EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021 [ver1.

3]

DISCRETE-TIME Learning Outcomes

SIGNALS
Students are able to:
1. represent discrete-time signals in
frequency domain
2. perform basic operations on discrete-time
Nasri bin Sulaiman, PhD
Associate Professor / Researcher signals
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
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Discrete-time Signals Sampling Process

 A discrete-time signal is defined only for
discrete values of the independent variable at
uniform intervals t = nT where T is the
interval between time samples and n is an
integer.

 This signal, which is a sequence of numbers,

may be obtained by sampling a continuous
time signal.
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EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021 [ver1.3]

Sampling Process - cont Sampling Process - cont

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Sampling Process - cont Sampling Process - cont

With Knowledge We Serve 7 {x[nT] =With

{x[0], x[T],Wex[2T],
Knowledge Serve … x[nT]} 8

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EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021 [ver1.3]

Unit-sample Sequence (n) Example 1

 A discrete-time impulse or an impulse. Determine the values [0], [3] and [2].
1 n  0
δ[n]  
0 n  0

[0] = 1, [3] = 0 and [2] = 0

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Example 2 Example 2 - cont

Draw the signals: (a) x[n] = 48[n]
(a) x[n] = 48[n]
(b) x[n] = 2[n]
(c) x[n] = [n  3]
(d) x[n] = 5[n] + 4[n  1]  [n  3]

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EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021 [ver1.3]

Example 2 - cont Example 2 - cont

(a) x[n] = 48[n] (b) x[n] = 2[n]

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Example 2 - cont Example 2 - cont

(b) x[n] = 2[n] (c) x[n] = [n  3]

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EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021 [ver1.3]

Example 2 - cont Example 2 - cont

(c) x[n] = [n  3] (d) x[n] = 5[n] + 4[n  1]  [n  3]

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Example 2 - cont Example 2 - cont

(d) x[n] = 5[n] + 4[n  1]  [n  3] (d) VO1 = 5[n]

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EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021 [ver1.3]

Example 2 - cont Example 2 - cont

(d) VO2 = 4 [n  1] (d) VO3 = [n  3]

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Example 2 - cont Unit-step Sequence u(n)

(d) x[n] = 5[n] + 4[n  1]  [n  3] 1 n  0
u[n]  
0 n  0

δ[n]  u[n]  u[n  1]

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EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021 [ver1.3]

Example 3 Example 4
Determine the values of u[ 1], u[0] and u[1]. Draw the signals:
(a) x[n] = 3u[n]
(b) x[n] = u[ n]
(c) x[n] = u[n  3]
(d) x[n] = u[3  n]
(e) x[n] = u[n] + 2u[n  2]

u[ 1] = 0, u[0] = 1 and u[1] = 1

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Example 4 - cont Example 4 - cont

(a) x[n] = 3u[n] (b) x[n] = u[ n]

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EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021 [ver1.3]

Example 4 - cont Example 4 - cont

(c) x[n] = u[n  3] (d) x[n] = u[3  n]

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Example 4 - cont Example 4 - cont

(e) x[n] = u[n] + 2u[n  2] (e) x[n] = u[n] + 2u[n  2]

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EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021 [ver1.3]

Real Exponential Sequence Real Exponential Sequence

x[n]  a n x[n]  a n

0<a<1 a>1

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Example 5 Sinusoidal Sequence

Draw the signal x[n] = e0.5n x[n]  Acos(nω0  φ)
n x(n)
2 2.7183
1 1.6487
0 1.0000
1 0.6065
2 0.3679
3 0.2231
4 0.1353
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EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021 [ver1.3]

Example 6 Periodic Signal

Draw the signal x[n] = cos(2n)  A sequence x(n) is defined to be periodic with
n x(n) period N if
0 1.0000 .
1 -0.4161
2 -0.6536 x[n]  x[n  N] for all N
3 0.9602
4 -0.1455
5 -0.8391
6 0.8439
7 0.1367
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Example 7 Example 7 - cont

Is the discrete signal x[n] a periodic signal?

The values of x[n] repeat themselves after 6

samples.

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EEE3521 SIGNAL PROCESSING (Group 1) Semester 1 2020/2021 [ver1.3]

Energy and Power Signals Energy and Power Signals - cont

• Signal energy is defined by • For a periodic signal, x(t):
∞

𝐸= 𝑥[𝑛] 2
1 2
𝑛= −∞ 𝑃= 𝑥[𝑛]
𝑁
𝑛=𝑁
• The definition of average signal power is

𝑁 −1
1 2
𝑃 = lim 𝑥[𝑛]
𝑁→∞ 2𝑁
𝑛 = −𝑁
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Example 8 Example 8 - cont

∞ 2𝑛
Find the signal energy of 1 1 1
𝐸= =1+ + + ...
𝑛
2 22 24
𝑛=0
1
xn = 𝑢[𝑛]
2 1 1
𝐸 =1+ + + ...
4 42
∞ ∞ 𝑛 2
2
1
𝐸= 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑢[𝑛] This is a summation of an infinite geometric series.
2
−∞ −∞
∞
1
∞ 2 ∞ 𝑛 2 ∞ 𝐸= 𝑟𝑛 = , 𝑟 <1
1
𝑛
1 1
2𝑛 1 −𝑟
𝑛=0
𝑢[𝑛] = =
2 2 2 1 4
−∞ 𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝐸= =
1 3
1 −4
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