flotation is 1.1.
iii. Design crack width is 0.2mm.
iv. Liquid level to be the maximum top water level.
v. Allowable steel stress in direct or flexural tension is 130N/mm2.
vi. For ultimate limit state the following apply:
vii. Partial safety factor for earth and water pressure is 1.4.
viii. Allowable anchorage bond stress is 1.6N/mm2 and 2N/mm2
compression.
ix. Maximum sheer stress is 4.75N/mm2
b) Other principal factors are:
i. For structural concrete grade C40/20 concrete is to be used.

ii. Blinding concrete C20/20 is to be used
2
iii. Yield strength of steel is 460N/mm for high yield deformed type 2
bars.
iv. Minimum and maximum reinforcement criteria is as per the design
standard adopted.
v. Minimum and maximum bar spacing shall be as per the design
standard adopted.
1.4.14 STEEL STRUCTURES
In general, the design of structural steelwork shall be in accordance with

AISC Manual of Steel Construction or BS 5950 or other equivalent and
acceptable international standard.
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Both the working stress and the ultimate stress methods of calculation are
acceptable and shall be in accordance with the recognised standard.
Steel should be A36 to ASTM & AISC and grade 43 to BS.
Consideration must be given to fire and corrosion protection and appropriate

methods of application.
1.4.15 DESIGN PRESENTATION
All calculations are to be presented on standard A4 size calculation sheets.

All information contained on the sheets is to be printed and the title blocks
are to be filled in completely. All pages are to be numbered and sketches
used as required to clarify the calculations. All assumptions, references,
units and calculations are to be clearly stated. The originals of all
calculations are to be indexed and bound for submittal.
Drawing format as specified in the CAD Manual shall be adopted for all
design projects.
All drawings are to be signed by a qualified engineer and two initials of the
draughter, designer and checker must be included as appropriate in the title
block.
All design dimensions shall be expressed in metric units only.
Drawings should generally be presented in the following arrangement:
a) Cover sheet.
b) Index of drawings.
c) Location plan.
d) Project drawings.
e) Standard drawings.
The consultant has total responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of
the plans, calculations and related documents as required under the scope
of work.
Prior to final design submittal, the consultant is expected to perform an

internal quality control review carried out by engineers experienced in the
appropriate disciplines to ensure a product of neat appearance, technically
and grammatically correct and checked and signed by the draughter,
designer and checker where appropriate.
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1.5 MATERIALS
Materials shall be chosen which result in the least maintenance and are not
prone to decay by weathering or corrosion causing structural deterioration,
leakage and infiltration.
Established International Standards and guides such as ASTM, BS, EN, ISO
and WIS shall be followed in the selection of and specification for
construction materials. Ideally, the material product should be covered by
an established ISO 9000 Quality Control system and wherever possible a
third-party quality assurance scheme.
A discussion on materials selection is given in Appendix 6 for the designer’s

information.
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APPENDIX 1 – CLIMATIC DATA
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Temperature Degree C
Mean Dry
Bulb for 19.8 20.7 23.1 27.1 29.4 32.0 30.9 33.5 30.9 28.9 25.3 22.0
Month
Daily Ave.
24.4 25.3 28.5 33.4 36.7 38.5 41.3 39.2 37.3 35.7 30.1 26.3
Max.
Daily Ave.
15.2 14.5 19.6 22.0 23.6 27.4 31.1 29.8 26.7 23.0 20.3 16.9
Min.
Absolute
30.1 32.7 39.8 41.7 41.9 44.6 44.8 45.5 43.0 39.6 36.7 31.3
Max.
Absolute Min. 12.0 10.5 13.2 15.6 18.6 24.5 26.5 26.0 24.7 21.0 15.4 13.3
Ground Min.
13.2 13.0 15.7 19.7 21.3 25.6 30.2 28.9 24.9 21.0 18.7 15.1
Daily Ave.
Absolute
9.0 8.3 11.6 13.3 15.7 22.8 24.5 24.6 21.8 17.8 13.9 10.4
Ground Min.
Earth 50cms.
25.2 24.4 25.8 29.4 31.5 34.7 36.8 36.8 36.5 34.1 30.8 27.5
Daily Ave.
Earth
100cms. 26.8 25.7 26.1 28.6 30.5 33.2 34.9 34.9 35.8 34.2 31.8 29.0
Daily Ave.
Relative Humidity %
Mean RH for
68 65 56 50 55 58 57 66 67 65 63 68
Month
Daily Ave.
83 88 82 71 79 80 79.3 84.7 85 86 78 85
Max.
Absolute
100 100 100 84 97 91 92 92 94 100 90 100
Max.
Daily Ave.
51 43 36 28 28 33 32.8 42.2 41 29 45 50
Min.
Absolute Min. 37 15 10 13 11 17 17 13 13 16 10 27
Wind Speed (46' above ground) Knots

Mean Wind
7.2 6.5 7.4 8.2 7.3 8.5 8.9 8.8 7.9 7.3 8.1 6.9
for Month
Absolute
Max.
24.0 32 31 27 25 27 26 25 22 19 23 32
(for at least
10 mins)
Highest Gust 30.0 45 39 39 32 33 30 34 30 25 29 30
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Precipitation (Rainfall) mm
Total Amount Nil 20.1 0.8 2.7 TR Nil TR Nil Nil Nil Nil 0.3
Max. for any
Nil 10.5 0.7 2.1 TR Nil TR Nil Nil Nil Nil 0.3
one day
No. of days
Nil 5 2 4 2 Nil 3 Nil Nil Nil Nil 1
with Rain
Atmospheric Pressure mbs (MSL)
Mean for
1019 1018 1014 1010 1006 999 997 997 1005 1012 1016 1019
Month
Cloudiness-Oktas (Eighths of Sky)
Total Cloud-
Mean for 1.8 2.6 1.8 2.7 0.6 0.8 2.1 1.4 0.8 0.3 1.0 1.6
Month
Low Cloud
1.4 1.5 0.8 0.5 0.1 Nil 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 1.0
(8000) - Do
Evaporation mm (Standard Piche)
Total for
464 413 517 404 482 N/A 456 382 316 339 30.9 24.8
Month
Max. for 24
28.1 28.0 29.0 25.0 28.5 29.0 24.2 19.3 16.5 16.10 19.8 17.0
hours
Solar Radiation mls
Total
Distillation of 306 354 506 501 607 637 537 515 507 487 363 313
Water
Maximum
Distillation of
14.2 16.6 22.4 21.2 24.5 21.6 22.8 20.1 19.3 23.2 15.2 16.0
Water for 24
hours
Visibility (vis 1000m in 24 hours)
No. of Fog
7 7 4 Nil 2 Nil 1 1 2 6 Nil 7
Days
Note: The above data is provided for guidance of climatic conditions prevalent to Abu
Dhabi. The designer should obtain latest data and confirm the accuracy for use in specific
Designs.
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APPENDIX 2 – TYPICAL SEWAGE ANALYSIS
Given under tables are the average values of wastewater influents parameters as
recorded at the inlet of ADSSC’s main wastewater treatment facilities; the actual
values at any particular location may varies significantly that could depends on the
numerous factors such as the type of properties / developments, season, water
usage trends, etc..
Table A: General Characteristics (Proposed)

STP Influents Data Unit Abu Dhabi Region Al Ain Region
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l 140 - 245 150 – 290
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/l 295 - 545 460 – 750
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg/l 135 - 290 160 – 310
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/l 2100 - 3170 2100 - 3200
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) mg/l 95 – 140 95 – 140
Temperature °C 25 – 35 25 – 35
pH unit 6.0 – 8.5 6.0 – 8.5
Conductivity µ S/cm 4000 - 7000 1200 - 2200
Table B: Inorganic Compounds

Chloride (as Cl- ion) mg/l 1120 – 1680 1100 – 1700
Sulphate (as SO4) mg/l 125 – 187 125 – 190
Sulphide (as S) mg/l 27 – 40 27 – 40
Nitrogen – Ammonical mg/l 20 – 33 17 – 35
Alkalinity (as CaCO3) mg/l 225 – 365 160 – 270
Total Phosphorus mg/l 2.75 – 6.00 3.0 – 6.0
Table C: Metals
Aluminium mg/l 0.5 – 2.0 1.25 – 2.35
Arsenic mg/l 0.008 – 0.75 0.035 – 0.050
Barium mg/l ≈0 ≈0
Beryllium mg/l < 0.0007 < 0.0007
Boron mg/l 0.225 – 0.35 0.225 – 0.35
Cadmium mg/l < 0.0012 < 0.0012
Calcium mg/l 35 – 60 35 – 60
Chromium (Total) mg/l 0.025 – 0.06 0.0110 – 0.020
Cobalt mg/l < 0.012 < 0.0024
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STP Influents Data Unit Abu Dhabi Region Al Ain Region

Table C: Metals – Continue ……..
Copper mg/l 0.065 – 0.160 0.0085 – 0.080
Iron mg/l 0.50 – 3.0 0.50 – 1.45
Lead (Pb) mg/l < 0.20 < 0.025
Lithium mg/l 0.02 < 0.0050
Magnesium (Mg) mg/l 17.5 – 40.0 17.5 – 40.0
Manganese (Mn) mg/l 0.030 – 0.10 0.03 – 0.055
Molybdenum mg/l 0.008 – 0.05 0.0004 – 0.020
Nickel (Ni) mg/l < 0.025 < 0.025
Potassium (K) mg/l 15 – 25 15 - 25
Selenium mg/l 0.50 – 0.85 < 0.005
Sodium (Na) mg/l 115 – 185 115 - 185
Vanadium mg/l 0.008 – 0.025 0.002 – 0.018
Zinc mg/l 0.03 – 0.45 0.09 – 0.145
Note: The above data has been provided for guidance only. The designer should obtain
latest data for specific design purpose.
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APPENDIX 3 – TYPICAL GROUNDWATER ANALYSIS
The following are typical analyses of groundwater samples that have been
encountered in Abu Dhabi.
Location pH Chloride (g/l) Sulphate (g/l)
Abu Dhabi Island 6.5 - 8.3 13 - 120 2.2 - 6.1

Mussafah 7.0 - 7.2 148 - 188 2.6 - 4.6
Khalifa City A 6.3 - 7.5 40 - 210 1.5 - 6.8
Khalifa City B 6.7 - 7.9 70 - 205 2.1 - 3.6
Note: The above data is provided for guidance only and should be verified by the designer
for specific design purposes.
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APPENDIX 4 – TYPICAL POTABLE WATER ANALYSIS
The following is typical potable water analysis, based on data from Umm al Nar
desalination plant.
Parameter Typical values Units
PH 8.3 - 8.8 -
Conductivity 250 - 500 µ S/cm
Total alkalinity as CaC03 20 - 30 mg/l
Hardness as CaC03 20 - 35 mg/l
Chloride 60 - 120 mg/l
Sulphate 5-7 mg/l
Residual chlorine 0.4 - 0.8 mg/l
Calcium 8 - 15 mg/l
Magnesium 4-7 mg/l
Note: The above data is provided for guidance only and should be verified by the designer
for specific design purposes.
Design
Guidelines
Design Guidelines
(ADSSC)
APPENDIX 5 – TYPICAL TREATED SEWAGE EFFLUENT ANALYSIS
Following documents shall be referred and strictly followed in verification of required

Treated Sewerage Effluent Analysis parameters
1- Regulation and Supervision Bureau Document : The Recycled Water and Bio-
Solids Regulations 2010 (or Latest Edition)
2- ADSSC Design Guidelines ; Section No. 4 - Sewage Treatment Plant Design
Design
Guidelines
Design Guidelines
(ADSSC)
APPENDIX 6 – MATERIALS SELECTION
1 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Established International Standards and guides, such as ASTM, BSEN, BS,

ISO, WIS and WRC, should be followed in the selection of and specification
for construction materials. Ideally, the material product should be covered
by an established ISO 9000 Quality Control system and wherever possible a
third-party quality assurance scheme.
In selecting standards to specify materials, it should be noted that European

Standards are normally written for temperate climates whereas American
Standards can reflect the diversity of climates experienced within the
American continent e.g. Alaska to California. In order to achieve
materials/products that will perform under Abu Dhabi climatic and
geophysical conditions it may be necessary to combine standard
specifications with technical data on testing of materials at temperatures
equivalent to those experienced in Abu Dhabi.
2 MATERIALS SELECTION
In order to determine if a material is suitable for inclusion in sewerage and

treated sewage effluent projects, several factors have to be considered.
These include:
a) Suitability for intended purpose.
b) Availability of material locally and cost.
c) Capital cost of selected material offset against reduction or elimination of

maintenance costs.
d) Capital cost of installation by Non Destructive Methods (NDM) or

Microtunnelling offset by reduction in disruption to traffic etc.
e) Quality of the medium being transported.
f) Ground conditions (strata and groundwater).
g) Difficulties in handling, transporting and installing the material.
h) Environmental conditions within the network such as high temperature,

poor ventilation, high levels of corrosive products and significant sand
accumulation.
i) Future use of land.
j) Future expansion of the network.
Design
Guidelines
Design Guidelines
(ADSSC)
3 PIPES
The material for a pipeline must be selected to suit the liquid being
conveyed, the installation conditions and locally sourced if possible.
3.1 PIPE SELECTION
General guidelines on the selection of pipe materials and the properties of

pipe materials are given in the tables below. Good guidelines are given in
BSEN 1295-1:1998 “Structural design of buried pipelines under various
conditions of loading” and “WRC Pipe Materials Selection Manual” published
in 1998 but currently out of print.
SUITABILITY OF PIPE MATERIALS FOR USE IN SEWERAGE AND TREATED

SEWAGE EFFLUENT
Pipe Treated Sewage Manufacturing Relative

Class Sewerage
Material Effluent Base Cost per m
Gravity Pressure Gravity Pressure
Lined
and UAE
Rigid No No Yes No Medium
coated Saudi Arabia
RC
Semi Europe
DI No Yes No Yes High
rigid USA
Flexib
GRP Yes Yes Yes Yes UAE Medium
le
Flexib
HDPE Yes Yes Yes Yes UAE Medium
le
Flexib
uPVC Yes No Yes No UAE Low
le
Stain-
Europe USA
less - No Yes No No High
Japan China
steel (*)
(*) Stainless steel has very limited use in sewerage works due to cost and may be
considered in process applications in pumping stations.
Design
Guidelines
Design Guidelines
(ADSSC)
GENERAL USE OF MATERIALS IN PIPELINES
Material Trunk 300mm Distribution Services Pumping

Size up to 2400mm ≥50mm, ≤50mm Dia. Stations
Dia. generally300mm
to 800mm Dia.
Lined and GRP, HDPE, DI, Stainless
Sewage Not applicable
coated, DI, uPVC, VC Steel
GRP, HDPE,
Treated sewage GRP, HDPE, HDPE, , HDPE, DI, HDPE
effluent uPVC,
3.2 STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR AND CLASSIFICATION OF PIPES
A buried pipe and the soil surrounding it are interactive structures. The
extent of the interaction and hence the magnitude of the pipe loads arising
depends on the relative stiffnesses between the pipe and the pipe bedding
and native soil. Pipes are generally classed into rigid, semi-rigid or flexible,
depending on the degree of this interaction.
Rigid pipes are those where due to the nature of the pipe material, only very
small diametrical deflections are possible before fracture occurs at a well
defined limiting load. These deflections are too small to develop significant
lateral passive pressure in the pipe zone fill material due to external vertical
loading. Thus all the external load is taken by the pipe itself and bending
moments are induced in the pipe wall. The design of rigid pipes is based
upon the concept of a maximum loading at which failure occurs. Some
examples of rigid pipe are reinforced concrete pipe (RC) and vitrified clay
pipe (VC). “A Guide to Design Loadings for Buried Rigid Pipes”, TRRL1987,
can be considered as a good design guide for rigid pipes, whilst in other
conditions BSEN 1295-1:1998 “Structural design of buried pipelines under
various conditions of loading” can be of help.
Semi-rigid pipes are capable of being distorted sufficiently without failure to

transmit a part of the vertical load to the pipe zone fill material, thus
mobilising a measure of lateral passive support from the surrounding soil,
with the pipe wall continuing to take the remainder of the load in bending.
Resistance to vertical loading is thus shared between the pipe wall itself and
the lateral support from the pipe zone fill material, the proportions of this
distribution depending upon the relative stiffnesses of the pipe and the soil
surround. Some examples of semi-rigid pipe are ductile iron (DI) and
cylinder type pre-stressed concrete.
Flexible pipes are capable of being distorted sufficiently without failure to

transmit virtually all vertical load to the surrounding pipe zone fill material for
Design
Guidelines
Design Guidelines
(ADSSC)
lateral support; the proportion of the load resisted by the pipe wall itself is
very small. Flexible pipes are designed on the basis of maximum
acceptable deflection, or strain induced in the pipe wall and resistance to
buckling under load. The ability of the pipe zone material to provide support
is a function of its stiffness, or modulus of reaction. Some common flexible
types of pipe are un-plasticised polyvinyl chloride pipe (uPVC), polyethylene
pipe (PE), glass reinforced plastic pipe (GRP) and glass reinforced epoxy
pipe (GRE).
3.3 PIPE BEDDING
The selection of the proper type of bedding and surround material is

important in the long-term integrity and performance of both rigid and flexible
pipes.
Although rigid pipes support vertical loads mostly through their inherent
strength and little support is generated by the horizontal soil reaction,
nonetheless the selection of an appropriate pipe bedding installation can
significantly increase its load bearing capacity by ensuring a more even
distribution of vertical loads onto the pipe itself and also by transmission of
the load by the pipe to the trench formation beneath.
There is a much greater interaction between flexible pipes and the pipe zone
material. The integrity of a flexible pipe is therefore critically dependent on
the width and degree of compaction of the pipe bedding material and the
stiffness of the native soil. A flexible pipe should be surrounded with
granular bedding material. Sufficient trench width each side of the pipe is
essential to allow correct placement and compaction of the granular bed and
surround. Incorrect placement will lead to distortion of the pipe walls. A
geotextile membrane is often employed to avoid loss of fines from the native
soil and/or to stiffen up the pipe zone material.
3.4 JOINTS
Joints are an essential component of any pipeline system providing

continuity between individual pipes. The number and type of joints can
considerably affect cost and timescales for a particular pipeline.
Flanged joints for rigid connections are normally employed for above ground
use and within pumping stations. Nuts, bolts and washers should be
specified to suit the prevailing conditions e.g. stainless steel in wet and/or
corrosive environments.
For buried pipelines, it is important to allow for some movement of the

pipeline that occasionally occurs through differential settlement of the soil.
Joints can also be formed by solvent welding (uPVC pipes) and in-situ
lamination (GRP pipes). The pipes themselves are flexible and can
Design
Guidelines
Design Guidelines
(ADSSC)
accommodate limited differential settlement through longitudinal bending.
For HDPE pipes and fittings butt-fusion welding is the preferable method.
Universal mechanical couplers are also available particularly for jointing
HDPE to pipes/fittings composed of different material. Flanged joints can
also be formed, generally comprising a slip-on galvanised mild steel flange
restrained by an integral stub return on the pipe end.
4 STRUCTURES
4.1 GENERAL
Structures within the networks are usually constructed using concrete, either
in-situ poured or with pre-cast elements or a combination of both. Concrete
is a relatively cheap material produced locally using locally sourced
materials, cement, aggregates, clean water, admixtures etc. Approved
readymix companies and precast yards should be selected to provide
concrete.
Generally, two classes of concrete are required to be designed for use on

networks - a structural grade that will reflect the compressive and tensile
strength and durability requirements and a non-structural grade for blinding
etc, where strength and durability are not a major requirement.
Concrete mix designs should be designed to BS 5328 or equivalent. Tests

for concrete are generally:
a) For fresh concrete bleed, setting time, slump and slump retention,
temperature, bulk density.
b) For hardened concrete 7- and 28-day compressive strength, density and

durability tests such as rapid chloride penetrability (RCP) test to ASTM
C1202 and/or Water penetration to BS EN 12390-8.
Consideration should be given to the new generation of concretes available

in the market. These include cement replacement with mineral additives
and self-compacting concrete. Self-compacting concrete, as it infers, does
not require any compaction and as such, there is no need for concrete
vibrators and allows a reduction in manpower.
4.2 CEMENTS: CLASSIFICATION AND APPLICABLE STANDARD
There are five general types of cement classified by ASTM C 150. The five
types are designated as Type I through Type V with each classified for a
particular type of application based on its properties. OPC in designated as
Type I and SRC is designated as Type V.
Design
Guidelines
Design Guidelines
(ADSSC)
4.3 ADDITIVES
Relatively small quantities of other materials, called additives or admixtures,

can be added to concrete to modify its properties in either fresh or hardened
state.
The additives used to modify the properties of fresh and hardened concrete
are of the following general categories:
a) Water-reducing admixtures and workability aids.
b) Superplasticisers and high-range water-reducing admixtures.
c) Air-entraining agents.
d) Accelerators.
e) Retarders.
f) Waterproofers.
g) Viscosity modifiers.
h) Resin bonding agents.
i) Fungicides, etc.
Additives may be useful for specific applications, but the claims made by
manufacturers of such products should be well supported with long-term,
impartial test results.
The use of concrete additives should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis

for particular applications. If required, ASTM C 494 and BS 5075 should be
referred for specification requirements.
4.4 CEMENT REPLACEMENT
There are cementing materials that are sometimes used as a partial

replacement of portland cement in concrete mixes to achieve certain desired
properties. Such types of materials are widely used in Europe, USA and
recently in Middle East for special applications. They have certain benefits
over plain Portland cement concrete and their use should be evaluated on
an as-needed basis. Three of the most common one are briefly discussed
below:
a) Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) is a by-product of the

manufacture of iron from iron ore. The slag is composed mainly of
calcium and magnesium silicates and alumino-silicates. Blending of
GGBS with a Portland cement produces a slower strength gain.
Design
Guidelines
Design Guidelines
(ADSSC)
b) Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) is the most common cementing material

used as a partial replacement in concrete. Blending of PFA with
Portland cement slows the rate of strength development, may generate
heat less quickly and be more chemically resistant in some
circumstances. BS 3892 gives composition and performance
requirements for PFA.
c) Condensed Silica Fume is a high purity silica cementing material that

has a very fine particle size; much smaller than that of cement or PFA.
When mixed correctly in proportion of 6% to 10% by weight of OPC,
silica fume can result in producing dense concrete with very high
strengths and good chemical resistance.
4.5 PROTECTIVE COATINGS
The service environment of network structures such as pipelines, manhole

chambers, culverts, outfalls, etc. in the Middle East is considered very
severe. High concentrations of sulphate and chloride ions in the
surrounding soil, groundwater and effluent present an environment that
makes all concrete structures susceptible to significant deterioration.
New structures should be properly protected by means of surface barrier

sealants, coatings and membranes in order to preclude chemical attack and
significantly improve their service life.
For structures in splash zones such as headwalls, outfalls, etc. where

exposure to wetting and drying cycles are expected, the exposed concrete
surfaces can be coated with a protective coating, 200-500 microns thick, of
a solvent free polyamide epoxy coating or other suitable system such as an
elastomeric aliphatic acrylic on a silane-siloxane, impregnating, internal
membrane-forming, concrete clear sealant primer. Regardless of the
system used, the coating system should possess the following performance
criteria, as a minimum:
a) Reduction in water absorption per BS 1881, equal to or better than 95%.
b) Reduction in chloride ion penetration per BS 1881, equal to or better

than 99%.
c) Solids content by volume, equal to or better than 50%.

0
d) Crack spanning ability, equal to or better than 2mm at 40 C.
e) Tear resistance per ASTM D624, equal to or better than 12 N/mm.
f) Resistance to salts, alkalis and acids.
Design
Guidelines
Design Guidelines
(ADSSC)
4.6 PLAIN (UNCOATED) REINFORCING STEEL
Uncoated reinforcement may be a subject of early deterioration in case of

poor workmanship resulting in insufficient cover to the rebar or porous
concrete especially when exposed to aggressive environment.
4.7 EPOXY COATED REINFORCING STEEL
Epoxy coatings have been in use for more than 30 years. Although the
coating offers an additional protection against corrosion it should be noted
that it is prone to damage during the transportation, handling, cutting,
bending and fixing. Site repair kits are usually provided by suppliers but
control of the possible damage during all stages of construction is often not
sufficient.
The advantages and disadvantages of epoxy coated reinforcing steel are as

follows:
a) Significantly improves the long-term durability of concrete, due to

corrosion resistance against chloride attack.
b) Damaged coating can be easily touched up onsite prior to concrete

placement.
c) Increased construction cost for reinforced concrete.
d) Possibility of damaged epoxy coating being undetected and used.

Damaged coating can make the steel prone to severe chloride attack.
Inspection of epoxy-coated rebar should be routinely conducted during
construction to ensure that severe damages are detected and properly
rectified prior to concrete placement. Note that ASTM standards for
rebar coating do allow a certain amount of discontinuities in the coating
layer.
Selection of the un-coated vs coated reinforcement should be made after

review of the all materials used in the construction of particular structure
inclusive of external and internal protective coatings and exposure to
environment.
4.8 CLASSIFICATION AND APPLICABLE STANDARDS
Reinforcing steel is classified according to its yield strength or ultimate

tensile strength. ASTM A615M and BS 4449 are two of the most commonly
used standards that govern the requirements of reinforcing steels. ASTM A
775 provides detailed specifications for the epoxy coating material and its
application to the steel.
Design
Guidelines
Design Guidelines
(ADSSC)
5 MANHOLES
Manholes are generally designed in both cast in-situ and precast concrete
with protective coatings on internal and external faces.
For sewage applications, the internal liner must be corrosion resistant and
generally GRP with vinylester resin rich outer layer is used. For ease of
construction, it has been found that use of double-skin GRP units as
shuttering has proved successful. The units can be manufactured in one
piece for small depths but generally come as separate units that have to be
in-situ laminated together.
With the recent developments in technology new materials like HDPE and
PVC-u may be considered for use in construction of manholes and
chambers. ADSSC will review the viability of application of the new materials
providing that they can offer competitive alternative to the concrete
structure.
6 MANHOLE COVERS
Manhole covers are used to provide access to manholes and chambers,

which are typically constructed with a frame cast into the top opening area.
Manhole covers are then installed in the frames to be flush with the top of
the structure. The manholes are occasionally located within road
carriageways or footpaths and are thus subjected to vehicular and
pedestrian traffic. In addition to being capable of withstanding applied loads,
the covers must be durable.
The most common materials now in use are ductile and cast iron. Cast iron
manhole covers are manufactured in several countries in the Gulf region,
India, Europe and Australia.
For sewage manholes and chambers, the frames need to be gastight and
watertight. This can be achieved by inclusion of a separate removal plate
often manufactured in GRP with an EPDM rubber seal.
A minimum clear opening of 600mm × 750mm shall be used for manholes to

permit safe access and egress for personnel wearing breathing apparatus
and other personal protective equipment (PPE).
Manhole covers are classified according to load classes in relation to the

areas in which they will be installed. BS EN 124 provides detailed
requirements regarding manhole covers. A durable coating should be
applied to cast iron manhole covers for long-term corrosion protection. The
coating should be a solvent-free, polyamine-cured epoxy paint, which should
be applied to a minimum thickness of 400 microns.
Design
Guidelines
Design Guidelines
(ADSSC)
Standards for Covers on Sewerage Manholes are shown in the table below.
Manhole House Pumping

Requirement Connection Station Access
In Road Out of Road Chamber Cover
Rectangular Rectangular
Shape Rectangular Rectangular
/circular /circular
Minimal size of clear
opening 600 x 750 / 750 600 x 750 / 600 x 600 600 x 750
750 600 x 900
Standard BS EN 124 BS EN 124 BS EN 124 BS EN 124

Class D400 B125/C250 B125/C250 D400
Material Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron
Protective Coating Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy
Ventilation No No No No
Sealing Plate Yes Yes Yes -
Standard Standard
Standard Standard
Inscription ADSSC ADSSC
ADSSC pattern ADSSC pattern
pattern pattern
Tightness Yes Yes Yes
Rocking No No No No
Locking No No No
7 STEP IRONS AND LADDERS
Step-irons and ladders are used to access manhole chambers for

maintenance and inspection. The steps or ladders are permanently
attached to the internal wall of the manhole chamber and upon removal of
the manhole cover an operator can climb down into the chamber. The steps
or ladders must have sufficient strength to resist point loads or pullout forces
that may be imparted to it.
The incorporation of permanent access to manholes is currently under

review. The requirement for step irons and ladders is to be agreed with
ADSSC.
The top of the rungs should have a non-slip surface for safety reasons.
Furthermore, to avoid failure during use it is of the utmost importance for
steps and ladders to be resistant against corrosion which can result from
high temperatures, humidity, chlorides and hydrogen sulphide gas where
sewage effluent is present.
There are several types of materials used for steps and ladders in manholes
as discussed below.
Step-irons and ladders are manufactured from stainless steel or cast-iron

which are bolted or embedded into the concrete wall of the manhole to allow
access. There are various types of stainless steel available for use in
construction. They are more expensive than normal steels or cast-iron. Of
Design
Guidelines
Design Guidelines
(ADSSC)
the various types of stainless steel available, austenitic steel containing

nickel and chromium has the greatest corrosion resistance for use in
structural and civil engineering works. The minimum grade is to be grade
316 S31 to BSEN 10084. It is durable in most situations encountered in
marine applications with the exception of anaerobic conditions, which may
occur due to marine growth and in stagnant conditions where the oxygen
supply is low. Under these circumstances, stainless steel, owing to the
breakdown of the protective oxide film, is subject to pitting and crevice
corrosion, a tendency that is increased in the presence of chlorides. All step
iron design shall be approved by ADSSC.
To protect metal step-irons from corrosion, they can now be obtained in

encapsulated form in which they are totally sealed from the aggressive
environment by either a plastic, e.g. HDPE, or an epoxy resin. The coating
needs to be robust to withstand abrasion and impact loadings but these
have generally proved to be very effective in eliminating corrosion failures.
The increased degree of safety they provide justifies the small additional
cost.
A good reference is BS EN 13101: 2002 “Steps for underground man-entry

chambers requirements, marking, testing and evaluation of conformity”.
Access ladders for manhole chambers can also be manufactured from

corrosion resistant GRP. These are commonly manufactured by hand lay-
up or pultrusion methods. The ladders are normally fixed to the internal wall
of the manhole chamber by means of bolts embedded into the concrete or
incorporated into GRP internal liner. In the hand lay-up method of
production, a mould is used to cast a GRP laminate against it. A mould
release agent is applied to the mould followed by alternating layers of resin
and glass fibre reinforcing with hardwood rails and rungs until the desired
thickness is achieved. The moulding is then allowed to cure before release
from the mould.
The pultrusion process of manufacture generally consists of drawing resin

impregnated glass rovings or other specialist reinforcements, through a
heated die in which cure takes place. However, pultruded GRP has not
been very widely applied to the manufacture of manhole ladders probably
due to the ease and simplicity of the hand lay-up method.
END OF SECTION
Design
Guidelines

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ABU DHABI SEWERAGE SERVICES COMPANY

DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET

Revision No. Date Revision Description / Purpose of Issue

01 April 2008 First Issue

02 Jan. 2011 ADSSC New Logo

- Appendix – 2 : Typical Sewerage Analysis (Revised)

1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................4

1.3 MANUAL UPDATING ........................................................................................5

1.4 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................5

APPENDIX 1 – CLIMATIC DATA..............................................................................15

APPENDIX 2 – TYPICAL SEWAGE ANALYSIS ......................................................17

APPENDIX 3 – TYPICAL GROUNDWATER ANALYSIS .........................................19

APPENDIX 4 – TYPICAL POTABLE WATER ANALYSIS .......................................20

APPENDIX 5 – TYPICAL TREATED SEWAGE EFFLUENT ANALYSIS ................21

APPENDIX 6 – MATERIALS SELECTION ...............................................................22

Where any deviation from these criteria is considered necessary by the

ADSSC is committed to using new and innovative technologies where they,

Copyright of the DG resides with ADSSC and it may not be reproduced in

1.1.2 CONTENTS AND ARRANGEMENT

The Design Guidelines are divided into seven separate sections:

b) Geotechnical Investigation Guideline.

c) Sewerage System Design.

d) Sewage Treatment Plant Design.

e) Treated Sewage Effluent.

f) Standard and Typical Drawings.

1.2 RELATED DOCUMENTS

Related documents to the Design Guidelines are:

a) ADSSC Conditions of Engagement for Consulting Services.

b) ADSSC Quality Management System.

c) ADSSC Construction Documents Manual.

d) ADSSC Operation and Maintenance Contracts Manual.

e) ADSSC Specifications (for Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Works)

f) ADWEA Health and Safety Manual / SPC Construction Safety Manual

h) Abu Dhabi Urban Street Design Manual (USDM)

1.3 MANUAL UPDATING

1.4 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

1.4.1 DESIGN LIFE

The minimum design life shall be as follows:

c) Mechanical and Electrical Equipment 15 years

1.4.2 DESIGN INFORMATION

The following data is provided in Appendices 1 to 5 at the end of this section

b) Typical Sewage Analysis.

c) Typical Ground Water Analysis.

d) Typical Potable Water Analysis.

e) Typical Treated Sewage Analysis.

1.4.3 SITE INVESTIGATIONS

1.4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

The designer shall address the environmental impacts of projects in

1.4.5 CLASSIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY EXPLOSIVE AREAS

The designer shall consider the Classification of Potentially Explosive

ADSSC’s requirements for the classification of potentially explosive areas

1.4.6 FORMATION OF ODOROUS COMPOUNDS

The designer shall consider the formation of odorous compounds in

a) Prevent / reduce the development of septicity.

b) Retain odorous compounds in solution.

c) Reduce the release of odours.

d) Contain and treat odours.

e) Locate odorous processes as far from potential receptors as possible.

ADSSC’s requirements for Odour Control are described in Section 15080:

1.4.7 HEALTH AND SAFETY IN DESIGN

i. To avoid foreseeable risks to the health and safety of any person at

1.4.8 VALUE MANAGEMENT AND VALUE ENGINEERING

Value Management (VM) can be defined as “A service which maximises the

functional value of a project by managing its development from concept to

Value Engineering (VE) can be defined as “The application of VM

a) The principles of Value Management are: