FOREST FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM

USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

1 Hemavathi S, 2Hari Ganesh A K, 3Pramod Kumar K

1,2,3
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Sri Sairam Engineering College
Chennai,India.
1
Assistant Professor(Project Guide)
2,3
Project Team Member
1
hemavathi.cse@sairam.edu.in
2
akhariganesh@gmail.com
3
pramodkamatham98@gmail.com

Abstract: Forest and urban fires have been
and still are serious problem for many
countries in the world. Many incidents of
man-made and natural disasters were
happening around the world. Forest fires are
one of the most common disasters occurring
during the dry season. Once the fire inside
deep forest starts, it burns and destroys
everything and spreads everywhere within
the forest. The damage cause due to forest
fires are more in recent years and an
immediate precautions has to be taken to
reduce the forest fires. The Realtime
monitoring is much more needed in forest
areas about bushfires in order to extinguish
the fire.The objective of this work is to
implement an internet of things based forest
fire detection system with WSN(Wireless
Sensor Network) , it detect the forest fires
and sends the fire alert to concerned officials
using fire detection sensors with help of
Arduino,GSM (Global System for Mobile
communication),RF(RadioFrequency)
module which would help to extinguish the
fire in the location where it starts slowly.
Keywords: fire detection sesnors , Realtime
monitoring , Global System for Mobile
communication Module , RadioFrequency
module , Wireless Sensor Network
I. INTRODUCTION
Forest is an natural beauty with lots of green
valuable trees , plants , medicine plants. Forest
is an important living thing for all the wild
animals which are dependent on the greenery
and other animals and plants for their shelter.
The most important factors for the forest is the
climatic changes which play an important role
in making the forest more effective. Also one
more important factor is the amount of rainfall
in the forest makes even more complete. As
rainfall makes the greenery beautiful, it’s more
nicer when there is the cyclic change in the
climate. The most important part of forests are
the forests fire which make an huge impact on
the overall beauty of the forest and all other
animals and trees, plants living out there have
an ugliest moments. We can see nowadays the
forest fire all becoming more easier. There are
many factors which cause the forest fires. One
of the most important factor is the climate
change. Due to the change in the temperatures,
the climate becomes more worst and causes the
forest fires in which million hectares of lands
are lost. Australia’s recent bushfires burned an
area of forest unprecedented anywhere in the
world. By early January, the bush fires had
burned around million hectares of forest.
Hence the Realtime notification is much
more needed in forest areas about bushfires in
order to extinguish the fire . Also the main
reason to this fire breakout is the increase in the
temperature and also global warming.
Wireless sensor network (WSN) refers to a
group of spatially dispersed and dedicated
sensors for monitoring and recording the
physical conditions of the environment and
organizing the collected data at a central
location .There are two goals of the proposed
wireless sensor network for forest fires: (i)
provide early warning of a potential forest fire,
and (ii) estimate the scale and intensity of the
fire if it materializes. Both goals are needed to
decide on required measures to combat a forest
fire. Other requirements corresponded to
standard WSN technical specifications: sensors
and nodes had to be inexpensive, small, and
energy efficient. They had to be deployed and
configured easily and respect the natural
environment. The network algorithms and
protocols were based on procedures that enabled
self-organization, reconfiguration, and dynamic
adaptation
Fig 1 Wireless Sensor Networks
II. SYSTEM CLASSIFICATIONS
The proposed system is classified into four
modules. The modules are:
1. Arduino module.
2. Temperature sensor
3. Smoke Sensor.
4.GSM Module
5.Radio Frequency module(Transmitter
,Receiver)
ARDUINO MODULE
Arduino is a micro-controller board which
controls and monitors the activities of a specific
system. Arduino is an open-source electronic
platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. It is connected with some of the
sensors like temperature sensor and smoke
sensor.
TEMPERATURE SENSOR
Temperature sensor is normally used to measure
the temperature at a particular area in a range.
The temperature sensor used in this system is
DHT11 sensor. Here with the help of this sensor
the humidity and temperature can be measures.
This sensor generates calibrated digital output.
It can be interface with any microcontroller like
Arduino, get instantaneous results. It is a low
cost humidity and temperature sensor which
provides high reliability and long term stability.
Temperature sensor Here the temperature sensor
is connected with arduino and a program is
coded in the arduino were the system should
give an alert system beyond a certain
temperature. Since it is connected with the
arduino it does not require an external power
supply. Its work is to measure the temperature
continuously , the sensor also has a humidity
sensing part in it. So the humidity level in the
area is also measured and monitored.
SMOKE SENSOR
A smoke detector is a sensor that detects smoke
as a primary indication of fire. It an easy tool to
detect any type of gases or smoke occurred in
the forest. The type of smoke sensor used is
MQ2. Its coverage is of 112m² per device,
which is usually approximated to 100m². With
heat detectors it has an area of coverage of 56m²
per device which is rounded down to 50m². It
has high sensitive and has a high responding
time so that the measurement can be done
quicker. Fig4. Smoke sensor Smoke sensor is
also connected with the arduino board were the
smoke level in the forest is measured. Since
during fire large amount of smoke is produced a
value is initially set in the arduino for the smoke
sensor and when the sensor senses the value
beyond the limit value an alert is given about
the fire in the forest.
GSM MODULE
A GSM module is a chip or circuit that will be
used to establish communication between a
mobile device or a computing machine and a
GSM system. When a fire detects ,alert is send
to the forest fire officials which would help to
extinguish the fire in the location where it starts
slowly.
RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER
RF transmitters are electronic devices that
generate radio frequency with the aid of an
antenna. An RF transmitter receives serial data
and transmits it wirelessly through RF through
its antenna connected at pin4. ... The transmitted
data is received by an RF receiver operating at
the same frequency as that of the transmitter.
The RF module is often used alongwith a pair of
encoder/decoder
III PROPOSED SYSTEM
In our Proposed system we have introduced
an idea to detect the fire in the forest by using
wireless sensor network. Wireless sensor
network consists of numerous small nodes in
most situations, which small nodes are deployed
in remote and inaccessible hostile environments
or over large geographical areas .A large
number of sensor nodes are densely deployed in
the forest. These sensor nodes are organized
into clusters so that each node has a
corresponding cluster header. Sensor node scan
measure environment relative humidity and
smoke which is used to detect the fire in the
forest and also to alert the forest officer about
the fire in the forest. Arduino Uno
microcontroller is used to control the system
activities, some sensors are used to detect the
fire in the forest, with detecting the fire the
exact location of the fire is detected and send
the notification to the nearby forest officers
which would help to extinguish the fire in the
location where it starts slowly.
IV. WORKING SYSTEM
i Environment Sensing Module
In this module, all the sensors which are
there will be monitoring the real time values in
the forest. In this stage consists of reading some
external environmental parameters like
temperature and smoke are sensed with the help
of some sensors which are used to sense and
convert analog data to digital data. The sensors
read parameters like temperature, humidity and
air quality. All the sensory nodes are attached
with one another as a WSN and at the same time
the values which are detected are transmitted to
the next module. The sensors read parameters
like temperature, humidity and air quality then
sends this information to the next nearest node.
ii Transmitter Module
In this Module, the actual data
transmission takes place with the help of GSM
module and WSN . The sensors interact with the
Arduino and store the information for
comparison process. There is a predefined
threshold value to each of these parameters. The
microprocessor compares the sensor values at
regular intervals of times with the threshold
values. Based on the comparison if the input
values of sensors exceed the threshold the node
transmits the information to the next nearby
node
iii Receiver Module
In this module, the final part takes place.
which again in turn transmits the information to
the other nearby node until it reaches the main
node Transmitter transmit the values to receiver
of the another node which again in turn
transmits the information to the other nearby
node until it reaches the main node and then
with the help of WSN and GSM , the alert is
send to the forest fire officials who will take the
next safety measures .
V SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND
IMPLEMENTATION
The forest fire detection module works in three
different stages. The first stage consists of
reading some external environmental
parameters like temperature and smoke. The
first stage is done with the help of some sensors
which are used to sense and convert analog data
to digital data. The sensors read parameters like
temperature, humidity and air quality then sends
this information to the next nearest node. This
process goes on until the information reaches to
the final node or the main terminal which is the
second stage of the overall process. The third
stage consists of transmission of the information
to the forest fire monitoring unit.
Each node has a temperature and humidity
sensor, a smoke sensor and a microcontroller
unit. Arduino has been used as the
microcontroller device. The sensors interact
with the Arduino and store the information for
comparison process. There is a predefined
threshold value to each of these parameters. The
microprocessor compares the sensor values at
regular intervals of times with the threshold
values. Based on the comparison if the input
values of sensors exceed the threshold the node
transmits the information to the next nearby
node which again in turn transmits the
information to the other nearby node.
An architecture description is a formal
description and representation of a system,
organized in a way that supports reasoning
about the structures and behaviours of the
system. System architecture can comprise
system components, the externally visible
properties of those components, the
relationships (e.g. the behaviour) between them.
It can provide a plan from which products can
be procured, and systems developed, that will
work together to implement the overall system.
 Fig 2 Architecture Diagram
From the implementation perspective it is
important to have an abstract view of the project
under progress to visualize the modules. More
over any changes must also be documented in
the architecture diagram for an efficient Project
management.
Fig 2 represents the final screen which will be
displayed in the forest official mobile.Also this
gives the exact output for the forest fire official
unit regarding the forest fires which will be very
useful for the prevention
Fig 3 Output
VI FUTURE SCOPE
With digitalization, internet can be expected to
become a major part in each and every task of
our life. Due to the same, there is a requirement
for constant connectivity to internet with higher
data rates in forest. With exponentially
increasing base and their mobility, there comes
an additional need to manage them in order to
maintain good reliability and good speeds.
VII CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have proposed a new
approach by using wireless sensor networks for
forest fire monitoring and detection. Our work
is based on measuring and combining real data
from different sensors (temperature, humidity,
light and smoke). Our approach takes into
account all characteristics of a WSN that
regards low energy capacity, computing
limitation, low memory capacity of sensor
nodes, and environmental conditions which can
affect fire detection and performance of a WSN.
It shall be implemented in small forest areas
where chances of occurrence of forest fires were
high.
VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful to the contribution of our guide,
Mrs. S. Hemavathi, M.E for helping and
guiding us in understanding the above concepts
and presenting the paper.
5 YongMin Liu , HongLei Xu, Kok Lay
Teo- Forest fire monitoring, detection and
decision making systems by wireless sensor
network The 30thChinese Control andDecision
Conference(2018CCDC)
6 Samvel Hovsepyan, David Asatryan
Method for Fire and Smoke Detection in
Monitored Forest Areas
7 S.E. Memane and V. S. Kulkarni. “A
review on flame and smoke detection
techniques in video’s”, Int. J. of Advanced
Research in Electrical, Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering, vol. 4, no. 2, pp.
885-889, 2015.

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