PLANT AND ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

PART A PLANT REPRODUCTION

DIRECTIONS: The concept map below displays relationship of some unknown terms to
the two types of reproduction. Complete the concept map below. Identify the terms
being described to complete the given concept map. Write your answer inside the box.
 PLANT
REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL SEXUAL

ARTIFICIAL NATURAL 9. STAMEN

1. CUTTING 5. BUDDING 10. PISTIL

2. LAYERING 6. VEGEATTIVE 11. SELF-

PROPAGATION POLLINATION

3. GRAFTING 7. FRAGMENTATION 12. CROSS-

POLLINATION

4.
MICROPROPAGATION 8. SPORE FORMATION
B. Animal Reproduction.
Direction: The concept map below displays relationship of some unknown terms to the
two types of reproduction. Complete the concept map below. Identify the terms being
described to complete the given concept map. Write your answer inside the box.

ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL SEXUAL

Budding 15. Gamete

13.
Fragmentation 16.
Hermaphroditism

14.
Parthenogenesis
17. Fertilization

13. The organism divides into two or more
equal parts and eventually mature into a
new individual.
14. It is a process where an organism
reproduces without egg cell getting
fertilized
15. The general term for reproductive
cells.
16. An organism that has both male and
female reproductive organs for
reproduction.
17. The union of sex cells to produce a
new individual.
C. Answer the questions correctly.
1. Plants and animals are both capable of reproducing asexually. In which
types of asexual reproduction are common to both organisms?
- Budding, the outgrowth of a new individual from its parent and
fragmentation, the development of a new individual from divided parts of
an organism, are the types of asexual reproduction that is common to both
organisms

2. In what way fertilization different between plants and animals?

- The difference of fertilization of plants and animals is the way they
transport the gametes. For plants when they pollinate they needed agents
such as bees and winds to carry the pollen from a flower to a flower or to
move it down to pistil from the stamen. For the animals however, pass
their gametes by direct mating.

3. Differentiate between budding and fragmentation.

- Budding is an outgrowth of a new individual from its parent and caused by
unequal cell division.
- Fragmentation on the other hand occurs when a parent organism was split
or divided it regenerates and causes another new individual.

4. Some animals like Aphids, sea anemones, starfishes, sea stars can
reproduce asexually and sexually. What will be the advantage and
disadvantage of producing through sexual and asexual method?
- The advantage of asexual reproduction is that an organism can produce
more than what sexual reproduction can, yet they’re disadvantages is that
they are vulnerable and they don’t produce variations.
- The advantage of sexual reproduction however is that they could produce
more variation, they are less vulnerable and they could adapt to the
changes, but they reproduce less than the asexual method and since they
adapt every offspring some genes can be forgotten or eliminated.
DEVELOPMENT OF FLOWERING PLANT
Directions: Plants have two life stages. The gametophyte life cycle, wherein a haploid
spore is produced, and the sporophyte life cycle wherein there is union of the gametes.
Below are different events in the development of flowering plants. Arrange them in the
correct order. Place the number from 1 to 6 inside the box.

2 The hypocotyl pushes to the soil along with the cotyledon(s).

1 It starts as a seed which contain the miniature plant called embryo.

Of the two sperm cells, one sperm fertilizes the egg cell, forming a diploid zygote;
5 the other sperm fuses with the two polar nuclei, forming a triploid cell that
develops into the endosperm

4 Mature plant develops the gametes, releases the pollen and pollinates the flower.

It is the process wherein seeds are transported, spread or moved away from the
6 parent plant either by wind, water, animals or insect.

3 The plant, given enough nutrients will develop in a mature stage.

DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN EMBRYO

Directions: Arrange in correct order the development of human embryo from
fertilization until birth. Write the number from 1 to 6 in the box provided.

Blastocyst continues its journey down the fallopian tube until it reaches the uterus
3 for implantation.

1 The union of the sperm and the egg cell forming a zygote.

6 Embryo begins to differentiate.

The zygote travels down the fallopian tube while undergoing several mitotic
2 divisions.

When an embryo reaches the 8th week until birth, it is now referred to as a fetus
7 where it remains in the mother’s womb.

The blastocyst cells form an inner and outer cell layer of the embryo and will later
4 on develop other structure like the placenta.

5 The formation of different cell layers (gastrulation).

DIRECTIONS: Read the selection and answer the questions that follow.
Comparison Between Plant and Animal Nutrition.
Nutrient is defined as any substance required for growth, development and
maintenance of an organism. There are two types of organisms based on their nutrition.
Those that are capable of producing their own food are called autotrophs.
heterotrophs are those that cannot. For plants, The nutritional requirements include
water, carbon dioxide (for photosynthesis), and essential elements like the
micronutrients and the macronutrients. The micronutrients comprises 0.5% weight of
the plant’s dry weight. These include Chlorine, Iron, Zinc, Cobalt, Molybdenum and
Boron. Macromolecules, on the other hand, include Carbon , Hydrogen, Nitrogen,
Macromolecules would include Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Potassium, Magnesium
and Sulfur. Plants get to absorb these nutrients through the symplast route which uses
the root systems to bring these nutrients from the soil and the apoplast route which
moves nutrients through the cell wall and intercellular spaces of the root cortex.
How do plants absorb these nutrients? There are special structures in plants which
increase their absorptive capacity. These structures include root hairs, which are
tubular outgrowth found on the roots of vascular plants. Localized swelling found on
plants are called root nodules. Within these nodules are nitrogen fixing bacteria that
has a symbiotic relationship with the plant, important in the conversion of soil ammonia
to nitrates. Another symbiotic relationship between a fungus and the plant which helps
in absorption of nutrients among plants are called mycorrhiza. Fungus absorb the
scarce minerals that plants are not able to absorb and obtain nitrogen-containing
compounds and sugars from plant roots.
For the animals, nutritional requirements include: Proteins, carbohydrates and fats
which need to be broken down in simple forms in order for the cells to absorb. Others
are filter feeders like whales and coelenterates. Leeches, aphids and mosquitoes are
examples of fluid feeders, wherein they suck fluids that contain the nutrients from the
living host. Humans, and other higher forms of animals have adaptations like jaws, teeth
and others for eating large chunks of food. They are called bulk feeders.
How do animals get to digest food? For unicellular organisms they make use of food
vacuoles which contain hydrolytic enzymes. Other complex animals have vascular
cavity or incomplete digestive system composed of a single opening through which
the food is taken in and also where the waste material is being disposed of. More
complex animals, like humans have a complete digestive system, where in there is an
opening for taking in of food (mouth) and another opening at the end for passage of
waste materials (anus). There are also specialized organs that transport, process and
absorb these digestive nutrients.
Source: Reece, Jane B. & Meyers, Noel. & Urry, Lisa A. & Cain, Michael L. &
Wasserman, Steven A. & Minorsky, Peter V. & Jackson, Robert B. & Cooke, Bernard J.
& Campbell, Neil A. (2015). Campbell biology. Frenchs Forest, NSW : Pearson
Questions:
1. What are the nutritional requirements of plants?
- Water, carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, essential elements like
micronutrients and macronutrients are the nutritional requirements of
plants.

2. What special structures help the plants absorb nutrients from the soil?
- Aside from the routes stated in the paragraph which are the symplast and
aplopast route, the specialized structures that help plants absorb nutrients
includes the root hairs, a tubular outgrowth in roots.

3. How can you tell if plants do not absorb proper nutrients?

- If ever the plants did not absorb proper nutrients their leaves will start to
be yellowish yet the veins are green, it would droop and become soft if fed
not enough water, then if sunlight is not enough it would start to be
yellowish to brown, droop and dry.
4. Among higher organisms, how is nutrient absorption happen?
- In higher organisms such as humans nutrient absorption happens when
we intake edible food and further digested in digestive system while
extracting the nutrients the food contain.