CHAPTER 1

1.1 ABSTRACT

Forest fires are a major environmental issue, creating economic and

ecological damage while endangering human lives. Some forest ecosystems in
their natural state depend on wildfire. Wildfires are distinct from beneficial uses
of fire, called controlled burns, though controlled burns can turn into wildfires.

Wildfires are often classified by characteristics like cause of ignition,

physical properties, combustible material present, and the effect of weather on
the fire. Wildfire behaviour and severity result from a combination of factors
such as available fuels, physical setting, and weather Climatic cycles that
include wet periods that create substantial fuels and then are followed by
drought and heat often proceed severe wildfires. These cycles are made worse
by heat waves and droughts caused by climate change.

A wildfire, forest fire, bush-fire,wild-land fire or rural fire is an

unplanned, uncontrolled and unpredictable fire in an area of combustible
vegetation starting in rural and urban areas. Forest fires are the most common
hazards in forests which lead to serious destruction of forest wealth, bio-
diversity and natural habitat. Early detection and preventive measures are
necessary to protect forests from fires. In order to achieve early detection, there
are two most used traditional methods of human surveillance. One is directly
through human observation and the other is through distant video surveillance.
Doing the observation through distant mode, one can achieve surveillance
through automation approach of detection. Automated fire alert detection system
proposed in this paper comprises of two sensors, namely smoke and fire. These
sensors detect change in a measurable physical quantity and help in the early
detection of a forest fire. A key feature of this fire detection system is to alert
the user remotely by using a GSM module, whenever a fire is detected.

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 CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to the Project

The objective of the project is to detect the fire as fast as possible and its
exact localization and early notification to the fire units is vital. Forests are the
protectors of earth's ecological balance. Unfortunately, the forest fire is usually
only observed when it has already spread over a large area, making its control
and stoppage arduous and even impossible at times. The result is devastating
loss and irreparable damage to the environment and atmosphere (30% of carbon
dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere comes from forest fires), in addition to
irreparable damage to the ecology (huge amounts of smoke and carbon dioxide
(CO2) in the atmosphere). Among other terrible consequences of forest fires are
long-term disastrous effects such as impacts on local weather patterns, global
warming, and extinction of rare species of the flora and fauna.

The problem with forest fires is that the forests are usually remote,
abandoned/unmanaged areas filled with trees, dry and parching wood, leaves,
and so forth that act as a fuel source. These elements form a highly combustible
material and represent the perfect context for initial-fire ignition and act as fuel
for later stages of the fire. The fire ignition may be caused through human
actions like smoking or barbeque parties or by natural reasons such as high
temperature in a hot summer day or a broken glass working as a collective lens
focusing the sun light on a small spot for a length of time thus leading to fire-
ignition. Once ignition starts, combustible material may easily fuel to feed the
fires central spot which then becomes bigger and wider. Mostly, at this stage,
the fire becomes uncontrollable and damage to the landscape may become
excessive and could last for a very long time depending on prevailing weather
conditions and the terrain.

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 Millions of hectares of forest are destroyed by fire every year. Areas
destroyed by these fires are large and produce more carbon monoxide than the
overall automobile traffic. Monitoring of the potential risk areas and an early
detection of fire can significantly shorten the reaction time and also reduce the
potential damage as well as the cost of firefighting. This is the deficiency that
the present Invention attempts to remedy, by means of detection of a forest fire
at the very early stage, so as to enhance or ensure the chance to put it out before
it has grown beyond control or causes any significant damage.

There are a number of detection and monitoring systems used by

authorities. These include observers in the form of patrols or monitoring towers,
aerial and satellite monitoring and increasingly promoted detection and
monitoring systems based on optical camera sensors, and different types of
detection sensors or their combination.

Numerous solutions have been proposed and implemented for this

problem. Most common systems used in field work are video surveillance
systems. Video cameras are sensitive to smoke only in day time. Fire sensitive
cameras at night, using IR thermal imaging cameras for heat flux detecting and
using back-scattering of laser light, detect the smoke particles. This fire alert
system has a few limitations because of environmental conditions like dust
particles, mist, shadows and so on. Another method is automated picture
capturing of fires in forest. Capturing can be done by the cameras which are
placed on top of towers. A motor was introduced to give a coverage view on the
forest and for its movement. Captured pictures are processed using program or
MATLAB simulation and matching with references taken at beginning stage.
This alert system has limitation of false caution rate and visual cameras installed
on towers are of high cost. Another method of fire detection is by using satellite
systems. Base station collects the information sent by the satellite and runs an
algorithm to recognize the facts. The raw data of satellites are processed and
then

3
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer instrument is utilized to recognize
hotspots. In South Korea, forest fire surveillance system was proposed by using
wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks detect humidity and an
application analyses the collected information. In this methodology, there is
some loss of information during communication. By using temperature sensor
and GPS modem, forest fire detection can be possible. Here, temperature sensor
collected data were sent to base station by both primary and main antennas.
Continuous power supply was difficult for too many antennas and sensors. In
addition to the above limitations climatic changes may affect the system

2.2 Proposed methodology

Fire alert system comprises of three important stages: sensing, routing

and communication. For sensing the physical change in environment, a couple
of sensors are used, namely smoke and fire sensor. MQ-2 smoke sensor has very
high sensitivity toward propane, methane, LPG, smoke, alcohol, carbon
monoxide and hydrogen. MQ-2 gas sensor is made up of aluminium oxide and
has a coating of tin dioxide (SnO2). SnO2 is the most important material being
sensitive toward combustible gases. At the point of target if combustible gases
exist, the sensor’s conductivity rises correspondingly with a rise in
concentration of combustible gases at target. Another key sensor in the project
is the fire sensor, which is highly sensitive and responsive in the presence of a
fire. These two sensors help detect a fire in the forest and transmit the data to
the leader node via RF transmitter and receiver. The leader node analyses data
from all the slave nodes in its cluster and if there is a fire at any node, then it
will immediately communicate with the base station using GSM modem. GSM
stands for global system for mobile communication, which consists of
transmission and reception pins. GSM can receive and send messages and it can
be interfaced to a computer or to a microcontroller. GSM module has a very
wide coverage and is very energy efficient. The base station is alerted
immediately when a node detects fire.
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 CHAPTER 3
PROJECT MODULES

3.1 Block Diagram of the Project

Fig. 3.1 Block diagram of fire alert system with transmitter and receiver.

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3.1 Brief introduction about the Components
3.1.1 MQ-2 Smoke Sensor

The MQ2 sensor is one of the most widely used in the MQ sensor series.
It is a MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) sensor. Metal oxide sensors are also
known as Chemiresistors because sensing is based on the change in resistance
of the sensing material when exposed to gasses. The MQ2 gas sensor operates
on 5VDC and consumes approximately 800mW.It can detect LPG, Smoke,
Alcohol, Propane, Hydrogen, Methane ,C02 and Carbon Monoxide
concentrations ranging from 200 to 10000 ppm. MQ2 gas sensor detects
multiple gases, but cannot identify them! That is normal; most gas sensors
operate in this manner. Therefore, it is best suited for measuring changes in a
known gas density rather than detecting which one is changing.

Fig 3.1 MQ-2 Smoke Sensor

The MQ2 is a heater-driven sensor. It is therefore covered with two layers

of fine stainless steel mesh known as an “anti-explosion network”. It ensures
that the heater element inside the sensor does not cause an explosion because we
are sensing flammable gasses. It also protects the sensor and filters out
suspended particles, allowing only gaseous elements to pass through the
chamber. A copper- plated clamping ring secures the mesh to the rest of the
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body.

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 When the outer mesh is removed, the sensor looks like this. The sensing
element and six connecting legs that extend beyond the Bakelite base form the
star-shaped structure. Two (H) of the six leads are in charge of heating the
sensing element and are linked together by a Nickel-Chromium coil (a well-
known conductive alloy).

The remaining four signal-carrying leads are connected with platinum

wires. These wires are connected to the body of the sensing element and convey
slight variations in the current flowing through the sensing element. The tubular
sensing element is made of Aluminium Oxide (AL2O3) based ceramic with a
Tin Dioxide coating (SnO2). Tin Dioxide is the most important material
because it is sensitive to combustible gasses. The ceramic substrate, on the other
hand, improves heating efficiency and ensures that the sensor area is
continuously heated to the working temperature. When a SnO2 semiconductor
layer is heated to a high temperature, oxygen is adsorbed on the surface. When
the air is clean, electrons from the conduction band of tin dioxide are attracted
to oxygen molecules. This creates an electron depletion layer just beneath the
surface of the SnO2 particles, forming a potential barrier. As a result, the SnO2
film becomes highly resistive and prevents electric current flow.

In the presence of reducing gasses, however, the surface density of

adsorbed oxygen decreases as it reacts with the reducing gasses, lowering the
potential barrier. As a result, electrons are released into the tin dioxide, allowing
current to freely flow through the sensor.

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3.1.2 Fire Sensor
A flame-sensor is one kind of detector which is mainly designed for
detecting as well as responding to the occurrence of a fire or flame. The flame
detection response can depend on its fitting. It includes an alarm system, a
natural gas line, propane & a fire suppression system. This sensor is used in
industrial boilers. The main function of this is to give authentication whether the
boiler is properly working or not. The response of these sensors is faster as well
as more accurate compare with a heat/smoke detector because of its mechanism
while detecting the flame. This sensor/detector can be built with an
electronic circuit using a receiver like electromagnetic radiation. This sensor
uses the infrared flame flash method, which allows the sensor to work through a
coating of oil, dust, water vapour, otherwise ice.

Fig.3.2 Fire Sensor

The pin configuration of this sensor is shown below. It includes four pins
which include the following. When this module works with a microcontroller
unit then the pins are

 Pin1 (VCC pin): Voltage supply rages from 3.3V to 5.3V

 Pin2 (GND): This is a ground pin
 Pin3 (AOUT): This is an analog output pin (MCU.IO)
 Pin4 (DOUT): This is a digital output pin (MCU.IO)
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3.1.3 PIC16F72 Microcontroller
PIC16F72 is a low-cost, low-power, high-speed CMOS Flash technology
capable, 8-bit, fully-static Microcontroller unit that has 28 pins out of which 22
pins can be used as I/O pins. It has Power-on-Reset (POR) as well as the Power-
up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) circuitry. This powerful
(200 nanosecond instruction execution) yet easy-to-program (only 35 single
word instructions) CMOS FLASH-based 8-bit microcontroller packs
Microchip's powerful PIC architecture into an 28-pin package and is upwards
compatible with the PIC16C5X, PIC12CXXX and PIC16C7X devices. The
PIC16F72 features 5 channels of 8-bit Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter with 2
additional timers, capture/compare/PWM function and the synchronous serial
port can be configured as either 3-wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI™) or the
2-wire Inter- Integrated Circuit (I²C™) bus. All of these features make it ideal
for more advanced level A/D applications in automotive, industrial, appliances
and consumer applications.

Fig.3.3 PIC16F72 Microcontroller

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3.1.4 PIC16F877A

The PIC16F877A-I/P is an 8-bit CMOS Flash-based Microcontroller. The

PIC16F877A features 256 bytes of EEPROM data memory, self-programming,
an ICD, 2 comparators, 8 channels of 10-bit Analogue-to-digital (A/D)
converter, 2 capture/compare/PWM functions, the synchronous serial port can
be configured as either 3-wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI™) or the 2-wire
Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C™) bus and a Universal Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter (USART). The data EEPROM and flash program memory is
readable and writable during normal operation (over the full VDD range). This
memory is not directly mapped in the register file space.

Fig. 3.4 PIC16F877A

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3.1.5 Crystal Oscillator

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses a

piezoelectric crystal as a frequency-selective element. The oscillator frequency
is often used to keep track of time, as in quartz wristwatches, to provide a
stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies
for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric
resonator used is a quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits incorporating them
became known as crystal oscillators. However, other piezoelectric materials
including poly crystalline ceramics are used in similar circuits.

A crystal oscillator relies on the slight change in shape of a quartz crystal

under an electric field, a property known as electrostriction or inverse
piezoelectric. A voltage applied to the electrodes on the crystal causes it to
change shape; when the voltage is removed, the crystal generates a small
voltage as it elastically returns to its original shape. The quartz oscillates at a
stable resonant frequency, behaving like an RLC circuit, but with a much higher
Q factor (less energy loss on each cycle of oscillation). Once a quartz crystal is
adjusted to a particular frequency (which is affected by the mass of electrodes
attached to the crystal, the orientation of the crystal, temperature and other
factors), it maintains that frequency with high stability.

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3.1.6 LCD Display

Fig.3.6 LCD Display

An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module

and has a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module
and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. A 16x2 LCD means
it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each
character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. The 16 x 2 intelligent alphanumeric
dot matrix display is capable of displaying 224 different characters and
symbols. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.

Command register stores various commands given to the display. Data

register stores data to be displayed. The process of controlling the display
involves putting the data that form the image of what you want to display into
the data registers, then putting instructions in the instruction register. In your
Arduino project Liquid Crystal Library simplifies this for you so you don't need
to know the low-level instructions. Contrast of the display can be adjusted by
adjusting the potentiometer to be connected across VEE pin. The process
includes putting the data (to be displayed on the LCD screen) into the data
registers. The instructions in the Register Select are kept in the instruction
register. The liquid crystal library has simplified process to display the
characters on the LCD.

The LCDs can be controlled in 4-bit or 8-bit modes, which requires 7 and 11
13
Input/output pins from the particular Arduino board.

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The 16×2 LCD pinout is shown below:

 Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display, used to connect the
GND terminal of the microcontroller unit or power source.
 Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display, used to
connect the supply pin of the power source.
 Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the display,
used to connect a changeable POT that can supply 0 to 5V.
 Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command or data
register, used to connect a microcontroller unit pin and obtains either 0 or 1(0
= data mode, and 1 = command mode).
 Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among the read
or writes operation, and it is connected to a microcontroller unit pin to get
either 0 or 1 (0 = Write Operation, and 1 = Read Operation).
 Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute
Read/Write process, and it is connected to the microcontroller unit &
constantly held high.
 Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display. These
pins are connected in two-wire modes like 4-wire mode and 8-wire mode. In
4-wire mode, only four pins are connected to the microcontroller unit like 0
to 3, whereas in 8-wire mode, 8-pins are connected to microcontroller unit
like 0 to 7.
 Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V
 Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND.

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3.1.7 GSM Modem

GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card,

and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone.
From the mobile operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile
phone.
When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the
computer to use the GSM modem to communicate over the mobile network.
While these GSM modems are most frequently used to provide mobile internet
connectivity, many of them can also be used for sending and receiving SMS and
MMS messages.
A GSM modem can be a dedicated modem device with a serial, USB or
Bluetooth connection, or it can be a mobile phone that provides GSM modem
capabilities.
For the purpose of this document, the term GSM modem is used as a
generic term to refer to any modem that supports one or more of the protocols in
the GSM evolutionary family, including the 2.5G technologies GPRS and
EDGE, as well as the 3G technologies WCDMA, UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA.

Fig 3.7 GSM Modem

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 A GSM modem exposes an interface that allows applications such as
Now SMS to send and receive messages over the modem interface. The mobile
operator charges for this message sending and receiving as if it was performed
directly on a mobile phone. To perform these tasks, a GSM modem must
support an “extended AT command set” for sending/receiving SMS messages,
as defined in the ETSI GSM 07.05 and 3GPP TS 27.005 specifications.
GSM modems can be a quick and efficient way to get started with SMS,
because a special subscription to an SMS service provider is not required. In
most parts of the world, GSM modems are a cost effective solution for receiving
SMS messages, because the sender is paying for the message delivery.
A GSM modem can be a dedicated modem device with a serial, USB or
Bluetooth connection, such as the Falcom Samba 75. To begin, insert a GSM
SIM card into the modem and connect it to an available USB port on your
computer.
Due to some compatibility issues that can exist with mobile phones, using
a dedicated GSM modem is usually preferable to a GSM mobile phone. This is
more of an issue with MMS messaging, where if you wish to be able to receive
inbound MMS messages with the gateway, the modem interface on most GSM
phones will only allow you to send MMS messages. This is because the mobile
phone automatically processes received MMS message notifications without
forwarding them via the modem interface.
It should also be noted that not all phones support the modem interface for
sending and receiving SMS messages. In particular, most smart phones,
including Blackberries, iPhone, and Windows Mobile devices, do not support
this GSM modem interface for sending and receiving SMS messages at all at
all. Additionally, Nokia phones that use the S60 (Series 60) interface, which is
Symbian based, only support sending SMS messages via the modem interface,
and do not support receiving SMS via the modem interface.

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 This RF module is a combination of RF Transmitter and RF Receiver.
The transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 433 MHz

The RF transmitter receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through

its RF antenna. The transmission occurs at the rate of 1 Kbps – 10 Kbps. RF
receiver receives the transmitted data and it is operating at the same frequency
as that of the transmitter.

Features of RF Module:

 The Receiver frequency 433MHz

 Receiver typical frequency 105 DB
 Receiver supply current 3.5 mA
 Low power consumption
 operating voltage of receiver is 5V
 The transmitter frequency range 433.92MHz
 Supply voltage of transmitter is between 3V to 6V
 Output power of transmitter is between 4Dbm to 12Dbm

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 In many projects, we use RF modules to transmitting and receiving the
data because it has a high volume of applications than IR. RF transceiver
module will always work in a pair that is it needs a Transmitter and Receiver to
send and receive the data. A transmitter can only send information and a
Receiver and can only receive it, so data can send from one end to another and
not the other way around. The Transmitter module consists of three pins namely
Vcc, Din and ground as shown above. The Vcc pin has a wide range input
voltage from 3V to 12V. The transmitter consumes a minimum current of 9mA
and can go as high as 40mA during transmission. The centre pin is the data pin
to transmit the signal. This signal modulated using the ASK and then sent on air
at a frequency of 433MHz.

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 CHAPTER 4

4.1 Architecture and Working

The sensors will detect physical changes in environment and convert that
detected physical change into a signal which can be measured electrically. We
use crystal oscillator to produce a repetitive signal for increasing system
performance. When the sensor detects something, it transmits to master node by
using RF transmitter and receiver. Then the master node in turn transmits
received data to base station where user can reach it.

For software simulation of forest fire alert system, OMNeT++ software is

used. OMNeT++ stands for Objective Modular Network Tested in C++, which
is a modular, component-based C++ simulation library and framework,
primarily for building network simulators. Combination of many nodes is
referred as a network. OMNeT++ sensor network is a component-based
network simulator. It supports various communication networks such as
queuing networks, wired and wireless. OMNeT++ sensor network consists of
group of nodes, which coordinate together to perform some specific task. Every
sensor node is fitted to an on-board processor and processed to calculate
computation and transmission of required data. Wireless sensor networks are
programmed to monitor and get environment view continuously.

Software simulation is done in four steps as shown below:

• Step 1: creating a new project.

• Step 2: adding a network description file (NED).

• Step 3: adding the C++ files.

• Step 4: adding initialization file (omnetpp.ini).

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 Create a new project and add the NED file. This file helps us to create
topology based on our interest. User declares any number of simple modules
and connects it to form a compound module. We need to implement the
functionality of simple modules. The routing protocols are written in C++. To
run the simulation, we need to create an initialization file. It tells the simulation
program which network to simulate. Once we are done with all the four steps,
we can build and run the simulation project.

The interface of sensors, transformer and rectifiers with PIC16F72 micro

controller in the slave node. If the sensors in slave node detect any fire, the slave
node transmits data to RF receiver at master node through RF transmitter. The
architecture of master node is shown in Figure 4. When the master node
successfully receives data from slave node, the LCD display turns ON and
displays “FIRE ALERT”. This alert gets transmitted to the user via SMS by
GSM modem. The major hardware blocks present in the alert system are fire
sensor, smoke sensor, micro controller, reset, crystal oscillator, LED indicators,
GSM modem, RF transmitter, RF receiver, regulated power supply and step
down transformer .A step down transformer converts high voltage into low
voltage. The transformer is given 230V AC as, which is stepped down to 9V
AC at the output pin. A bridge rectifier is used as its efficiency is higher
compared to other rectifiers. The output of transformer is fed to the rectifier,
which converts AC to DC. But this may not be pure DC, it is pulsating DC,
because it contains some ripple components. So in order to eliminate these
ripples present in the rectified output a filter is used. A capacitor filters out all
the DC ripples. But the output of the filter is not constant as it varies according
to the changes in input. A constant supply is required for all the components to
work properly. So, a voltage regulator is used for constant and continuous
supply of voltage. By using 7805 voltage regulator, 5V constant output voltage
is supplied. This DC voltage is supplied to the buzzer, LED’s and other
components. Crystal oscillator acts an external

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source to enhance clock frequency and a reset button for putting the
microcontroller into a known condition.

Schematic diagram and interface of PIC16F72 microcontroller with

transmitter and RF module.

Fig 4.1.1 PIC16F72 interface

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Schematic diagram implementation of receiver wireless sensor network for
fire alert system.

Fig 4.1.2 Forest Fire and Smoke Alert GSM and Wireless Receiver

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 In the hardware approach, the slave node and master node are embedded
with all the parts mentioned above and a GSM modem (only for master node).
When sensors detect fire or smoke, the data are sent to master node via RF
transmitter and receiver. Then the buzzer makes a sound, the LED displays
“SMOKE ALERT” or “FIRE ALERT” and an SMS is sent to the user by using
GSM module.

4.2 Process Output

The wireless transmission using RF, from one node to another node was
experimented up to 100 m. As there would not be any obstructions in the forest,
the RF modules can work up to half a kilometre efficiently. For GSM module to
work properly, there should be a minimum network coverage to send an SMS.
The nodes can be placed 500 m away from each other, for maximum coverage
of the forest area with minimum number of nodes and to perform with good
efficiency. Sleep-based topologies are also included so as to reduce energy
consumption. The master node must have a bigger battery, because GSM
module consumes higher energy. The fire and smoke sensors were tested up to
10 m.

The master nodes ask for “DATA” from the slave nodes. The slave nodes
at which there is a fire occurring, reply “FIRE_”. All the other nodes with no
fire do not reply. For example, if there is fire at slave node, it replies “FIRE”. In
the next cycle, the master node informs Base station with “FIRE AT_”.

The cycle of instructions is as follows:

• The master node asking for “DATA”

• The slave node where fire is occurring, replies “FIRE_”, along

with the location.

• The master node alerting the base station “FIRE AT _”.

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 The master node receives data about smoke or fire from slave node, every
few seconds. MAC protocol called polling is being used. The master node also
checks if there is smoke or fire near its module:

• When there is fire at master node, the buzzer buzzes and the LCD
display shows “FIRE ALERT”. And an SMS is sent to the registered
phone number.

• When there is fire at slave node, the buzzer buzzes and the LCD display
shows “FIRE ALERT”. And an SMS is sent to the registered phone
number. Similarly when there is smoke, the LED displays “Smoke Alert”
and “Smoke Alert.” the messages received at the base station. The
location of the nodes must be noted after deployment as there is no GPS.
Fire retardant materials such as concrete, gypsum, asbestos, glass can be
used to encase the nodes as protection mechanism. Glass is easily
available and can withstand 1,000°C depending on the composition, so it
can be used as a protective case. The case can also be placed underground
with only the sensors protruding outside for increased safety of the
components.

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Fig 4.2 Hardware Connection

26
 CHAPTER 5

5.1 Conclusion and future scope:

It is easier to suppress a fire in its starting stage than in the later stages.
Hence, the most important goal is quick, reliable detection and localization of
the fire. The proposed fire alert system overcomes the need of a human
intervention to continuously monitor the forest area. Monitoring and detecting is
done by the sensors installed and message alerts are used to alert the required
authorities. It gives instantaneous information on location of the fire to the
authorities and help block the fire before it reaches cultural heritage sites. This
fire alert system is power efficient, low cost and low maintenance, and the
equipment is durable and reliable. In future, we can install a wind sensor to the
system which helps to determine the direction of the fire and the rate at which it
will spread. Along with this we can implement an automatic fire extinguisher
system. As soon as a sensor detects fire, extinguisher gets activated. GPS
module can be added to the nodes to get the exact location of fire or smoke. By
adding IOT, the data can be sent to cloud databases for storage and prediction
purposes. In addition to these, many other sensors can also be implemented as
per user requirement.

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28