Need for OSI Model

Important factor for proper communication:

 Whether the receiver is understood the data. If the receiver is not understood the data, then we
cannot say it as a proper communication.
 Protocol is used for proper communication. Without protocol everything is useless in
communication.
 Protocol are set of rules running on the both machine.


In Which communication is handle by computer networks:

“OS ”

Sender Receiver

Machine (Laptop)

 When one process communicate with other process in the same machine is call inter process
communication.
 It actually deals by operating system. Computer network is not responsible to deals it.
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Bangladesh (M1) India (M2)

 Networks deals when the sender and receiver are located in different machine.
 Though they are physically separated but they feel they located in the same machine.

There are two kinds of functionalities are performed.

Functionalities

Mandatory Optional

i. Error Control (i) Encryption/ Decryption

ii. Flow Control (ii) Check points
iii. Mux/ DeMux

 All the above functionalities are comprises in OSI Model.

 Application Layer: Application layer is responsible to provide service to the user.
 The application layer enables the user, whether human or software to access the networks.
 It provides user interface and support for services as electronic mail, remote file access and
transfer, database management and other type of distributed information services.
 Application layers actually works on client server model.

**** Application layer protocol

SN. Protocol Name Port No. Transport
Protocol

1. Echo: to calculate the total time required to send and accept the request 7 TCP/UDP
to the client server model. (Round trip time)

2. FTP (File transfer protocol) : File transfer protocol is used to transfer 20/21 TCP
your file through network.
3. SSH (Secure Shell or Secure Socket Shell): to establish a private 22 TCP
connection between hosts using cryptographic key through public
networks.
4. Telnet: Telnet is used for remote login i. e. establish a connection with 23 TCP
hosts.
5. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): SMTP is used to transfer your 25 TCP
email through networks.
6. DNS (Domain Name System): is used to map the domain name into IP 53 UDP(for
address. Speed)
7. DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol): We use to get dynamic IP. 67/68 UDP

8. TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol): We use it if clients wants to send 69 UDP
data to the server without establishing the connection. Data loss may
happen.

9. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): is used to send request to the server 80 TCP
or access web pages.
10. POP (Post Office Protocol): Pop is used to fetch/ withdraw mail from the 109(V1)/11 TCP
mail server. 0(V2)
11. NTP (Network time protocol): to synchronize your host clock to the 123 UDP
server.
12. HTTPS/(SSL): Secure socket layer 443 TCP

13. RIP (Routing information Protocol): to send the data to the nearest 520 UDP
neighbor. It is used by routers to exchange information from one
network to another.