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    This document provides a table listing common room-temperature macroetching solutions used to characterize welded joints of different material types, including carbon/low-alloy steels, aluminum alloys, copper/copper alloys, and titanium alloys. For each material type, the table lists the specific etching solutions, how to prepare the surface and apply the etchant, and comments on what microstructural features each etchant brings out, such as fusion lines, heat-affected zones, and columnar zones. The document references other sources that provide additional details on the metallurgical examination of welded joints.

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    This document provides a table listing common room-temperature macroetching solutions used to characterize welded joints of different material types, including carbon/low-alloy steels, aluminum alloys, copper/copper alloys, and titanium alloys. For each material type, the table lists the specific etching solutions, how to prepare the surface and apply the etchant, and comments on what microstructural features each etchant brings out, such as fusion lines, heat-affected zones, and columnar zones. The document references other sources that provide additional details on the metallurgical examination of welded joints.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    25 views1 page

    Macroetch For Steel

    Uploaded by

    javadmohammadi
    This document provides a table listing common room-temperature macroetching solutions used to characterize welded joints of different material types, including carbon/low-alloy steels, aluminum alloys, copper/copper alloys, and titanium alloys. For each material type, the table lists the specific etching solutions, how to prepare the surface and apply the etchant, and comments on what microstructural features each etchant brings out, such as fusion lines, heat-affected zones, and columnar zones. The document references other sources that provide additional details on the metallurgical examination of welded joints.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Table 3 Room-temperature macroetches used for the characterization of welded joints

    The steel etches are normally used only for welded joints.
    Etching solution Surface Comments
    preparation(a)
    Carbon and low-alloy steels
    10 g (NH3)2S2O8 (ammonium persulfate) B Swab; macroetch brings out fusion line, heat-
    + 100 mL H2O affected zone, reheated zones, columnar zones
    15 mL HNO3 + 85 mL H2O + 5 mL A, B Swab;; macroetch bringsg out fusion line,, heat-
    methanol or ethanol affected zone,, reheated zones,, columnar zones;;
    scrub ggently
    y under running water to remove
    any black residue
    8 mL HNO3 + 2 g picric acid + 10 g B Immerse; highlights partially transformed
    (NH3)2S2O8 + 10 g citric acid + 10 drops regions in reheat and heat-affected zones (Ref
    (0.5 mL) benzalkonium chloride + 1500 13)
    mL H2O
    Aluminum alloys
    Tucker's reagent, 45 mL HCl + 15 mL A, B Immerse or swab; use freshly mixed; general
    HNO3 + 15 mL HF (48%) + 25 mL H2O macroetch, all alloys
    Poulton's reagent, 60 mL HCl + 30 mL A, B Immerse or swab; general macroetch, all alloys
    HNO3 + 5 mL HF (48%) + 5 mL H2O
    Copper and copper alloys
    50 mL HNO3 + 0.5 g AgNO3 (silver A, B Immerse; general macroetch, all alloys
    nitrate) + 50 mL H2O
    Titanium alloys
    Kroll's reagent, 10–30 mL HNO3 + 5–15 B Immerse; general macro- and microetch;
    mL HF + 50 mL H2O increase HNO3 and reduce HF to bring out the
    fine structures in weldments
    (a) Surface preparation: A, finish grind; B, polish

    References cited in this section

    2. W.F. Savage and A. Aaronson, Preferred Orientation in the Weld Fusion Zone, Weld. J., Vol 45 (No. 2),
    Feb 1966, p 855s–895s

    3. K. Easterling, Introduction to the Physical Metallurgy of Welding, Butterworths, 1983

    4. V.P. Kujanpaa, Weld Discontinuities in Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheets—Effects of Impurities and
    Solidification Mode, Weld. J., Vol 63 (No. 12), Dec 1984, p 369s–375s

    5. C.A. Johnson, “Metallography Principles and Procedures,” Leco Corp., St. Joseph, MI, 1977

    6. J.E. Gould and J.C. Williams, Solidification Structures and Phase Transformations in Welded Ti Alloys,
    Titanium '80 Science and Technology, Proc. Fourth International Conference on Titanium, H. Kimura
    and O. Izumi, Ed., TMS-AIME, 1980, p 2337–2346

    7. “Facts About the Metallography of Titanium,” RMI Co., Niles, OH, 1970

    8. R.W. Heckel, J.H. Ricketts, Jr., and J. Buchwald, Measurement of the Degree of Segregation in Monel
    404 Weld Metal by X-Ray Line Broadening, Weld. J., Vol 44 (No. 7), July 1965, p 332s–340s

    9. W.F. Savage, E.F. Nippes, and T.W. Miller, Microsegregation in 70Cu-30Ni Weld Metal, Weld. J., Vol
    55 (No. 7), July 1976, p 165s–173s

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