1

Acronyms

CBOS Community Based Organizations

NGO Non Governmental Organizations

FGD Focus Group Discussion

KIS Key Informant Survey

EC Electrical Conductivity

pH Percentage of Hydrogen

NPK Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium

NTC Nepal Telecom

RH Relative Humidity

KW Kilo Watt

TDS Total Dissolve Solid

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Table of Contents

Acronyms...................................................................................................................................................... 1

I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................ 4

A. Background...................................................................................................................................... 4

B. Objectives of the Study.................................................................................................................. 4

C. Limitations of the Study................................................................................................................. 5

II. METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................................... 5

A. Conceptualization of the Resource mapping.............................................................................. 5

B. Selection of Rural municipality for this Study............................................................................. 5

C. Gathering of Relevant Information............................................................................................... 5

D. Test and experiment....................................................................................................................... 6

III. REVIEW OF Production and processing the products....................................................................... 6

A. Humla District.................................................................................................................................. 6

B. Mugu District................................................................................................................................ 12

C.Kalikot District.................................................................................................................................16

D. Major Findings of the Study........................................................................................................ 21

E. Major Conclusions of the Study.................................................................................................. 21

F. Evaluation of the Study Report.................................................................................................... 22

IV. ASSESSMENT OF THE SELECTED TARGET MARKETS FOR THE COMMERICAL HIGH VALUE
LISTED PRODUCTS.................................................................................................................................... 25

A. Apple and Herbs in Humla ( with inter cropping crops like beans , potato)....................... 25

B. Xanthloxylum and others herbs ( With inter crops ) (Sutho) Market..................................... 26

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C. Walnut and herbs ( with inter crops like beans, potato )....................................................... 26

D. Nursery Market............................................................................................................................ 27

E. Overall Assessment of the Targeted commercial products..................................................... 34

V. ASSESSMENT OF Market Support mechanisms............................................................................... 34

A. Introduction................................................................................................................................... 34

B. Research and Development......................................................................................................... 34

C. Collection/ware house..................................................................................................................35

D. Transportation............................................................................................................................... 35

VI. CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................................................... 35

APPENDIX 1: LIST OF PERSONS MET...................................................................................................... 36

APPENDIX 2: FIELD VISIT PHOTOS.......................................................................................................... 38

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I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background
The project “Sustainable livelihood and biodiversity conservation in remote mountain villages in
the Himalayas” was launched in the remote mid-western mountain region of Nepal. The project
aims to strengthen the livelihood of the three districts namely Mugu, Humla and Kalikot through
the sustainable use of natural resources and active self-help structures. One of the main
objective of this project is to establish forestry enterprises and establish sustainable commercial
agricultural practices to secure the livelihoods in the project municipalities. This report is the
external consultation conducted by experts in the project area in order to identify the suitable
locations for the plant nurseries and determine which products are particularly well cultivated at
the respective locations. This report shall perform as recommendation for the related
stakeholders to conduct the project activities.

B. Objectives of the Study

The purpose of this study is to provide in depth consulting report of resource mapping for the
purposed project.

Specific Objectives

1. To provide in depth analysis of ago-ecological, economical and social resources at the

project site for implementation of project plans and activities

General Objectives

1. To conduct resource mapping on the project sites to understand the existing

resources and prepare plan of action for execution of project activities

2. To provide quantitative data of resources prevailing in the areas

3. To recommend the specific locations for carrying out the agricultural and forestry
based enterprises
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C. Limitations of the Study

The soil sampling and analysis is done qualitatively due to difficult geographical situations.
Based on secondary research and consultations, the mapping for project sites is selected and
the locations which are very hard to reach and is already proved to be less feasible are ignored
and only the locations which seems feasible are visited and studied. The report might be less
inclusive due to less availability of all concerned stakeholders during the focus group discussion
and survey questionnaires in some sites.

II. METHODOLOGY

A. Conceptualization of the Resource mapping

To conduct the resource mapping we developed the framework to make an inclusive model
where series of activities on site and online. Resource mapping is the process of identifying what
are the resources of interest are available in the site and developing the strategies for mobilizing
those resources. For this study, we firstly, mapped out the key stakeholders with expertise to
understand the resources in the site. The pre-mapping was conducted online to understand the
geography, access, climate and existing resources and field visit plan was prepared. The field
visit with required tools and equipment was carried out by the external consultants along with
the project stakeholders.

B. Selection of Rural municipality for this Study

The first selection was done based on the project site itself. The areas that are under the project
site was focused and rest was ignored.

C. Gathering of Relevant Information

For gathering relevant information, we organized the transect walk which is a systematic walk
along a defined path (transect) across the community/project area together with the local
people to explore the available resources. For gathering broader insights and information, we
conducted the Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and key informant survey (KIS).
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D. Test and experiment

Alternative and null hypothesis was created for testing and validation of the site feasibility.

III. REVIEW OF Production and processing the products

A. Humla District
Three wards of Odanchuli rural municipality viz. Ward no 4, Ward no 5 and Ward no. 6 were
visited for resource mapping for establishment of apple production pocket in the area.

Ward No. 6 ( Palsa)

Ward no 6 of Adanchuli rural municipality is represented by Palsa village with its ward office
situated in Gotipata.

Climatic Suitability

The altitude of Palsa ranges from 2000 m to 2800 m. The land is primarily sloppy with some
plain plots in between. The slopes in the ward are west facing, southwest facing and northwest
facing. Some parts of the village receives enough sunlight throughout the day whereas some of
the areas are shaded and receive sunlight late in the day. The temperature recorded was 22
degree Celsius around 4 pm on October 5.

Soil Suitability

Soil sample collected from 5 different spots around the village showed good results. The pH of
the soil was around 7.5. The qualitative NPK test showed high amount of all three elements. The
soil from the bari was dark and dry while the soil from the barren slope was light and dry. The
land sometimes suffer from landslides.

Irrigation

Perennial stream flows through the village which can be used for year around irrigation. The
pipes and canals need to be arranged as they are not currently present in the area. The water
analysis showed the TDS and EC to be 107 and 233 respectively.

Communication and Electricity

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The local hydro power provides electricity to the ward. The power is a single phase and issues of
power cuts is not prevalent as no machinery and electrical equipment are used in the village
except for cell phones and very few laptops. The cell phone reception is very low. Ncell doesn't
work in the area. The network of NTC is often disturbed. In short, communication is not easy.

No infrastructures like buildings and storage houses are currently available. These need to be
constructed during the implementation phase of the project.

Transportation

The site has no access to roads. Humla district has always been out of road access. However,
Karnali corridor has recently reached parts of Humla district through Kolti, Bajura. Karnali
corridor passes through Galfaghat which lies in Adanchuli RM. The road construction has been
done from Galfaghat upto Sreenagar, the very small local market of the area where the office of
the rural municipality lies. It takes 3 hrs walk from the road to reach the Palsa village for locals.
However, the ward and RM has allocated budget for expansion of roads in the area and within
few years the village can be hopeful for the road connection.

Site History Assessment

The crops that are being grown in the area varies from cereals to fruits and vegetables. The
primary cereals include maize, finger millet and proso millet. Fruits existing in the area mainly
includes walnut (hade) and apple. The area has been fully organic and completely based on farm
yard manure. There are no contamination in the soil or field. The area is so remote for the access
of chemical fertilizers, herbicides or pesticides.

Existing status of apple production in the area is satisfactory for the way they are taken care of.
Recommended and required practices is not carried out for higher production. The current
productivity on a good year is approximately 30 kg per tree. The varieties of apple being grown
are Golden delicious, Red Delicious and Royal delicious. According to the locals, the apples
grown in the area have good taste. However lately, some diseases have been seen in the apple
plants.

Vegetation in the area includes walnut, apple, dimber, sisno, pines, peaches, citrus. The primary
weeds in the area include Bidens pilosa (kuro), Ageratum (gandhe), sisno, banmara etc.
However, according to locals , weed infestation has never been a problem to farming and can be
easily managed.

Lifestyle of People
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People living in the area have very traditional lifestyle due to very limited access to outer world.
The people are of diverse races including Thakuris, Chhetris, Brahmins, Gurung (Janajatis) and
Dalits. The average annual income in the area is Rs 25000(approximated figure). However most
of the income comes from India as male members of the family .go across the border for
seasonal work. Agriculture is totally for subsistence. People are definitely hard working as they
must work and grow food to eat. Few youths live permanently in village and most of the youths
come during the season of peak field works (harvesting cereals). As the area predominantly
consists poor farming population, commercial cultivation may be new and exciting to the people.

Existing nursery

There is an existing nursery in Kodibita which is at a slightly higher altitude than Gotipata( the
main village). The nursery is owned by Lalbahadur Thakuri. The production in the nursery is
currently low at around 100 seedlings per year. The climatic condition is appropriate for nursery
as the location is cooler. The existing soil at the nursery has sufficient NPK. The soil pH is around
7.5 . However, the personnel in the nursery lack advanced nursery raising skills and knowledge
about root stocks and grafting is missing.

Ward No. 5

Ward no 5 of Adanchuli rural municipality is represented by village

Climatic Suitability

The altitude of village ranges from 2000 m to 2600 m. The land is completely sloppy with
beautiful large terraces. The slopes in the ward are mostly east facing and northeast facing . The
major areas receives sunlight from early morning and gets slightly shaded towards the evening
whereas some of the areas receive sunlight throughout the day. The temperature recorded was
18 degree Celsius around 9 pm on October 6 and was constantly fluctuating.

Soil Suitability

Soil sample collected from 3 different spots around the village showed good results. The pH of
the soil was around 7.5. The qualitative NPK test showed high amount of all three elements. The
soil was found to be light and dry. Landslides are annual events in the area but they are small
and does not cause much damage.
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Irrigation

Permanent source of year around irrigation was not seen in the village. The stream that flows
through it flow sat the lowest point which is only used in the lowland(khet) for rice. The area
where potential apple cultivation can be done i.e in the higher places are sloppy and rain fed.

Communication and Electricity

The local hydro power provides electricity to the ward. The power is a single phase and issues of
power cuts is not prevalent as no machinery and electrical equipment are used in the village
except for cell phones and very few laptops. The cell phone reception is very low. Ncell doesn't
work in the area. The network of NTC is often disturbed. In short, communication is not easy. No
infrastructures like buildings and storage houses are currently available. These need to be
constructed during the implementation phase of the project.

Transportation

The site has no access to roads. Humla district has always been out of road access. However,
Karnali corridor has recently reached parts of Humla district through Kolti, Bajura. Karnali
corridor passes through Galfaghat which lies in Adanchuli RM. The road construction has been
done from Galfaghat up to Sreenagar, the very small local market of the area where the office of
the rural municipality lies. It is a one hr walk from the road (Sreenagar) to reach the village for
locals. The primary methods of transporting goods in bulk is by the use of mule (khachhar).

Site History Assessment

The crops that are being grown in the area varies from cereals to fruits and vegetables. The
primary cereals include rice, maize, finger millet (kodo), proso millet (chino) and fox tail millet
(kaguno). Fruits existing in the area mainly includes citrus, peach, pear, walnut(hade) and few
apples. The area has been fully organic and completely based on farm yard manure. There are
no contamination in the soil or field. The area is so remote for the access of chemical fertilizers,
herbicides or pesticides. Existing status of apple production in the area is not satisfactory in the
village area. Recommended and required practices is not carried out for higher production.
According to the locals, the apples grown in the village area are moderately sweet in taste.
However, the ward may have some potential for apple cultivation as few people have collectively
and individually started apple orchard in a slightly higher areas of the ward. The location is a 2
hr uphill route from the village. On field observation was not feasible due to the lack of time but
according to the locals, transplantation was done around one year before and plants are
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growing well. There are around 150 plants and there are enough areas for expansion if the
words of the people and staffs of the project are to be believed. Vegetation in the area
includes walnut, pear, endimayal, mayal, dimber, sisno, pines, peaches, citrus. The primary weeds
in the area include Bidens pilosa (kuro), Ageratum (gandhe), sisno, banmara etc. Weed
infestation is not a concerning problem in the area.

Lifestyle of People

People living in the area have very traditional lifestyle due to very limited access to outer world.
The people are of diverse races including Thakuris, Chhetris, Brahmins and Dalits. The average
annual income in the area is Rs 20000(approximated figure). However most of the income
comes from India as male members of the family go across the border for seasonal work.
Agriculture is totally for subsistence. People are definitely hard working as they must work and
grow food to eat. Few youths live permanently in village and most of the youths come during
the season of peak field works (harvesting cereals).

Ward No. 4 ( Pamsa)

Ward no 4 of Adanchuli rural municipality is represented by Pamsa village .

Climatic Suitability

The altitude of Pamsa ranges from 1600 m to 2500 m. The land is primarily sloppy with some
plain plots in between. The slopes in the ward are southeast facing and southwest facing. Some
parts of the village receives enough sunlight throughout the day whereas some of the areas are
shaded and thus receive sunlight late in the day. The temperature recorded was 31 degree
Celsius around 12 pm on October 5. (Find out the annual mean temp and rainfall through
secondary sources).

Soil Suitability

Soil sample collected from several places representing two locations showed that the shadier
field receiving sunlight late in the day had high amount of NPK while the southeast facing slope
that received sunlight throughout the day had low amounts nitrogen and medium amount of
phosphorus and potassium. The pH of the soil was again around 7.5. The soil from shaded place
( southwest slope) was dry and dark while the soil from the sun exposed place (southeast slope)
was wet and light coloured. The lands in the area go through landslides during the year with
heavy rain.
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Irrigation

The irrigation status of Ward no 4 is similar to that of Ward no 5. Permanent source of year
around irrigation was not seen in the village. The perennial stream that flows through village
flows at the lowest point which is only used in the lowland(khet) for rice. The upland within the
village area is irrigated by tap water.

Communication and Electricity

The local hydro power provides electricity to the ward. The power is a single phase and issues of
power cuts is not prevalent as no machinery and electrical equipment are used in the village
except for cell phones and very few laptops. The cell phone reception is very low. Ncell doesn't
work in the area. The network of NTC is often disturbed. In short, communication is not easy. No
infrastructures like buildings and storage houses are currently available. These need to be
constructed during the implementation phase of the project. However, a cottage industry that
manufactures clothes out of cotton is present in the lower part of this ward which is also
accessible by road.

Transportation

This ward is linked to a newly constructed road. The track has been opened up to this ward but
the construction work is not completed and the handover of the road to the government by the
Nepal army has not taken place yet. Once handed over, it takes 2 days from the this place to
reach Surkhet and Nepalgunj through Karnali corridor. This ward is nearer to the local market
Srinagar in comparison to other two wards. But still, it takes around 30 minutes walk from the
road to village areas which lies towards the upper side of the road.

Site History Assessment

The crops that are being grown in this area are more or less similar to other wards including rice,
maize, fox tail millet, finger millet and proso millet. Fruits existing in the area mainly includes
walnut (hade), mayal, peaches and citrus. The area has been fully organic and completey based
on farm yard manure. There are no contamination in the soil or field. The area is so remote for
the access of chemical fertilizers, herbicides or pesticides. Existing status of apple production in
the area is poor. The higher parts of the area is all forests and the available arable land lies in the
lower parts. Thus apple production is not suitable in the area. Few apple plants existing in the
area have poor production.
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Other vegetation in the area includes dimber, sisno, peaches, citrus etc. The weeds infestation is
not a major problem in the area according to the locals.

Lifestyle of People

People living in the area have very traditional lifestyle due to very limited access to outer world.
The people are mostly Chhetris. The other major ethnic groups are Thakuris, Brahmins and Dalits.
The average annual income in the area is Rs 22000(approximated figure). However most of the
income comes from India as male members of the family .go across the border for seasonal
work. Agriculture is totally for subsistence. However, with the newly available road in the area
lifestyle of youths can be expected to change within a short period of time.

B. Mugu District
Like Adanchuli RM in Humla, Soru Rural Municipality was selected for the resource mapping.
Three wards of the RM viz. Ward no. 1, Ward no. 2, and Ward no. 4 were selected.

Ward no 4

Ward no. 4 of Soru RM, Mugu is represented by Photu village. The village lies on the border of
Humla and Mugu district separated by Humla Karnali river.

Climatic Suitability

The altitude of village ranges from 1300 m to 1600 m. The land is sloppy with some beautiful
large plots besides the river bank. The slopes in the ward are mostly facing north . The areas is
slightly shaded in the early morning and towards the evening. It receives sunlight during the day.
The temperature recorded was 20.5 degree Celsius with 65% RH around 9 pm on October 7.

Soil Suitability

Soil sample collected from 3 different spots around the village and showed positive results. The
pH of the soil was around 7.5. The qualitative NPK test showed high amount of all three
elements. The colour of the soil was found to be light and the moisture test showed the soil to
be wet. Landslides may occur in some of the areas during heavy rainfall.
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Irrigation

There is a stream flowing from the top of the village towards Karnali river and it can irrigate the
whole village but canals and pipes have not been arranged and thus existing irrigation status is
poor. But the area is shaded and and soil conserves moisture.

Communication and Electricity

The local hydro power of 15 KW capacity is under construction since a long time. Efforts are
being directed towards its completion. At, present people are using solar for regular charging of
cell phones and devices. The cell phone reception is average in the area. Ncell doesnot work in
the area. The network of NTC is average. In short, communication takes effort. No infrastructures
like buildings and storage houses are currently available. These need to be constructed during
the implementation phase of the project.

Transportation

The site is not connected by roads from the Mugu side. But Karnali corridor passes through the
other side of the river. Thus, it it at a distance of a suspension bridge from the road.
Transportation of goods can be done by roadways once it is carried through the bridge to the
other side i.e Balukuna of Humla district.

Site History Assessment

Mugu is somewhat similar to Humla in terms of crop selection. The primary cereals include rice,
maize, finger millet (kodo), proso millet (chino) and fox tail millet (kaguno). Fruits existing in the
area mainly includes citrus, peach, pear, walnut(hade) and pepper( Timur). The area has been
fully organic and completely based on farm yard manure. There are no contamination in the soil
or field. The area has not been introduced to chemical fertilizers, herbicides or pesticides.
Existing status of walnut in the village is below average. This is because it lies at a low altitude.
However, the area has a potential for Timur production. The area has few Timur plants growing
and they have been giving good amount naturally without proper care. Other vegetation in the
area includes walnut, pea, dimber, sisno, pines, peaches, citrus. The primary weeds in the area
include Bidens pilosa (kuro), Ageratum (gandhe), sisno, banmara etc. Weed infestation is not a
concerning problem in the area.

Lifestyle of People
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People living in the area have traditional lifestyle due to remoteness of the place and lack of
encroachment from people of outside. The people are mostly Thakuris followed by Chhetris,
Dalits and Brahmins. The average annual income in the area is Rs 200000(approximated figure).
Unlike Humla, some people in the area do various jobs local NGOs and teaching field. Few
people in the area are permanent government staffs. Still, majority of income comes from male
members doing seasonal work in India or Terai. People eat whatever they grow. However, few
shops have opened in the area selling branded alcoholic beverages and other essentials.

Ward no 2

Ward no. 2 of Soru RM, Mugu is represented by Natharpu village

Climatic Suitability

The village extends from 1600m to 2400m in terms of attitude. The land is sloppy with some
beautiful large plots besides the river bank. The slopes as a whole is facing northwest. However,
different portions of land within faces different directions. The areas are two faced. One face
receives sunlight early in the morning and remains somewhat shaded for the remainder of the
day. The other face receives sunlight throughout the day. The temperature recorded was 19
degree Celsius with 40% RH around 5 pm on October 7.

Soil Suitability

Soil sample representing 2 different locations around the village showed positive results. The pH
of the soil was around 7.5 and high amount of all three elements were observed. The colour of
the soil was found to be dark and the moisture was lacking as the test showed the soil to be dry.
Landslides are not that frequent for can occur sometimes.

Irrigation

Irrigation in the village is done by tap water as the water is enough for irrigating the lands.
However small water source is available in the village if needed. There are no pipes and canals
for large scale irrigation if needed. The water was analyzed and the results showed the TDS to be
209 and EC to be 443.

Communication and Electricity

The village has no electricity. There are solar plants in individual households for mobile charging.
The cell phone reception is poor in the area. Ncell doesn't work and the network of NTC is hard
to connect to. In short, communication is difficult.
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No infrastructures like buildings and storage houses are currently available. These need to be
constructed during the implementation phase of the project.

Transportation

The site is already connected by road from the Mugu side.Also, the belly bridge over Karnali
river is soon to be constructed which connects it to Karnali corridor. At present, the road from
Mugu side connecting it to Sorukot, Tarapani and ultimately to Gamgadhi passes through the
upper part of village keeping the households below. Still, it takes 30 minutes from the bottom
of the village to reach to the slope on foot.

Site History Assessment

Cereals and vegetables are same as that of ward no. 4 but as this place is at higher altitude this
region is good for apples and walnuts rather than mandarins and sweet oranges. The primary
cereals include rice, maize, finger millet (kodo), proso millet (chino) and foxtail millet (kaguno).
Fruits existing in the area mainly includes apples and walnuts. The other fruits are peach, plums,
pears, mayal, endimayal etc. The area has been fully organic and completely based on farm yard
manure. There are no contamination in the soil or field. The area has not been introduced to
chemical fertilizers, herbicides or pesticides. Currently, there are hade okhars in the field. There
are two trees of dante okhar (walnut) in Mr. Prem Bahadur Malla’s field. The trees are growing
and has yielded this year. The yield was average. There are barren lands in the slope not used for
cultivation where walnut( dante) can be cultivated in large scale. The primary weeds in the area
include Bidens pilosa (kuro), Ageratum spp (gandhe), sisno, banmara etc. Weed infestation is not
a concerning problem in the area.

Lifestyle of People

People living in the area still have traditional lifestyle. The average annual income in the area is
Rs 150000(approximated figure). Some people in the area do various jobs in local NGOs and
teaching field. Few people in the area are permanent government staffs. Still, majority of income
comes from male members doing seasonal work in India or Terai. People eat whatever they
grow. They visit Sorukot, a local market for small shopping. It takes 4 hrs in a jeep from Sorukot
to Gamgadhi which is the headquarter of the district.

Existing Nursery

There is an existing nursery in the village belonging to Mr. Prem Bahadur Malla. The nursery has
been raising seedlings of different fruits and trees like orange, jyamir, bakaino etc. The soil test
 16

in the nursery showed excellent results. The owner has received nursery training in Jumla.
However, advanced level training involving large scale production is necessary.

Ward no 1

Ward no. 1 of Soru RM is represented for the resource mapping. The village is situated at similar
height and similar topography at less than 1 km distance from ward no 2. The climatic and
infrastructural situation as well as the lifestyle of people is similar to that of ward no. 2
(Natharpu village). The soil test in ward no. 1 also showed high amount of all three elements
with soil pH being around 7.5. However,there is a commercial apple and walnut orchard in the
ward that belongs to Mr Kaman Singh Malla who is one of the progressive farmer of the district
and has been awarded with different prizes and honour. The orchard has around 100 apple
plants and 50 walnut plants. There is a few area for expansion. It is situated at the topmost part
of village above the road. The altitude of place is round 2400 m. The plants are in stage of
growth and has not started fruiting.However, unlike other sites of Karnali , the field showed
medium amount of phosphorus, potash and nitrogen in the soil test. This may be because of
intensive farming in large scale which were absent in other parts of Karnali. There is also a
community apple farm in the area which is not taken care of. The cattle from the village graze
on the land and the apple trees are 2 years old and look unappealing to the eyes due to no
proper pruning. The branches are looks haphazard while few of the trees have died.The soil test
showed low amount of NPK which is because of no manure application by people for over a
year now. The management of community farm overall is very poor.

C.Kalikot District
Shuvakalika RM was selected for resource mapping in Kalikot district as it is the project site.

Three wards from these RM viz.Ward No.3, Ward No. 5 and Ward No. 6 were selected.
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Lifestyle of Kalikot District

Lifesyle of people in Kalikot is much better compared to Mugu and Humla. The area is
dominated by Thakuris followed by Chhetris and Brahmins. Almost all the household are
farming based and can grow cereals and vegetables for themselves. But, as Shuvaklika rural
municipality is just 2-3hrs away from the headquarter Manma, people have access to outside
products. They also have easier access to education and health facilities. People in the area also
work outside in government offices, NGOs and private sectors. Surprisingly, transportation is still
a problem as road has not reached to all the parts. The average annual income in the area is Rs
120000(approximated figure). However, most of the income still comes from India as male
members of the family .go across the border for seasonal work.

Ward No. 3

Climate and Topography

The altitude of this ward roughly extends from 1200m to 2200m interms of altitude. The land is
sloppy throughout. It consists slopes facing towards east and west direction. Parts of the ward
facing east receive sunlight throughout the day whereas parts facing west is completely shady.
The climate is temperate and it does not snow in winter.

Soil

Soil test was done on two locations. One was higher at about 2000m altitude while other was at
altitude of 1600 m. The higher location was a cultivated land and showed moderate amounts of
NPK. The pH of the soil was 7.5 and the soil was light and wet. The lower location was a barren
slope (public) and a possible location for commercial cultivation in a place locally called
Gairachaur. The soil in the area is sandy and had low amounts of NPK as it was a neglected land.
The soil pH was around 7. The soil was dry and light coloured.

Irrigation

Irrigation in the cultivated uplands in the village is done by tap water as the water is enough for
irrigating the lands. The irrigation is currently not available in the barren slope in Gairachaur. But
irrigation water is available around 150 m away which can be brought to the location with pipes.
The water analysis was done which showed the TDS to be 79 and the EC to be 170.
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Communication and Electricity

The village has no electricity. There are solar plants in individual households for mobile charging.
The cell phone reception is poor in the area. Ncell doesn't work and the network of NTC is hard
to connect to. In short, communication is difficult. No infrastructures like buildings and storage
houses are currently available. These need to be constructed during the implementation phase
of the project.

Transportation

The site is connected by road from Serighat, which is a local market around 40 minutes drive
from Manma towards Surkhet. However, very few portion of the road in between is yet to be
constructed due to local controversy. If the road comes in use, the products from this ward can
reach to Surkhet and Nepalgunj without reaching Manma within one day.

Site Assessment

The site is totally organic according to the people. Almost all the lands are either terraces,
forests or sloppy pastures. Major crops grown in the areas are cereals like rice, maize, finger
millet, wheat etc, and vegetables for household consumption. The Jumli beans(simi) that are
popular and widely cultivated in Humla and Mugu is not cultivated in the area.

The fruit trees in the area include lime, lemon, mandarin, sweet orange, walnut, pear, mayal,
endimayal, banana etc. In addition to that there are various trees like dimber, kaphal,
amla ,Timur tec throuout the forest. Other vegetation includes Allo, sisno, rhododendron,
tobacco, etc. There are few Timur plants that are on private lands. But, most of the Timur are
stuated in forest areas which are not far from the road . The production of Timur in forest plants
seems satisfactory. The production of Timur in individual owned plants is good with occasional
off year. The current production is around 2 kg per tree. However there is no commercial
cultivation of Timur throughout the area. The Timurs in the forest are not used and go waste. It
was found that some organization had recently distributed the Timur seedlings in the area. But
none of the seedlings have grown and it was a complete failure. The soil tests in the
transplanted area showed lack of basic elements and it was found that the pit digging, manuring
and transplanting was not properly done.
 19

Ward No. 5

This village is called Sukatiya and the office of the Rural municipality lies here.

Climate and Topography

The altitude of this ward is similar to ward no 3 extending from 1200m to 2200m in terms of
altitude. The land is sloppy throughout. It consists slopes facing towards north and west
direction. The village areas receives receives sunlight whereas forest and uncultivated slopes are
shaded.

Soil

Soil test showed moderate amount of N and high P and K. The pH of the soil was around 7.5.
The soil was light and dry.

Irrigation

Perennial source of irrigation was not seen in the area. Whatever irrigation is done is done
through the tap water.

Communication and Electricity

The village has no electricity. There are solar plants in individual households for mobile charging.
The cell phone reception is poor in the area. Ncell doesn't work and the network of NTC is
average.

No infrastructures like buildings and storage houses are currently available. These need to be
constructed during the implementation phase of the project.

Transportation

The site is not connected by road. It takes about 2 hrs walk from the village to reach the road
which is karnali highway to the other side of Tila river. The road construction has started from
the ward no 8 side to the area but the distance seems long and it may take time.

Site Assessment

The condition of other crops and Timur are similar to ward no 3. The site is also totally organic
according to the people. There are few Timur plants that are on private lands. There is no
commercial cultivation of Timur throughout the area. However, the production of Timur in
 20

forest is abundant The Timurs in the forest are not fully used and go waste. People collect Timur
required for household and leave others in the tree. Similar to ward no. 3, it was found that
some organization had recently distributed the Timur seedlings in the area. But none of the
seedlings have grown and it was a complete failure.

Ward no. 6

Ward no 6 is represented by Howdy village. The climate and soil condition are similar to ward no
5. The absence of electricity and infrastructures like storage houses and machines is all same.
The NTC network is average. The types of crops grown and other vegetation remains similar.
Timur plants are in the forest areas which are public. People collect required amount for
themselves.

However there is a nursery in the area which primarily produces satuwa, a medicinal herb that
has high value in market around Rs 17000/kg. The nursery also produces other seedlings like
walnut, citrus etc. However, seedling of Timur has not been produced.

The soil test of the nursery showed good results with high NPK and 7.5 pH. The soil was wet and
dark.

High tech nursery ( Samala)

There is a high-tech nursery in ward no 8 of the RM. The place is called Samala. The nursery has
been producing seedlings of walnut, mandarin, seed orange and vegetables. The vegetables
were in the nursery at the time of visit and the brief visit of the nursery show that the condition
of the plants were good. The soil test showed high NPK and 7.5 pH. The soil was wet and dark.

The nursery belongs to Kalika Swabalamban Krishi Sahakari and Mr. Ganga Bahadur Mahara is
currently taking care of it. The nursery is accessible by road. The sprinkle irrigation is available in
the nursery. According to Mr. Mahara, the Timur seedling production efforts have failed because
the seeds do not germinate. This is because germination percentage of Timur is indeed low, and
farmers have to be aware about transplanting stem cuttings.

Processing

The processing of the apples in Humla can be done if produced in very large quantities. The
apples can be made into a brandy or a juice. But, for it the production has to be in very large
scale. Then, the investment should be big for juice making, processing, packaging and branding.
For this, skilled human resources are required. The steps towards processing is better taken after
 21

the production at large quantities starts coming in. For now, the processing can include drying
cut pieces of apple (sukuti). Also, brandy can be prepared for consumption in domestic areas
without branding, which may reduce the import of branded foreign alcoholic beverages into the
area.

B. Major Findings of the Study

The major problem of producing apples, walnuts and Timur in all three project areas reported by
the people was difficulty in its protection from free grazing cattle and goats. In all the areas,
people leave the animals in the orchard and they graze on young plants and destroy them.
Many grazed plants were observed in the field which were about to die. The people in the
village do not consider fruit trees as important crops and just let cattle graze on them. This may
be because they have not experienced income from these yet. But, this is the major production
problem in the area. According to people other problems like weed infestation, and pests and
diseases are not that concerning. Lack of collaboration and no sense of ownership and
responsibility may create problem while establishing community owned orchards.

C. Major Conclusions of the Study

Production of apple, walnut and Timur is possible in Humla, Mugu and Kalikot respectively. The
respective crops have been growing naturally in the area and are doing good without proper
care. Efforts should be made in the scientific management of orchards and the large scale
production is possible. The region is organic as far as the project sites are concerned. This is also
a step towards sustainable agriculture. The soil in the region are good in terms of NPK and pH.
Major problem lies in transportation of these products from the site to the suitable market i.e
Nepalgunj and Surkhet . Proper road networks are lacking which is a concern. Sites in Humla
district takes days to reach and are not linked with roads. Sites in Mugu have access to roads but
the roads are difficult and long and travelling in the monsoon is extremely hard. Even sites in the
Kalikot are not linked to roads. The only ward connected to road viz. Ward no 3 also has some
controversial portions in between where road have not been constructed. The other problem is
protecting trees during seedling and growth stage from grazing animals. This requires complete
fencing.
 22

D. Evaluation of the Study Report

Humla

Considering all the factors from the information gathered and sites observed, the nursery in
Humla can be established in Ward no 6 . There is an existing nursery where investments can be
made and can be turned into a bigger one as the person there already has acquired a bit of skill
and experience. This location is also at higher altitude from the village and is cooler. The soil in
the area have shown high amounts of all three basic elements. The existing nursery is also close
to forest which makes it easier to collect black forest soils for nursery raising.

For the commercial apple production the area in ward no 6 (palsa) just above the village will be
suitable as there is a somewhat plain area at an altitude slightly higher than village. The ward no
6 has another area Libra which is barren and gets proper sunlight. This location is also at altitude
around 2400 m which is suitable for apple production. There are few apple trees in the village
which are producing well. The villagers in the area are excited and eager for the project and the
ward chief has agreed to cooperate in managing the community owned orchard. According to
the ward chief, the road construction to the area has started and the whole budget has been
concentrated in roads for now. One can be hopeful for the timely completion of road.

Similarly, existing orchard in ward no 5 can also be observed for the coming year. By the time
the distribution of apple seedlings occur, if the orchard is growing well, then the orchards in that
area can also be expanded. The larger production makes the transportation cost friendly.
Therefore, in case of enough seedlings raised in nursery and orchard in ward no 5 doing well,
the efforts to improve and expand orchard existing in ward no 5 at a distance of 2 hrs from the
village is recommended.

Coordinates for Nursery Establishment : 29 43 08N, 81 50 45E

Mugu

Ward no 4 in Mugu (Photu village) can be a Timur production area. The area is at a lower
altitude by the side of river. It has access to roads once the suspension bridge is crossed. There
already are Timur plants giving fruits though low in number. The soil of the area is rich in NPK
with pH of 7.5. The people are interested and ward chief is ready to coordinate in the farm
establishment and management process. Irritation source is available as well. The area is also
suitable for vegetable cultivation. Inter cropping vegetables with Timur is possible.
 23

For commercial walnut production in Mugu, ward no 2 and ward no 1 both are feasible because
they share similar topography, transportation, soil properties and climate. In ward no. 2, more
barren uncultivated slope was observed in comparison to ward no 1. But while talking to ward
chief, he was unsure of the availability of the land and intention of farmers willing to participate.
In ward no. 1, there is a farmer who has already started commercial apples and walnut
production and his trees are in growing stage. So, investment can be even made in his farm for
its scientific and proper management. Otherwise, according to the interest of the farmers and
land availability, the walnut production can be done in either of the wards or both.

For nursery in Mugu, there is an existing nursery in ward no.2 that belongs to Mr. Prem Bahadur
Malla. He has already distributed many plants raised in his nursery to people. He is trained and
experienced in nursery raising. Investment can be made to make his nursery better and larger.
Or, if the new nursery has to be established, Mr. Kaman Singh Malla from ward no. 1 who is a
progressive farmer of the area, is interested in nursery raising. He is highly dedicated and
committed farmer and also a commercial apple and walnut orchard owner. His land is at a
relatively higher altitude, located separately and is fenced. His field can be selected as the
nursery area.

Coordinates for Nursery Establishment : 29 38 30 N 81 55 03 E

Kalikot

The Timur in the forests of Shuvakalika RM, Kalikot is being wasted every year. The forest area
are not far from the village and has a lot of Timur plants that produces large amount of Timur. If
efforts are made for proper harvesting of those Timurs and taking them to the Terai and
Kathmandu, this will be a big boost to the economy of the area. The forests are spread across
every ward, so forests itself seems like a commercial production area if taken care of.

For, establishment of production area in Kalikot, ward no 3 is best. The other wards have no
access to roads. Though not complete, road has reached ward no 3 and also it is located nearer
to both Manma and terai compared to the other two wards. Although the Timur plants
distributed by another organization did not grow successfully, it was mainly because of poor pit
digging, no manure application and may be damage in seedlings during transportation. The
area Gairachaur can be used primarily for Timur production in ward no 3. Irrigation can be made
available there with around 150 m pipe. The soil there is sandy which means proper pit digging
and enough manure application to the pit must be ensured.
 24

Mr. Dalbahadur Shahi from Howdy (ward no 6) has been raising satuwa (Paris polyphylla)
seedlings. His nursery can be chosen for Timur raising Timur seedlings. But, satuwa is highly
demanded and high value product. So, the chances that he starts concentrating in Timur is low.
Raising seedlings of Timur from seed is difficult as the germination percentage of Timur is very
low. So, stem cutting of Timur is preferred. This needs training for the nursery operator. Another
option for nursery of Timur is ward no 8 (samala) which does not lie in the project site currently.
But, the nursery there is high tech and sophisticated. The people there are eager to learn about
the Timur nursery and do it. They tried from raising Timur from seed and failed. If they are
taught about raising seedlings through stem cuttings, with the availability of high tech nursery,
the nursery production may be good.

The things that need to be considered before nursery establishment is the training of the people
looking after nursery. The training on grafting and budding in apples and walnuts and stem
cuttings in Timur and overall nursery raising must be provided to them for successful nursery
keeping. Similarly, for the commercial production/cultivation, there need to be proper ideas
about planting methods, manuring, irrigation time and period, biological and cultural plant
protection measures, harvesting etc. For this, training and visit must be arranged for the some
progressive farmers along with the agriculture technicians working in the project (CBOs).

All three project district have common and major problem of protecting plants from grazing
animals. So, proper fencing is a must for orchards that is going to be established in all three
regions.

Coordinates for Nursery Establishment : in the region where there is high tech nursery in
Samala.
 25

IV. ASSESSMENT OF THE SELECTED TARGET MARKETS

FOR THE COMMERICAL HIGH VALUE LISTED
PRODUCTS

A. Apple and Herbs in Humla ( with inter cropping

crops like beans , potato)
At present, local market for products doesn't exist in Humla. People grow cereals, vegetables
and fruits for themselves. The income generation is very low. Male members of the family go to
India for seasonal work and buy salt, oil, clothes and other essentials on their way back. The non
existence of local market is also due to absence of tourism in the region. The Adanchuli RM is
not known for its tourism and thus people from outside do not travel to the place.

The possible market once the full production starts is Surkhet and Nepalgunj. Currently the
Karnali corridor has not formally started and even the bridge in Jite, Kalikot has not been
constructed. But, by the time the potential production starts (3-4yrs), the roads coming under
operations can be expected. It takes about two days for the products from the site to reach
Nepalgunj. It can also be expected that with the production of apples and inter cropped
vegetables at large scale people and all three governments will show more eagerness for
transportation development and thus the products will get the market.

The apples from Humla can have a very good market .And, the apples being organic helps in
adding the market value. According to several news the apples from Jumla are being sold at
around Rs 200/kg in Kathmandu in the season. Apple consumption rate has increased in the
country and the annual import of apples from outside the country is still in large quantity.So, the
market demand for the apples will not diminish anytime. The commercial apple production if
goes according to the plan, then along with it, the herbs trade that people of Humla have been
doing for a long time will also be easier and convenient. This helps in improving economy of the
region greatly has medicinal herbs in Humla are high value plants and fetch a lot of price.
 26

B. Xanthloxylum and others herbs ( With inter crops )

(Sutho) Market
The local market of Timur produced in Kalikot can be Serighat or Manma. Also Timur from
Kalikot will be relatively easier to transport to Surkhet or Nepalgunj and it will reach there in a
day. There is huge demand for Timur in the national market and the price is high. In Kathmandu,
The price of Timur is around around Rs 2000/kg.

Similarly, Satuwa is a herb being cultivated in Howdy, Kalikot by a farmer named Dal Bahadur
Shahi. The high value medicinal plant is of great importance and costs Rs 17000/kg. Thus, the
successful production and marketing of Timur in the region enhances marketing of herbs like
Satuwa as well.

C. Walnut and herbs ( with inter crops like beans,

potato )
The walnut produced in Mugu can have different markets . Currently, the site in Mugu is
connected by roads through Gamgadhi. So, the local market can be Gamgadhi as it is the
headquarter and there are different traders there. Talcha can also be the market within the
district as tourists visiting Rara can be the potential buyers. But for large scale production in
long term, again Nepalgunj and Surkhet has to be targeted. The areas are already connected to
Surkhet by road except for one concrete bridge missing in the Mugu Karnali river which is being
constructed. Also, talks of belly bridge construction over Humla karnali river is going on which
connects it to Karnali corridor.

According to statistics, Nepal imports walnuts from China and the import volume increased in
2020. This shows, walnut has market potential. The dante okhar (walnut) is in demand in the
market and our supply is still inadequate. It fetches a price around Rs 900/kg. And, for the herbs,
there has always been a good market nationally and internationally. Herbs cultivation in
Himalayas have not taken commercial form only because they for not get market because of no
proper transportation. So, if the walnut and herbs production in Sorukot, Mugu is in bulk, within
few years, we can be hopeful for a good market and uplifted economy.
 27

D. Nursery Management Practices and Marketing

A nursery is a managed site, designed to produce seedlings grown under favorable conditions
until they are ready for planting. All nurseries primarily aim to produce sufficient quantities of
high quality seedlings to satisfy the needs of users.

Importance of nursery and its role

 Seedlings and grafts are produced in nursery from which the fruit orchards and
ornamental gardens can be established with minimum care, cost and maintenance

 The nursery planting materials are available at the beginning of the planting season.

 This saves the time, money and efforts of the farmers to raise seedlings

 There is a wide scope for fruit orchards, ornamental, vegetable, and landscape gardens at
places, highways and co-operative housing societies

 It assures the production of genetically improved quality planting material

 It provides employment opportunities for technical, skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled labor

The nursery site should be located in the nutrient rich/medium soil, near to water source,
free from soil pathogens and insects, availability of cheap and skilled labors and has good
access to the main road for easy transportation. The site should be on gently sloping area and
away from other tall crops: this is important for good drainage as well as to encourage air
circulation. An appropriate site must be selected for the most effective, efficient, and economical
design of a nursery. The purpose and target of plants to be produced will decide the site
selection and its improvement. Careful observation of site conditions and an assessment of past
and present climatic records are important.

No standard blueprint for designing a plant nursery exists. On the contrary, each nursery will
have a unique design based on distinct needs, resources, and requirements. Generally a good
nursery should consist of water tank/pond, water pump/pump house, seed and fertilizer store
room, implement shed, germination/mother bed area; potting/container filling area, seedling
raising area, worker mess/hall, office room, propagation structures, compost area, etc. A nursery
is usually arranged in a series of beds with pathway between them. An open area is needed at
one end, where work such as sieving of soil and filling of containers can be done. Usually a
room/shelter is required for staff and the watchman, and where equipment can be securely
 28

stored. Layout should be in a way that enables operations to flow logically through the nursery
so as to save labor and time. Roads and paths within the nursery should be carefully planned.
The nursery facilities should be kept clean. Every effort should be made to control weeds in and
around the nursery as weeds may host insects and pathogens.

Materials for the nurseries

1. Inputs

Containers, nursery media, propagules, water, fertilizers, chemicals, electricity, tools, equipment,
machineries and labor are the major input to nursery.

2. Containers

Made up of polythene (bags, pots, and root trainers), clay (pots) or iron material. Polybags are
the cheap containers, while root trainers are user friendly, easy to handle and transport.

3. Nursery Media

The growth medium must be sufficiently firm to hold the seedling or propagules during rooting
and supply food and water for the successful growth of young seedlings.Soil is a very common
easily available and comparatively cheaper medium used in nursery. Sand is generally used in
mother bed and vegetative plant propagation media. The other media used in nursery are peat
soil, sphagnum mass, vermiculite, perlite, leaf mold, saw dust, grain husk and Coco peat. Among
them vermiculite is mostly used for cuttings while sphagnum mass is used for air layering.
Generally, availability of all mineral nutrients is affected by the pH of the growing medium. In
growing media such as organic soils, maximum availability occurs between 5.5 and 6.5 pH.

4. Propagules

Seed, cutting, rootstock, scion, explants, etc.

5. Water and fertilizers

Water for irrigation and fertilizer for major and minor nutrient supply.

6. Tools

Axes, crow bar, wheel barrows, boxes, plastic buckets, watering cans, wire cutters, digging forks,
hammer, nails, hoes, hand pruning knives, budding knives, respiratory masks, sprayers, saws,
scissors, secateurs, budding and grafting knives, budding and grafting tape, germination trays,
 29

khurpis, iron pan, spade, forks, etc. For operating power machineries and to provide control
environment in nursery.

7. Equipment and machines

The nursery operations like transporting, watering and sales depend on the vehicle and machine
and equipment in the nursery. Among them tractor with trolley, disc plough, water tanker are
necessary. The nursery potting media filling machine or automated container filling machines for
nursery mixture preparation and filling, grafting machine facilitate the speedy operation of
nursery in cost effective way. For this project, we recommend low cost solutions and use of
manual labor for replacing machines and equipment.

Method for raising seedling/sapling

A. Apple

Apple is propagated by grafting.

1. Propagation of rootstock

 Seeds of apple are dormant, which require stratification treatment (moist chilling) to
break dormancy.

 Seeds are stratified for 60-70 days in alternate layers of moist sand at 4-6 oC during
December to February (Poush to Falgun)

 The stratified seeds are sown in nursery beds during March ( Falgun-Chaitra) at a spacing
of 8-10 cm from seed to seed and 15-20 cm from line to line.

 After sowing, the nursery beds are mulched with 10 cm thick dry grass and light
irrigation is given to avoid desiccation of stratified seeds.

 Mulch is removed as soon as seed start germinating.

 Cultural operations like weeding, hoeing, irrigation and spray of insecticide and
fungicides are done at regular intervals.

 The seedling rootstock attain graftable size of 15 mm diameter in a year

2. Propagation of scion
 30

 The commercial method of propagation of apple scion varieties is grafting and chip
budding.

 For grafting and budding the scion wood should be collected from healthy, disease free,
true to type mother trees during January (Poush-Magh)

 The scion wood is collected from one year old shoots and packed in moist sphagnum
moss, after proper labeling of variety.

 These bundles of scion wood are stored in cold storage or buried deep in the soil at
shady place till required for grafting .

 The best time of grafting of apple is February to March (Magh-Chaitra) with tongue and
cleft methods

B. Walnut

 Walnut seedlings of Juglans regia are generally used as a rootstock for walnut in all over
the world,.

 Traditionally, walnut is propagated by seed. Although sexual method is the most efficient
and economical but not satisfactory, because the seedlings are highly variable, having
long juvenile period, producing the nuts with inferior quality and with low shelling
percentage.

 The seeds are stratified for 90-110 days at low temperature 4-5o C to break the seed
dormancy.

 Various pre-sowing treatments with growth regulators, scarification and water soaking etc.
not only reduce the stratification requirement and improve seed germination but also
enhance seedling growth.

 Soaking of seed in 750- 1000ppm GA3 or 1000 ppm etherel solution for 24 hours after
stratification is very effective in stimulating seed germination.

 The stratified seeds are sown in line 30cm apart at a distance of 15-20 cm and at a depth
of 10-15 cm in Feburary – March.( Falgun)

 The nursery beds are covered with mulching and regular irrigation and weeding is done
so that seedling become graftable or budable in one year.
 31

C. Timur

Propagation material

 Freshly harvested seeds are best for the large-scale cultivation of Xanthoxylum species.
Mature seeds can be collected in June–July.

 In the absence of sufficient seeds, terminal stem cuttings may be used as propagules.

 The crop can be raised by developing a nursery or by directly sowing in the main field. The
seeds are sown in August– September( Bhadra) in poly bags (nursery) or main field.

 Stem cuttings may also be planted in the nursery during monsoon in July–August ( Shrawan)

 The seeds germinate in 20–30 days after sowing.

 The seedlings attain a height of 20–30 cm by June–July(Asar), when they can be

transplanted to the main field.

Propagule rate and pre treatment

 About 2–3 kg seeds are required to raise a nursery for plantation on 1 hectare.

 Direct sowing may require about 30–50 kg seeds per hectare at a spacing of 50 cm × 50 cm.

 No seed treatment is necessary before sowing.

 However, stored seeds may require cold stratification for up to three months and may
germinate in February– March (Baisakh)

Recommendations for establishing nursery in the area

Project areas being at remote places lack many infrastructures and facilities that a good
nursery needs to have. But, the best under given circumstance in what one should aim for. The
nursery can be built on a slightly sloppy land for better drainage. The water source has to be
managed so that the irrigation can be given at required time. The length of the nursery bed
can be fixed according to the need but the breadth should be strictly less than 1 m. This is
done so that the care can be given to the nursery bed without having to step into it. Keep
enough space between the rows of nursery beds for passage of caretaker during inspection .
Make the beds in relatively open areas so that the air circulation occur. As the area is remote
 32

and access to fertilizers is questionable, use enough compost and bring the black soils from the
nearby forests areas for seedlings growth as far as possible. Always target more seedlings
than required for planting because nursery raising is a skill requiring process and many seeds
do not germinate or reach final stage for transplanting.

Coordinate with apple super zone, Jumla for apple cultivation . Similarly, walnut zone is
situated in East Rukum. Arrangement of training and visit for the growers is highly
recommended as grafting, cutting, budding depends more upon skill rather than theory which
can be achieved practically only. For Timur, propagation by cutting is recommended as seed
germination is low which was also found in the study. Terminal branches around 15 cm are cut
down and dipped in rooting hormone before planting in the nursery. Air layering can be also
be given a try.

Cost for Establishment of Nursery

The cost of establishment of nursery highly depends upon the materials used. There are alot of
choices for construction of nursery ranging from bamboo tunnel, low tunnels, iron welded
structures, semi high tech nursery etc.

For this project, we recommend to construct semi high-tech dome shape nursery or naturally
ventilated nursery. The grid size would be 6m*4m. The structure shall be made from the
galvanized iron pipes with nut bolt systems. The recommended covering materials should be
anti drip, UV stabilized 200 micron plastic. Besides that, the secondary layer covering materials
should also be used. The benches should be constructed for seed germination and propagation.
The insect net of 50micron shall be used around the structure and should be completely pest
free. The recommended sizes of nursery are 12*24m, 12*32m, 12*8m, 6*12m etc. depending
upon the layout of the field. For this type of structure, the cost per square meter would range
from NRs 3500-4000 depending upon the use of the materials.

The sample layout for the nursery shall be as below:

 33

Fig: Sample Nursery Greenhouse

For Inter cropping

For inter-cropping , vegetable rather than cereals have to be preferred. Leguminous vegetables
like soybean, beans (simi), grams are preferred because they also compliment nitrogen to the
soil. The manure should be sufficiently applied in the soil and irrigation is required for optimum
utilisaion of inter-cropping. The benefits of inter-cropping can be taken when the fruit plant is
growing . Once, the fruit trees attain significant canopy(5-6 yrs), it shades the land around and
inter-cropping needs to be gradually reduced.

Marketing of Nursery Products

The market for three nurseries that is going to be established will be the project site itself. The
seedlings will be raised in the nursery and it these will be distributed for transplanting over large
areas in commercial scale. During the initial years, the demand for seedlings will be high in
project area as the commercial areas need large number of plants. After few years, if nursery
continue to produce large number of seedlings than the market for those need to be looked for
other areas where commercial production is in start up phase.
 34

E. Overall Assessment of the Targeted commercial

products
The main problem in the marketing of the products once they are produced may be the
transportation as proper roads are not available in the production areas. The expectation that
the roadways will be proper by the time our production starts rolling in is based on hope. Other
than that, the products like apple, walnut and Timur will not be out of market demand as our
country still imports these in large quantity. The herbs are in demand in international market
and if can be transported to Terai will definitely fetch a high price. The vegetables that are inter
cropped can be marketed as organic vegetables in local markets where tourists are present.
Summing up, leaving transportation aside, the products will get good market with good price.
For the remote regions of Karnali with almost no income generation activities, this will be a big
boost to their economy and livelihood.

V. ASSESSMENT OF Market Support mechanisms

A. Introduction
The market support mechanism are those infrastructures or facilities or devices that help in
ensuring good market to the products produced. The market support mechanism play major
role in proper marketing and thus income and ultimately profit. The availability of necessary
market support mechanism is must for the smooth and long term operation of a business.

B. Research and Development

As there is no special program and project focused on research and development related to
varietal improvement and scientific cropping practices in the project sites, it is recommended to
setup such research on the project site itself. The research and development practices
conducted by the government organization in similar ago-ecological conditions can be
incorporated in to the project activities and such practices can be adopted with consultation
with experts.
 35

C. Collection/ware house
Currently there are no collection or ware houses in any of the project district. The collection
centre is necessary once the production starts in large scale. The collection centre in Adanchuli,
Humla can be made on ward no 4 as it is connected by the road and the roads from ward no 6
and ward no 5 also meets at this place after construction (if constructed). The location is also
suitable for warehouses storing large machines and tools. It is by the roadside and wider
compared to ward no 6 and ward no 5 which are a sloppy and lacks plain plots.

D. Transportation
As the status of roads have been discussed few times above, one can only be hopeful that with
time transportation improves. If the roads completion takes place on time as promised, than the
farmers initially need to be assisted in managing transportation vehicles for their products until
they are self able to run their businesses financially as well as administratively. The major
challenge of marketing the products is transportation, which has to be solved in joint
collaborative effort of the projects , other organizations, local governments, provincial
government and roads department of the federal government.

VI. CONCLUSIONS
In case of Humla, considering all the factors from the information gathered and sites observed,
the nursery in Humla can be established in Ward no 6 . For the commercial apple production the
area in ward no 6 (palsa) just above the village will be suitable as there is a somewhat plain area
at an altitude slightly higher than village. The ward no 6 has another area Libra which is barren
and gets proper sunlight. This location is also at altitude around 2400 m which is suitable for
apple production. For commercial walnut production in Mugu, ward no 2 and ward no 1 both
are feasible because they share similar topography, transportation, soil properties and climate.
Ward no 4 in Mugu (Photu village) can be a Timur production area. For, establishment of
production area in Kalikot, ward no 3 is best. The other wards have no access to roads. Though
not complete, road has reached ward no 3 and also it is located nearer to both Manma and
Terai compared to the other two wards.
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APPENDIX 1: LIST OF PERSONS MET

Name Location Representation

Ain Bahadur Shahi Soru-2, Mugu Ward chief

Anga Bahadur Budha Soru-4, Mugu Teacher

Basanti Malla Soru-2, Mugu Farmer

Bhairav Gurung Adanchuli-6, Humla Farmer

Bijay Malla Soru-1, Mugu Farmer

Brahma Bahadur Malla Soru-4, Mugu Farmer

Dabal Bahadur Shahi Soru-4, Mugu Ward Chief

Dal Bahadur Budha Adanchuli-6, Humla Teacher

Dalsur Shahi Shuvakalika-6, Kalikot Farmer

Dan Bahadur Budha Soru-4, Mugu Ward member

Dhanraj Shahi Soru-1, Mugu Farmer

Dhanraj Shahi Shuvakalika-3, Kalikot Ward Chief

Dhanrup Acharya Shuvakalika-6, Kalikot Ward member

Dirgha Prasad Adhikari Shuvakalika-3, Kalikot Farmer

Ganesh Shahi Soru-1, Mugu Farmer

Ganga Bahadur Mahara Shuvakalika-8, kalikot Farmer

Harichandra Kattel Adanchuli-6, Humla Ward member

Harka Gurung Adanchuli-4, Humla Farmer

Kala Sapkota Adanchuli-6, Humla Farmer

 37

Kaluram Acharya Shuvakalika-6, Kalikot Farmer

Kaman Singh Malla Soru-1, Mugu Farmer

Keshan Bahadur Shahu Shuvakalika-5, Kalikot Ward chief

Keshav Bohara Shuvakalika-5, Kalikot Farmer

Koili Gurung Adanchuli-6, Humla Ward member

Krishna Malla Soru-4, Mugu Farmer

Lal Bahadur Thakuri Adanchuli-6, Humla Farmer

Manasur Budha Soru-4, Mugu Farmer

Mohan Gurung Adanchuli-6, Humla Farmer

Name Address Occupation

Narayan Malla Soru-2, Mugu Farmer

Netra Prasad Adhikari Shuvakalika-3, Kalikot Farmer

Parbati Shahi Soru-2, Mugu Farmer

Pradeep Sapkota Adanchuli-4, Humla Farmer

Pramila Shahi Soru-1, Mugu Farmer

Prem Bahadur Malla Soru-2, Mugu Farmer

Rambahadur Aidi Adanchuli-4, Humla Farmer

Ranesh Shahi Soru-2, Mugu Farmer

Sandeep Aidi Adanchuli-4, Humla Farmer

Sita Gurung Adanchuli-6, Humla Farmer

Surjite Tamata Adanchuli-6, Humla Ward Chief

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Tara Gurung Adanchuli-4, Humla Farmer

Tek Bahadur Shahi Adanchuli-6, Humla Farmer

Tilak Shahi Soru-2, Mugu Farmer

APPENDIX 2: FIELD VISIT PHOTOS