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NEW INDIAN ERA

Biology EXERCISE
Class 12th Maharashtra Board New Syllabus 2020
Chapter -1
REPRODUCTION IN LOWER AND HIGHER PLANT

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Q. 2 Very short answer type questions :
1. Name the part of gynoecium that determines the compatible nature of pollen grain.
ANS : stigma
2. How many haploid cells are present in a mature embryo sac ?
ANS : An unfertilized embryo sac of angiosperm is composed of 7 cells i.e., 7-celled and
8-nuclei. Among 8-nuclei, 6 are enclosed by cell walls and are organized into cells, which
are haploid in number - 3 antipodal, 2 synergids and 1 egg cell and a large central cell
with 2 pollen nuclei.
3. Even though each pollen grain has 2 male gametes, why atleast 20 pollen grains are
required to fertilize 20 ovules in a particular carpel?
ANS : because only one male gamete is involved in syngamy or the fusion of male
gamete with the egg cell.
4. Define megasporogenesis ?
ANS : Formation of megaspores from megaspore mother cell called megasporogenesis. It
occurs inside the nucellus of ovule of angiosperm. The process begins very early then
nucellus is not completely surrounded by the integuments.
5. What is hydrophily ?
ANS : Hydrophily is the term given to pollination occurred by water. Some plants
distribute their pollen to the surface of water and some plants distribute pollens
beneath the surface of water.
6. Name the layer which supplies nourishment to the developing pollen grains.
ANS: Tapetum is the innermost layer of the microsporangium. It provides nourishment to the
developing pollen grains
7. Define parthenocarpy.
ANS: Parthenocarpy is the development of fruit without the formation of seeds due to lack of
pollination, fertilization and embryo development. The condition can be artificially induced by the
application of hormones. Such fruits are seedless. Example: Grapes, Banana, Oranges.
8. Are pollination and fertilization necessary in apomixis ?
ANS: Apomixis or Agamospermy involves formation of embryos and seeds by asexual methods
without involving meiotic gametogenesis and sexual fusion of gametes. Pollination and
fertilization are not necessary in apomixis
9. Name the parts of pistil which develop into fruits and seeds.
ANS: A pistil has three parts , i.e., stigma (receives pollen), which grows down through style to ovary.
Ovary contains ovules, which contain an egg. The ovary develops into the fruit and ovule develops
into a seeds
10. What is the function of filiform apparatus ?
ANS : The function of filiform apparatus is to guide entry of pollen tube and release of sperm cells.
Q. 3 Short Answer Questions :
1. How polyembryony can be commercially exploited ?
ANS :
• It offers consequent result of multiple seedlings in an emergency.
• However, it exploited disease of free plants which acquired by specific methods.
• It makes to improve the probability of survival under different conditions.
• It might keep using on hybrid seeds to increase crops on the year.
2. Pollination and seeds formation are very crucial for the fruit formation. Justify the
statement
ANS :
• TRANSFERENCE OF POLLEN GRAIN FROM THE ANTHER TO THE STIGMA IS POLLINATION.
• THEN A POLLEN TUBE IS FORMED THROUGH WHICH THE 2 MALE GAMETES PASS.
• THEN ONLY FERTILISATION OCCURS...THE FERTILISED OVULE DEVELOPS INTO SEED.OVARY
INTO FRUIT.
• SO WE CAN CLEARLY SAY THAT POLLINATION AND SEED FORMATION ARE VERY
IMPORTANT FOR FRUIT FORMATION.WITHOUT THESE PROCESSES FRUITS are NOT
FORMED.
3. Incompatibility is a natural barrier in the fusion of gametes. How will you
explain this statement?
ANS :
• Gametic incompatibility is a natural prezygotic reproductive isolation mechanism.
• Prezygotic isolation mechanisms are defined as the mechanisms which prevent the
formation of zygote between incompatible organisms.
• In gametic incompatibility, if the sperm and ova are from different species then they
do not recognize each other and hence do not fuse to form the zygote.
• Hence, incompatibility act as a natural barrier for fusion of gametes to prevent
reproduction between individuals of different species.
4. Describe three devices by which cross pollination is encouraged in
Angiosperms by avoiding self pollination.
ANS :
Three outbreeding devices that flowering plants have developed:
• Receptivity of stigma and release of the pollen grain is not synchronized, i.e., stigma
becomes receptive much before pollens are released or after they are released to avoid
self-pollination.
• Self-incompatibility: A genetic method to prevent pollens from fertilizing ovules of the
same flower by inhibiting their germination on stigma or pistil.
• Production of unisexual flowers: So that the male and female parts will be present on
different plants i.e., dioecious or on different flowers in the same plant (monoecious).
• This prevents both autogamy and geitonogamy.
Q. 4 Long Answer Questions :
1. Describe the process of double fertilization ?
ANS :
DEFINITION :- “Double fertilization is a complex process which involves the fusion of one female
gametophyte with two male gametes”
EXPLANATION :
• Angiosperms are flower-bearing plants and are the most diverse group of terrestrial plants. The
flowers form the reproductive part of angiosperms with separate male and female reproductive
organs.
• Each contains gametes – sperm and egg cells respectively. Pollination helps the pollen grains to
reach stigma via style. The two sperm cells enter the ovule-synergid cell. This proceeds to
fertilization.
• In angiosperms, fertilization results in two structures, namely, zygote and endosperm, hence
named, double fertilization.
• Double fertilization is a complex process where out of two sperm cells, one fuses with the egg cell
and the other fuses with two polar nuclei which result in a diploid (2n) zygote and a triploid (3n)
primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) respectively. Since endosperm is a product of the fusion of
three haploid nuclei, it is called triple fusion.
• Eventually, the primary endosperm nucleus develops into the primary endosperm cell (PEC) and
then into the endosperm.The zygote becomes an embryo after numerous cell divisions.
2. Explain the stages involved in the maturation of microspore into male
gametophyte ?
ANSWER :-
• The nucleus of each microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis or reduction division
and gives rise to four haploid nuclei. This process is called microsporogenesis.
• The four nuclei are arranged tetrahedrally and soon get enclosed with cell walls. These
are now called microspores or pollen grains.
• These microspores fiurther divide once by mitosis to form two-celled microspore.
differentiates into pollen grain.
• Each microspore The pollen grains soon dry up and become powdery while the
tapetum gets absorbed.
• The partition walls between the sporangia get destroyed and the microspores are
liberated by the dehiscence of the anther.
3. Explain the development of dicot embryo.
ANSWER :-
• The oospore divides transversely forming two cells, a terminal cell and basal cell. The cell
towards the micropylar end of the embryo sac is the suspensor cell (i.e., basal cell) and the
other one makes to the embryo.
• cell (i.e., terminal cell). The terminal cell by subsequent divisions gives rise to the embryo
while the basal cell contributes the formation of suspensor.
• The terminal cell divides by a vertical division forming a 4-celled 1-shaped embryo. In
certain plants the basal cell also forms the hypocotyl (i.e., the root end of the embryo) in
addition of suspensor.
• The terminal cells of the four-celled pro-embryo divide vertically at right angle to the first
vertical wall forming four cells. Now each of the four cells divides transversely forming the
octant stage (8-celled) of the embryo.
• The four cells next to the suspensor are termed the hypo-basal or posterior octants while
the remaining four cells make the epibasal or anterior octants.
• The epibasal octants give rise to plumule and the cotyledons, whereas the hybobasal
octants give rise to the hypocotyl with the exception of its tip.
• Now all the eight cells of the octant divide periclinally forming outer and inner cells. The
outer cells divide further by anticlinal division forming a peripheral layer of epidermal cells,
the dermatogen.
• The inner cells divide by longitudinal and transverse divisions forming periblem
beneath the dermatogen and plerome in the centralregion.
• The cells of periblem give rise to the cortex while that of plerome form the stele.At
the time of the development of the octant stage of embryo the two basal cells
divide transversely forming a 6-10celled filament, the suspensor which attains its
maximum development by the time embryo attains globular stage.
• The suspensor pushes the embryo cells down into the endosperm.
• The distal cell of the suspensor is much larger than the other cells and acts as a
haustorium. The lowermost cell of the suspensor is known as hypophysis. By
further divisions, the hypophysis gives rise to the embryonic root and root cap.
• With the continuous growth, the embryo becomes heart-shaped which is made up
of two primordia of cotyledons. The mature embryo consists of a short axis and
two cotyledons.
• Each cotyledon appears on either side of the hypocotyl.
• In most of dicotyledons, the general course of embryogenesis is followed as seen
in Capsella bursa-pastoris.
4. Draw a labelled diagram of the L.S. of anatropous ovule and list the components of embryo sac
and mention their fate after fertilization ?

ANSWER :

LIST OF COMPONENTS :
• The egg cell forms the
zygote.
• Antipodals degenerate.
• Central nuclei forms
primary endosperm
nucleus​​
 EPICOTYLE HYPOCOTYLE

HILUM

RADICLE

ENDOSPERM

COTYLEDON

SEED COAT
 THANK YOU

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