Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................2

2.0 OBJECTIVE..................................................................................................................2

3.0 THEORY.......................................................................................................................2

Simple Heating & Cooling...................................................................................................3

Steam Humidification..........................................................................................................4

Cooling & Dehumidification................................................................................................5

4.0 APPARATUS.................................................................................................................5

5.0 PROCEDURE...............................................................................................................5

6.0 RESULT.........................................................................................................................6

No Process:............................................................................................................................7

Sensible Heating:..................................................................................................................8

Steam Humidification:.........................................................................................................9

Cooling and dehumidification:..........................................................................................10

7.0 DISSCUSSION AND CONCLUSION......................................................................12

8.0 REFERENCES............................................................................................................33

9.0 APPENDIX..................................................................................................................34
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Air-conditioning is a system that able to change the properties of air to suit the
requirements of the users in an indoor space. In Malaysia, air-conditioning unit is a must
have in any office or house in order to give comfortability and increase the worker
productivity. Air-conditioning change the air properties by using and undergoing certain
thermo dynamic processes. Basic processes that involved are steam humidification
(moisture adding), sensible heating (temperature increasing) and cooling plus
dehumidification (lowering the temperature of the air and its moisture). At certain time,
two or more processes were needed in order to reach the required air properties for the
user. Every component inside the air-conditioning has its of function and some
components contributes in treating the air. The Computer Linked Air Conditioning
Laboratory Unit (P.A. Hilton) were used inside the lab in order to gain more
understanding on how air treatment happens inside an air conditioning system.
Psychometrics chart were also used to determine the properties of the treated air.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

The objectives of this experiment are is to observe and also understand the changes in air
properties when it is treated in the basic air-conditioning unit.

3.0 THEORY

Air conditioning can be described as an air treatment to regulate its temperature, humidity,
cleanliness and delivery to satisfy conditional room requirements at the same time. The
word "climate conditioning" relates to air ventilation. Each air conditioning device uses
air-treatment equipment.

The assembly normally contains a heating element for changing the temperature and
humidity of the indoor season. Many air conditioning devices employ a vapour
compression cooling device to transfer the heat inside to an appropriate heat sink, for
example outside the home. Vapor compression cooling systems take a loop in which the
coolant is continually vaporised, squeezed, liquefied and dispersed in a sealed system. A
compressor is used as a pump, pressurises and circulates the refrigerant through the
device. The pressurised coolant is liquefied in the condenser, releasing gas. Coolant moves
through an expansion system to an evaporator where it melts and spreads through a mist
that absorbs heat.

2
 Air conditioning systems as steady flow processes may be demonstrated:

Simple Heating & Cooling

- For basic heating and cooling the level of humidity is unchanged, since no
humidity is introduced or eliminated into the air stream. The specific humidity at
the inlet and outlet therefore remains equal
- Heating Method: The air stream runs into a vent and travels through resistance
wires (heaters). Heat is applied to the air stream, which raises the dry bulb
temperature

- Cooling Method: The air stream flows into the cooling belt (cooling system
evaporator tubes). The warm air flow moves to the colder cooler vapour, and dry
bulb temperatures decrease

3
Steam Humidification
- Steam Humidification Processes: Low relative humidity (air dry) is created,
since humidity is constant, but the optimum potential for humidity absorption
(mg) rises with a rise in temperature. If the moisturiser is steam, extra heating
happens (T3 > T2). The stream would be partly cooled if water is sprayed (T3 <
T2)

4
Cooling & Dehumidification
- Dehumidification is the method of elimination by condensation of excess water in
fresh air. This is accomplished by adjusting the cooling mechanism. The air can
cool for a longer duration before it hits its saturation stage. Additional cooling in
the saturation condition (100% relative humidity) induces part of the moisture
condensation in the air.
4.0 APPARATUS

Computer Linked Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit ( P.A. Hilton )

5.0 PROCEDURE

The suction fan had been left running and the master Menu is displayed on the screen and
then the unit had been started. The process data displayed on a schematic layout of the
system which refer to Programme 1. While, on psychrometric chart displayed the
properties of the treated air which refer to Programme 2.

a) None process – The initial properties of the air were reviewed when it enters the
air-conditioning unit, the psychrometric chart and the data was printed out.
b) Sensible heating –
i) 1 kW pre-heater was switched on for 5 minutes. Then, the data and
psychrometric chart was printed out.
ii) Next, the 0.5 kW re-heater was switched on for 5 minutes too. The
data and psychrometric chart were printed out.
iii) The temperature rise of the air at the exit in this process were
evaluated.
c) Steam humidification – All the water heaters was switched on first and the water
boiled. The switch was set to 3 Kw of heat for 5 minutes to maintain the steam
when it is produced. Then, the data and psychrometric chart has been printed out.
Besides, the amount of steam introduced, the change in relative humidity and the
corresponding rise of temperature was calculated.
d) Cooling and dehumidification – The compressor of the refrigeration system was
switched on. The air let be cooled until it becomes 20℃ to 20℃ (stable
temperature) and left for 5 minutes. Next, the data and psychrometric chart was
printed out. Therefore, the heat rate and the amount of moisture removed from the
air were calculated. After that, the time and the rate of condensation (100ml) from

5
 the beginning of the cooling process were measured. Lastly, it was compared with
the analysis.

6.0 RESULT

Experiment Cooling &

Sensible Heating Steam
No Process Dehumidification
Humidification
Reading
1kW 1.5kW 5 mins 100 ml
T1 (TAd) 28.1°C 28.7°C 28.9°C 28.9°C 29.0°C 29.3°C
T2 (TAw) 25.2°C 25.3°C 25.4°C 25.4°C 24.5°C 24.8°C
T3 (TAd) 28.3°C 39.6°C 41.4°C 32.2°C 29.1°C 29.4°C
T4 (TAw) 25.8°C 28.6°C 31.0°C 31.3°C 27.0°C 29.0°C
T5 (TAd) 28.1°C 28.3°C 32.5°C 31.4°C 18.2°C 18.1°C
T6 (TAw) 25.0°C 27.9°C 28.2°C 30.7°C 15.0°C 18.0°C
T7 TAd) 28.1°C 27.8°C 37.0°C 31.3°C 17.8°C 17.9°C
T8 (TAw) 25.0°C 27.5°C 29.0°C 30.8°C 14.0°C 17.8°C
T9 (T1) x x x x 19.9°C 19.4°C
T10 (T2) x x x x 69.1°C 78.9°C
T11 (T3) x x x x 40.8°C 41.8°C
T12 (T4) x x x x 3.4°C 3.9°C
Qp (W) x 993.6 980.2 x x x
Qr (W) x 0 521.2 x x x
Qb (W) x x x 3662.8 x x
P evap (P1) kPa x x x x 179.7 185.8
P cond (P3) kPa x x x x 966.9 1000
ma (gram/sec) 217.6 217.2 213.6 214.7 221.1 220.9
mr x x x x 0 0
Time x x x x 5 mins 15 mins 40 s
Drain Water (ml) x x x x x 100 ml

Table 1: Result that were recorded.

6
 Figure 1: Schematics diagram of the system.

No Process:

1. Data obtained from the experiment,

T1 (TAd) = 28.1°C
T2 (TAw) = 25.2°C
Ma1 = 0.2176 kg/s

2. Data from psychometric chart (Plot T1 and T2 and its relative humidity)
Relative Humidity, Ø 1=79.361 %=0.79361
p g=3.804 kPa

3. Analysis by calculation:
Ø 1= p v 1 / p g
P v=0.79361×3.804 kPa
¿ 3.0189 kPa
4. Specific Humidity,
ω 1=0.622 P v 1/ P atm – P v 1(where P atm=101.325 kPa)

7
 ( 0.622 ) (3.0189 k)
¿
(101.325 k −3.0189 k)
¿ 0.0191 kg v /kg a
5. Enthalpy,
h 1=C p T 1+ ω 1h g( where h g=2501.3+1.82T 1)
¿(1.005 × 28.1)+0.0145(2501.3+1.82(28.1))
¿ 76.9921 kJ /kg a

Sensible Heating:

1. Data obtained from the experiment,

T3 (TBd) = 39.5°C
T4 (TBw) = 29.0°C
Ma2 = 0.2172 kg/s

2. Data from psychometric chart (Plot T3 and T4 and its relative humidity)
Relative Humidity, Ø 2=44.361 %=0.4436
p g=7.227 kPa

3. Analysis by calculation:
Ø 2= p v 2/ p g
P v 2=0.4436 ×7.227 kPa
¿ 3.206 kPa

4. Specific Humidity,
ω 2=0.622 P v 2/ P atm – P v 2(where P atm=101.325 kPa)
( 0.622 ) (3.206 k )
¿
(101.325 k −3.206 k )
¿ 0.0203 kg v /kg a
5. Enthalpy,
h 2=C p T 3 +ω 2 h g (where h g=2501.3+1.82 T 3 )
¿(1.005 × 39.6)+0.0203 (2501.3+1.82(39.6))
¿ 92.037 kJ /kg a

8
Steam Humidification:

1. Data obtained from the experiment,

T5 (TCd) = 31.4°C
T6 (TCw) = 30.7°C
Ma3 = 0.2136 kg/s

2. Data from psychometric chart (Plot T5 and T6 and its relative humidity)
Relative Humidity,Ø 3=95.111 %=0.9511
p g=4.599 kPa

3. Analysis by calculation:
Ø 3= p v 3/ p g
P v 3=0.9511 × 4.599 k
¿ 4.3741 kPa
4. Specific Humidity,
ω 3=0.622 P v 3 /P atm – P v 3( where P atm=101.325 kPa)
( 0.622 ) (4.3741 k )
¿
(101.325 k −4.3741 k )
¿ 0.02806 kg v /kg a
5. Enthalpy,
h 3=C pT 5 +ω 3 h g(whereh g=2501.3+1.82T 5)
¿(1.005 × 31.4)+ 0.0377(2501.3+1.82(31.4))
¿ 128.0105 kJ /kg a
6. From conservation of mass,Ma
Dry air, ṁa1= ṁa2= ṁa3=ṁa
Water vapour, ṁv2+ ṁf3= ṁv3
Mass flow rate of steam injector, ṁf3 = ṁa3 (ω3-ω2)
= 0.2136(0.02806 -0.0203)
= 1.657536 × 10-3 kg/s

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Cooling and dehumidification:

1. Data obtained from the experiment,

T7 (TAd) = 17.8°C
T8 (TAw)= 14.0°C
Ma4 = 0.2211 kg/s

2. Data from psychometric chart (Plot T7 and T8 and its relative humidity)
Relative Humidity, Ø4=66.278% = 0.66278
p g=2.038 kPa

3. Analysis by calculation:
Ø 4= p v 4 / p g
P v 4=0.66278 ×2.038
¿ 1.3507 kPa
4. Specific Humidity,
ω 4=0.622 P v 4/ P atm – P v 4 (where P atm=101.325 kPa)
( 0.622 ) (1.3507 k )
¿
(101.325 k −1.3507 k )
¿ 8.4035 ×10−3 kg v /kg a
5. Enthalpy,
h 4=C p T 7 +ω 4 h g (where h g=2501.3+1.82 T 7)
¿(1.005 ×17.8)+(8.4035 ×10−3 )(2501.3+1.82(17.8))
¿ 39.1809 kJ /kg a

6. Conservation of mass, Σṁin = Σṁout

Water vapor, ṁv4+ ṁf4= ṁv1
mω = ṁf4 = ṁa3 (ω1-ω4)
=0.2136 (0.0191- (8.4035×10-3))
= 2.2848 x 10-3 kg/s
 Interpolate the hf value.
(hf – 83.915) / (17.8 -20) = (62.982 – 83.915) / (15 – 20)
hf = 74.7045

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 Conservation of energy, ṁa1h1=Qout+ṁa4h4+mωhω (where ṁa1 = ṁa4 = ṁa)
Qout = ṁa (h1- h4) – mω (hf)
Qout = 0.2136(76.9921-39.1809) - (2.2848 × 10-3)(74.7045)
= 7.905 kW

Figure 2: Psychometric chart.

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 7.0 DISSCUSSION
AND CONCLUSION
AHMAD SYAMIL BIN SHAHRUDDIN 2019654456

DISCUSSION

a) Problems and results obtained by the factors that contributes to the air property
changes for each process problems.

i. No Process
From the result that were recorded, it shows that the dry bulb thermometer (T 1) is
28.1 higher than the wet bulb thermometer (T2) with temperature of 25.2. This is
because the wet bulb thermometer was covered in wet cloth. Wet cloth has
moisture in it where it evaporates and reduces the temperature that is recorded.
While for dry bulb it is higher temperature because it recorded the ambient
temperature of the air that enters the blower. For other thermometer, wet and dry
both only slightly different temperature, either its increase, constant or decrease
just a bit. This happens because there was no process occur in this session, neither
the steam injector, evaporator nor air heater were turned on. This can be
concluded as initial condition and no assumptions can be made.
ii. Sensible Heating
When the 1kW heater as well as 0.5kW preheater were turned on, the temperature
that were recorded increase significantly from the no process. This is because the
heater increases the temperature of the air that flow inside the system. But, at the
end of the system, the thermometer for both wet and dry recorded the temperature
of the air drops linearly. This is because there are some energy loses when the
heated air moves along the ducting. In order to prevent this happens, the air must
be heated at certain temperature or higher so the air that will come out from the
orifice will reached the required temperature that is needed.
iii. Steam Humidification
In this process, the steam injector was turned on and the system were supplied
with steam that is high temperature. Based on the recorded temperature, it can be
seen that the wet bulb thermometer recorded higher temperature than the previous
process, sensible heating and the dry bulb temperature records lower. This is
because the steam was captured by the wet cloth of the wet bulb temperature and
increase the moisture temperature while for the dry bulb, the steam just passing on
it. The air that was come out from the orifice will have high moisture because of
the steam addition in the system.

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AHMAD SYAMIL BIN SHAHRUDDIN 2019654456

iv. Cooling and Dehumidification

In this process, the evaporator was turned on. The function of the evaporator is to
cool down the air and any steam will experience condensation. This is because the
temperature of the refrigerant in the evaporator is lower than the air that flow
through the evaporator. Heat exchange occur between the refrigerant and the air
that flow through, so the recorded temperature at T 8 and T7 is low. Based on the
thermometer inside the refrigerant system, the temperature of the refrigerant
before enters the evaporator is 3.4℃. This temperature was almost reaching the
freezing of the water, that is why condensation happens. In conclusion, the
humidity of the air that come out of the orifice decrease because water had been
capture at the evaporator and collected in the drain. In addition, cool air came out
of the orifice and cool down the room.

b) The schematic of a modem air-conditioning system and its function of the main
devices.

In the modem air conditioning, condenser, evaporator, compressor and expansion valve
are its main devices. First, evaporator function is to exchange heat between outside air
with the refrigerant. This will make the room cooler because the refrigerant temperature is
lower than the ambient temperature. Second, the function of the compressor where it
compresses the refrigerant and change its properties where its boiling point change to
lower boiling point. During this compression, the temperature of the refrigerant also
increases significantly so the pressure different between the ambient air is high and more

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AHMAD SYAMIL BIN SHAHRUDDIN 2019654456

heat exchanger can occur when the refrigerant is in the condenser. So, the function of the
condenser is to exchange between the refrigerant and the ambient air. Blower fan were
also used to increase the heat exchange process and refrigerant also changed its properties
from high pressure vapor into high pressure liquid. Last main devices are expansion
valve, where its function to decrease the pressure of the refrigerant. The change of
pressure in the refrigerant changes its properties where it become really low in
temperature before going into the evaporator.

c) The operation and arrangements in an automotive air conditioning unit.

From the image above, it shows how the arrangement of air conditioning system in
automotive. The air conditioning system in the automotive still have the same main
component as the system for the buildings. Its still needed the essential components such
as condenser, evaporator, compressor, and expansion valve. For compressor it will be
powered up by crankshaft that were connected to the engine by belt drive.

COMPONEN
FUNCTION
T
Compressor will increase the refrigerant were in gets to high
pressure and enables the refrigerant to flow through condenser for
heat exchanges. This high-pressure refrigerant will have higher
Compressor
temperature than the ambient temperature when going through the
condenser. High pressure also changes the condensation point for the
refrigerant

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AHMAD SYAMIL BIN SHAHRUDDIN 2019654456

Condenser in automotive in front of the radiator, its shapes like

smaller size of radiator. This placement is because, to get lower
ambient temperature. If it is placed behind the radiator, the
temperature will higher as the radiator already exchange heat from
Condenser engine coolant that is higher temperature than refrigerant because it
comes from the engine. In this component, the higher-pressure
refrigerant will be condensed as heat exchange were happens
cooling down the refrigerant and the temperature dropped below its
current boiling point at high temperature.
This component will expand the high-pressure liquid refrigerant into
low pressure liquid refrigerant. The refrigerant will have different
properties where its temperature will be lower than ambient
Expansion
temperature and its boiling point become lower. In automotive,
Valve
thermal expansion were used because it can enable the passenger to
control the temperature by only using the knob that were placed over
the dash board in the passenger cabin.
Evaporator function in the automotive air conditioning system just
same as the building air conditioning system. It is a component
where heat exchanger between the refrigerant and ambient air.
Blower fan will be used to blow the air into the passenger cabin and
Evaporator cools down the cabin. This is because, refrigerant inside the
evaporator has lower temperature than ambient temperature. The
increase in the refrigerant after heat exchanging process change the
properties of refrigerant from liquid into vapor. This is because low
pressure refrigerant has low boiling temperature.
In order to protect and increase the life span of compressor, this
component was place between evaporator and compressor. This
Receiver/Dryer
component function is to convert any left-over liquid from the
evaporator into vapor before entering the compressor.

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AHMAD SYAMIL BIN SHAHRUDDIN 2019654456

CONCLUSION

For the conclusion, this experiment was successfully because the objective of this
experiment was achieved. The air properties can be seen it changes when different
variables were added. For an example, for steam humidification, the air that were come
out has really high humidity because of the steam that were added inside the system.
While for the cooling and dehumidification, the air output has low humidity and lower
temperature compared to other processes. In addition, air properties can be changed by
using different kind of air treatment system inside the air conditioning. Air conditioning
system that have air treatment can provide any kind of air properties so it can fulfill the
user needs. This can result in comfortability and high productivity for humans.

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AKMAL SYAZLI BIN A’AZIYUDDIN 2019689028

DISCUSSION

1) Answer all the problems in experimental, and discuss the results obtained by explaining
the factors that contributes to the air property changes for each process problems.

No Process

Based on the results, we can see that there are no temperature variations, since there is
no component. While the first data is still important, the value is just a reading taken from the
surrounding condition. At the moment, however, we cannot presume and do require
additional data from other variable to see explicitly the relationship between both variables.

Sensible Heating

We tested during the sensible heating process that the temperature improves the
readings of this process to no trial. The distinction between these two experiments is that in a
sensible heating experiment we use pre-heating and re-heating to heat the air, but nothing
unusual has been made in any method experiment. The use of 1 kW pre-heaters and 0.5 kW
re-heaters is gradually the temperature factor. In principle, both pre-heat and reheat simply
increase the air temperature, since both of them supply heat to the air. Unfortunately, during
air passage to the outlet, certain temperature drops still occur. To solve this issue, the air
needs to be heated to a certain degree to reach the temperature we like. Therefore, the
variations in the air property can be shown that the air is hotter at this point. That is why the
heat air flows out of the device followed by the cooler air first while the air conditioning
system is turned on.

Steam Humidification

During the procedure, the air passed through the boiling water portion to create steam
would increase the temperature, while the steam will sustain full humidity. In addition,
increased moisture capability may react with the rise in temperature. This is why the
temperature in State 2 increases relative to State 1. 3kw of heat turned on to hold the steam

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after the steam has been generated. This is because, with this process, the element that leads
to the transformation in air property is the current temperature at a greater value to ensure that
the vapour level is preserved and the air property is converted into steam.

Cooling & Dehumidification

On the basis of our results, the value of the readings collected is absolutely smaller
than in previous processes. The compressor of the cooling system is triggered at this stage
and the air is cooled to 18 ° C to 20 ° C (stable temperature). That is why all read
temperatures are lower as the cooling and dehumidification phase is involved. The cooled air
flows and the room temperature colds. The factor which contributes to the air characteristic
change for this process is due to the use of the compressor, which in a way reduces the
temperature of the air and creates a cool air flow out of the device.

2) Find the schematic of a modern air-conditioning system with advanced air treatment
processes and explain the function of the main devices.

Device Function
Compressor To compact the refrigerant from low
temperature pressure to high temperature
pressure.

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AKMAL SYAZLI BIN A’AZIYUDDIN 2019689028

Condenser Used to liquefy the compressor's high

pressure refrigerant. The metallic surface
warms up the gas and modified to form
liquid in air, cooled condensers. Water had
been pumped to achieve the same cooling
effect in the water-cooled condenser.
Expansion Valve It eliminates pressure from the liquid
refrigerant so that the state of the liquid will
expand or change from a fluid to a vapour.
The high-pressure liquid refrigerant is in
excellent condition which leaves it in a cold
state. Orifice does not expel heat from the
valve but instead reduces the pressure.
Evaporator Heat was absorbed from the ambient air and
cooled air produced.

3) Explain with suitable diagrams the operation and arrangements in an automotive air-
conditioning unit.

Components Operations
Condenser Like a mini-radiator, which is normally
installed right next to the main radiator on
the front of the vehicle. The condenser also
sometimes has its own electric cooling fan.
Via the condenser the humid compressed air

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AKMAL SYAZLI BIN A’AZIYUDDIN 2019689028

becomes even colder. When it cools, it

transforms into a fluid.
Drier Often known as the dryer recipient. The
drier absorbs refrigerant that can return to
the compressor before it will affect. And the
slightest leak or careless installation may
add water moisture to the device, which is
chemically removed by the drier using what
are called desiccants. The drier also has a
filtration system which captures any gunk in
it.
Evaporator Another small radiator which does the
opposite job as a condenser. As the super
cool liquid is pushed into the tubing, the air
is squeezed and it gets cold just before it
strikes the face. When it gets hotter again,
the refrigerant begins to transform back into
a steam.
Expansion Valve Monitor the flow to the evaporator of a
super cold refrigerant. This helps us to
control how cold the air blasts on us.
Although few kinds of valves are still in
operation, they always do the same.
Compressor Takes and forces the refrigerant (gas) to
cool the ambient air. It is driven by a motor
belt. The compressor too has a clutch which
switches the compressor on and off when
you need cooler air.

CONCLUSIONS

In the course of this experiment we should assume that the experiment is successful
when we accomplish our goal of detecting and recognising the changes in the air properties

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AKMAL SYAZLI BIN A’AZIYUDDIN 2019689028

as they are handled in an essential air conditioning device. We realised that the air properties
continue to change depending on the sort of operation we do. Any kind of process that is no
process, sensible heating, steam humidification, cooling and dehumidification has its own
effect and is the reason why this is achieved. With these data and findings, we will research
air conditioning in. But a mistake must also be avoided in order to achieve the same results.

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ALIF IKHWAN BIN KHAIRUNNIZAM 2019452212

DISCUSSION

a) No process : In this section, the temperature in this system does not changed where
temperature is 25°C to 28.1°C. This is because no process occurs in this section.
There is no factor contributes to change the air property changes in this process. We,
conclude that all the value readings recorded at temperature in and out are all in the
room temperature.
Heating process : After the experiment is conducted, we clearly can take the reading
temperature at fan inlet for 1 kW with 28.7°C (dry) and 25.3°C (wet). After steady
condition is achieved, the temperature was raised to 39.6°C (dry) and 28.6°C (wet).
Based on this experiment, the temperature increase is not consistent because of the
factor that contributes to heating process. The air temperature reached to maximum
value of 39.6°C (dry) and 28.6.°C (wet) but the relative humidity value slightly down
compare to relative humidity at fan inlet.
Steam humidification process : For this section, the water vapor or moisture are
added to the air without changing the temperature. The temperature still has changed
after humidification process that decreased and increased. Based on the theoretical,
humidification process does not affect the temperature but in experiment, the
temperature still changed. The value of air humidity in this section also has changed
but in controlled value. Thus, the percentage error  between theoretical and the
experiment data also in controlled value.
Cooling process : Based on the experiment, at this section, the compressor of
refrigerator system is switched on and the process called cooling process. By referring
to the result, we can determined that the temperature of air decreasing from 39.6°C
(dry) and 28.6°C (wet) to 29.1°C (dry) and 27°C (wet) respectively. The data proved
that the cooling process decrease temperature value. The air relative humidity is
increasing . This shows that the moisture is increasing upon cooling process.
Dehumidification : Dehumidification is a psychometric process where the water is
removes from the air as the air temperature falls below the dew point temperature.
The air relative humidity decreased from 95.11% to 66.28%. This shows us that
moisture percentage in the air drop in dehumidification process. In addition, the
temperature of the air is increased from 27°C to 40.8°C. This prove that temperature
different involves in dehumidification process.

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ALIF IKHWAN BIN KHAIRUNNIZAM 2019452212

b)

Schematic Of A Modem Air-conditioning System With Advanced Air Treatment

Process The AirSense 10 AutoSet self-adjusting device (figure 1) is indicated for the
treatment Do not overfill the water tub as water may enter the device and air tubing.
All other error messages, for example, System fault, refer to user guide, Error 0XX
Make sure the power cord and plug are in good condition and the equipment is not.
The process of air ionization involves the electronically induced formation of small
generation of non-thermal plasmas in the treatment of chemical A typical building
HVAC system involves conditioning of transmitted by modem to an internet data
center. technologically well advanced, is just now entering the field. This course
provides a study of the integration of automotive vehicle systems and basic AUT-110
Automotive Heating and Air Conditioning the student to engineering methods for
treatment and prevention of water, soil, and air pollution. This advanced-level course
continues to build on the concepts of the CAD I.

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ALIF IKHWAN BIN KHAIRUNNIZAM 2019452212

c)

The major components of the automotive air conditioning system are compressor, an
evaporator, a condenser and an expansion valve. The function of compressor is continuing on
cycles and off to meet the cooling requirement of the passenger compartment. This
compressor connected with magnetic clutch which given power to the compressor. Then, the
expansion valve controls the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator. The evaporator is the
heat exchanger that removes heat from the inside of the vehicle. The expansion valve has a
capillary tube with a thermal bulb that controls how far open or closed it is. The thermal bulb
and the internal pressure of the refrigerant balance to control just the exact amount of
refrigerant needed. Vapor refrigerant leaving the evaporator is compressed to a relatively
high pressure and temperature by the compressor. Next, the refrigerant passes through the
condenser, where the refrigerant condenses and there is heat transfer from the refrigerant to
the air flow across the condenser. Finally, the refrigerant enters the expansion valve and
expands to the evaporator pressure.

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ALIF IKHWAN BIN KHAIRUNNIZAM 2019452212

CONCLUSION

From the experiment, we can enhance our knowledge regarding the air conditioning system.
After the experiment was conducted, the main is heat and moisture in the air-conditioning
system. Air conditioning is the cooling of indoor air for thermal comfort. In a broader sense,
the term can refer to any form of cooling, heating, ventilation, or disinfection that modifies
the condition of air. An air conditioner is an appliance, system, or machine designed to
stabilize the air temperature and humidity within an area (used for cooling as well as heating
depending on the air properties at a given time), typically using a refrigeration cycle but
sometimes using evaporation, commonly for comfort cooling in buildings and motor
vehicles. 

There are some advantages of air-conditioning system:

 Increase working efficiency
 Improved sales, productivity, comfortless
  Minimised cleaning materials and furniture last longer
 Suitable environment for plants growth, process, electronic and laboratory areas
 Reduce internal and external pollution
 Avoid risk of fire or damage due to static electricity caused by dry air

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ALISA AFZAN BINTI MOHD RASANI 2019695932

DISCUSSION

a) Answer all the problems in the experimental and discuss the results obtained
by explaining the factors that contributes to the air property changes for
each process problems

i. No process
Since there is no process running on this test, there are no big changes of
temperature recorded in this process. All the value of temperature
readings obtained at this stage is all in the range of room temperature.
This is because there are no main factors that contributes to the increasing
or decreasing of air temperature and also air properties. The factors that
may contributes to the air temperature and properties may include all of
the components on the air conditioning system such as heater,
compressor, condenser and others. There are no components running on
this process except the air blower. The relative humidity on this process is
quite high, which mean the moisture content in the air is high because
temperature is proportional to the humidity.

ii. Sensible heating

For this sensible heating process, there are two conditions, which is 1kW
pre-heater and allow for 5 minutes before the data printed, and on the
second test, 1.5kW re-heater and allow for 5 minutes and the data was
printed. The usage of the 1kW and 1.5kW heater is clearly contributes to
the changes of air property in this test. The air temperature value on this
process is greater compared to the previous process which is no process.
The temperature in this process began to exceed the room temperature as
on 1kW pre-heater, the highest temperature recorded is 39.6 and on the
1.5kW re-heater is 41.4. The relative humidity in this process is obviously
lower than in the previous process. The increasing of the temperature
influences the moisture content in the air on this process. The
condensation rate in this process is quite high since the enthalpy value is
quite high.

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ALISA AFZAN BINTI MOHD RASANI 2019695932

iii. Steam humidification

Based on the data obtain from experiment, the dry and wet temperature is
increasing after the water heater is switch on to boil . It is found that the
steam produced from boiled water increase the wet and dry temperature.
The wet temperature is increase more compare to the other process. At
this process, the humidity of air is increase because of the steam that had
been produced.

iv. Cooling and dehumidification

Based on the result, it can be noted that all of the value of readings
obtained for both wet and dry temperature are totally lower compared to
the previous processes. At this stage the compressor of the refrigeration
system is switched on. That is why all of the temperatures reading are at a
lower value since the process of cooling and dehumidification are both
involved. The cooled air starts to flow and the room temperature will cold
down

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ALISA AFZAN BINTI MOHD RASANI 2019695932

b) Find the schematic of a modern air-conditioning system with advanced air

treatment processes and explain the function of the main devices

Device Function
Compressor To compress the refrigerant from the low
pressure, low temperature to high pressure,
high temperature.
Condenser A condenser is a component that turns
heated and pressurized refrigerant vapour
into a cool liquid. This conditioned liquid
runs through the air conditioning system and
helps cool the indoor temperatures. It also
soaks up the heat from the room and
transports it back to condenser.
Expansion Valve It removes pressure from the liquid
refrigerant to allow expansion or change the
state from liquid to a vapour in evaporator.
The high-pressure liquid refrigerant enters
in quite situation and leaves it in cold
situation. Orifice within the valve does not
remove heat but only reduces the pressure.
Evaporator It absorbed heat from the surrounding air
and produced cooled air.

c) Explain with the suitable diagrams the operation and arrangements in an

automotive air-conditioning unit.

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ALISA AFZAN BINTI MOHD RASANI 2019695932

Components Operations
Condenser A miniature radiator, usually mounted at the front of the car
right next to the big radiator. Sometimes the condenser will have
its own electric cooling fan and the hot, compressed air passes
through the condenser then it gets cooler. As it cools, it then turn
into a liquid.
Drier A drier is used to extract the moisture from the refrigerant.
Sometimes it referred as dehydrator. It is necessary to remove
moisture from the system otherwise it may cause freezing inside
the tube. This will affect the flow of refrigerant to be block.
When in contact with oil in the system, the moisture can also
induce the formation of acids and sludge.

Evaporator The evaporator is mounted inside the vehicles. The main

function of the evaporator is to absorb the surrounding heat. A
secondary function of the evaporator is as system for
dehumidification. The air moisture is condensed into its surface
as a warmer air flow the aluminum fins of the cooler evaporator
coil.so dust and pollen passing can cling to the wet surface and
drain out to the outsides.

Expansion valve Expansion valves are devices used to control the refrigerant flow
in a refrigeration system. They help to facilitate the change of
higher pressure of liquid refrigerant in the condensing unit to
lower pressure gas refrigerant in the evaporator.
Compressor Take the refrigerant (gas) and pressurize it to cool the ambient
air. It's driven by the belt of the engine. The compressor also has

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ALISA AFZAN BINTI MOHD RASANI 2019695932

an electrically operated clutch that turns the compressor on and

off when you need more fresh air.

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ALISA AFZAN BINTI MOHD RASANI 2019695932

CONCLUSION

For the conclusion, the experiment that had been conducted are sucsessful. All the objectives
that had been stated are achieved. Air properties is changed base on the type of process that
had been run. Each prosess such as no process, steam humudification, sensible heat, cooling
and dehumudification have their own result of air properties. The air properties vary depends
on the relative humidity, specific humidity, temperature, heat transfer, and air motion

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8.0 REFERENCES

Ashwin. (2020, September 20). 9 Factors to Consider Before Installing AHU.

Retrieved November 13, 2020, from https://refconhvac.com/9-factors-to-consider-
before-installing-ahu/

Çengel, Y. A. (2003). Heat transfer: A practical approach (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Çengel, Y. A., & Boles, M. A. (2016). Thermodynamics: An engineering approach

(8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Elnaggar, M., & Alnahhal, M. (2019, November 22). Central Air Conditioning:
Systems and Applications. Retrieved November 13, 2020, from
https://www.intechopen.com/books/low-temperature-technologies/central-air-
conditioning-systems-and-applications

Free Online Interactive Psychrometric Chart. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2020,
from http://www.flycarpet.net/en/PsyOnline

Grondzik, W. T. (2007). Air-conditioning system design manual (2nd ed.).

Butterworth-Heinemann.

Mishra, P. (2017, December 11). How a Car Air Conditioning System Works?
Retrieved November 13, 2020, from How a Car Air Conditioning System Works?

Stoecker, W. F., & Jones, J. W. (2001). Refrigeration and air conditioning. McGraw-
Hill.
9.0 APPENDIX