Review exercise 1

1 Assumption: there are a finite number of prime numbers,

Let X = ( p1 × p2 × p3 × × pn ) + 1
None of the prime numbers p1 , p2 , p3  pn can be a factor of X as they all leave a
remainder of 1 when X is divided by them. But X must have at least one prime factor.
This is a contradiction. So there are infinitely many prime numbers.

2 Assumption: is a solution to the equation,

, where a and b are integers with no common factors.
2
a a2 2 2
  − 2 = 0 ⇒ 2 = 2 ⇒ a = 2b
b b
So is even, which implies that a is even.
Write a = 2n for some integer n.

So b 2 is even, which implies that b is even.

This contradicts the assumption that a and b have no common factor. Hence there are
no rational solutions to the equation.

3 Assumption: if n is odd then 3n2 + 2 is even.

Let n = 2k + 1 where k is an integer.
Then 3(2k + 1)2 + 2 = 3(4k2 + 4k + 1) + 2 = 12(k2 + k) + 5
This is an even number plus an odd number which must be odd.
This contradicts the assumption made.
Therefore if n is odd then 3n2 + 2 is odd.

4 Assumption: 5 is rational.
a
Let 5 = for integers a and b.
b
Also assume that this fraction is in its simplified form and there are no common factors.
a2
Then 5 = 2 or a2 = 5b2
b
2
Hence a must be a multiple of 5.
Since a is an integer it follows that a is also a multiple of 5.
So let a = 5c where c is an integer.
Then a2 = 25c2, and so 5b2 = 25c2 which leads to b2 = 5c2
Now b2 is a multiple of 5, and so b is a multiple of 5.
If a and b are both multiples of 5 then this contradicts the initial statement of there being no common
factors.
Hence 5 is irrational.

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 2x −1 A B
5 = +
( x − 1)(2 x − 3) x − 1 2 x − 3

Set x = 1: 2(1) − 1 =1 =A(2(1) − 3) =− A

Set x = 32 : 2 ( 32 ) − 1 = 2 = B ( 32 − 1) = 1
2 B

2x −1 −1 4
So = +
( x − 1)(2 x − 3) x − 1 2 x − 3

3x + 7 P Q R
6 = + +
( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3) x + 1 x + 2 x + 3
⇒ 3 x + 7 = P( x + 2)( x + 3)Q( x + 1)( x + 3) + R( x + 1)( x + 2)

Set x = −1: 3(−1) + 7 = 4 = P((−1) + 2)((−1) + 3) = 2 P

Set x = −2 : 3(−2) + 7 ==
1 Q((−2) + 1)((−2) + 3) =−Q

Set x = −3 : 3(−3) + 7 =−2 =R ((−3) + 1)((−3) + 2) =2R

2 A B C
7 2
= + +
(2 − x)(1 + x) 2 − x 1 + x (1 + x) 2

Set x = 2 : 2 = A(1 + 2) 2 = 9 A so A = 2
9

Set x = −1 : = = 3C so C =
2 C[2 − (−1)] 2
3

Compare coefficients of x 2 : 0= A − B
⇒ B = A = 92
Solution:
= A 2
9,B
= 2
9,C
= 2
3

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8

A(2 x + 1) 2 + B( x + 1)(2 x + 1) + C ( x + 1)
≡
( x + 1)(2 x + 1) 2
Compare numerators of fractions:
14 x 2 + 13 x +=
2 A(2 x + 1) 2 + B( x + 1)(2 x + 1) + C ( x + 1)
Put x = −1
3 = A+0+0 ⇒ A = 3
Put x = − 12
14
4 − 132 + 2 =12 C ⇒ C =−2
So 14 x 2 + 13 x + 2 = 3(2 x + 1) 2 + B( x + 1)(2 x + 1) − 2( x + 1)
Compare coefficients of x 2 :
14 = 12 + 2 B ⇒ B = 1
Check constant term:
2 = 3 +1− 2
14 x 2 + 13 x + 2 3 1 2
So 2
≡ + −
( x + 1)(2 x + 1) x + 1 2 x + 1 (2 x + 1) 2

Compare coefficients of x 2 : 3 = d
Compare coefficients of x : 6 = e
Compare constant terms: −2= 4d + f

So f =−2 − 4d =−2 − 4(3) =−14

Solution: d = 3 , e = 6 , f = −14

10

Set x = 1: 9 – 3(1) – 12(1)2 = −6 = B(1 + 2(1)) = 3B

Set x = − 12 : 9 − 3 ( − 12 ) − 12 ( − 12 ) = = C (1 − ( − 12 ) ) =
2 15
2
3
2 C

Compare coefficients of x 2 :

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 4x −1 A B
11 = +
( x + 1)( x + 3) x + 1 x + 3
1 A ( x + 3) + B ( x + 1)
4 x −=
= Ax + 3 A + Bx + B
=( A + B ) x + ( 3 A + B )
Comparing coefficients
For x:
A+B=4 (1)
3A + B = −1 (2)
Subtracting (1) from (2) gives:
3A + B – A – B = –1 – 4
2A = −5
5
A= −
2
5
Substituting A = − into (1) gives:
2
 5
− + B = 4
 2
13
B=
2
Therefore:
4x −1 5 13
= − +
( x + 1)( x + 3) 2 ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 3)

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 4 x3 B C D
12 A
== + +
( x − 3)( x − 1) x − 3 x − 1 ( x − 1)2
2

4 x3
= A ( x − 3)( x − 1) + B ( x − 1) + C ( x − 3)( x − 1) + D ( x − 3)
2 2

( x − 3)( x − 1)
2

= Ax3 − 5 Ax 2 + 7 Ax − 3 A + Bx 2 − 2 Bx + B + Cx 2 − 4Cx + 3C + Dx − 3D
= Ax3 + ( B − 5 A + C ) x 2 + ( 7 A − 2 B − 4C + D ) x + ( B − 3 A + 3C − 3D )
Comparing coefficients
For x3:
A=4
For x2:
B − 5A + C = 0 ⇒ B + C = 20 (1)
For x:
7A − 2B − 4C + D = 0 ⇒ −2B − 4C + D = −28 (2)
For constant:
B − 3A + 3C – 3D = 0 ⇒ B + 3C – 3D = 12 (3)
Adding 3 × (2) to (3) gives:
B + 3C – 3D − 6B − 12C + 3D = 12 – 84
5B + 9C = 72 (4)
Subtracting 5 × (1) from (4) gives:
5B + 9C – 5B – 5C = 72 – 100
4C = −28
C = −7
Substituting C = −7 into (4) gives:
5B + 9(−7) = 72
B = 27
Substituting B = 27 and C = −7 into (2) gives:
−2(27) – 4(−7) + D = −28
D = −2
Therefore:
A = 4, B = 27, C = −7 and D = −2

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 5x + 3 A B
13 a = +
( 2 x − 3)( x + 2 ) 2 x − 3 x + 2
3 A ( x + 2 ) + B ( 2 x − 3)
5x + =
= Ax + 2 A + 2 Bx − 3B
=( A + 2 B ) x + ( 2 A − 3B )
Comparing coefficients:
For x:
A + 2B = 5 (1)
For constant:
2A – 3B = 3 (2)
Subtracting 2 × (1) from (2) gives:
2A – 3B – 2A – 4B = 3 – 10
–7B = –7
B=1
Substituting B = 1 into (1) gives:
A + 2(1) = 5
A=3
Therefore:
5x + 3 3 1
= +
( 2 x − 3)( x + 2 ) 2 x − 3 x + 2
6 6
5x + 3  3 1 
b ∫ = dx ∫  2 x − 3 + x + 2  dx
2 (
2 x − 3)( x + 2 ) 2
6
3 
=  ln 2 x − 3 + ln x + 2 
2 2
3  3 
=  ln 2 ( 6 ) − 3 + ln ( 6 ) + 2  −  ln 2 ( 2 ) − 3 + ln ( 2 ) + 2 
2  2 
3  3 
=  ln 9 + ln 8  −  ln1 + ln 4 
2  2 
3
= ln 9 + ln 2
2
= ln 27 + ln 2
= ln 54

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14 a As
The equation for y can be rewritten as
y =( t − 32 ) − 54
2

So y  − 54

15 a

So the solution is

b When x → ∞, y → 3
3eln 6 − 6 (3 × 6) − 6 12
When
= x ln=
6, y = =
eln 6 + 1 6 +1 7
So range is 12
7 < y<3

16
1 x x
=y = =
 1 − x  x − (1 − x ) 2 x − 1
1−  
 x 

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17 a

π
b 0t 
2
So 0  cos t  1 and − 1  cos 3t  1
So 0  x  2, − 1  y  1

18 a

π π
Note that we have to take the positive square root 1 − sin 2 t since cos t  0 for −  t 
2 2
π π
As −  t  , − 1  sin t  1 ⇒ −1  x  1
2 2

 π 1
x= sin  −  = −
 6 2
Coordinates of A are ( − 12 , 0 )
At B, x = sin t = 0 ⇒ t = 0
 π π 1
y= sin  t + = sin =
 6 6 2
Coordinates of B are ( 0, 12 )

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19 a
2
x
y 2   − 1, − 3  x  3
=
3

b Curve is a parabola, with a minima and y-intercept at (0,–1) and x-intercepts when
2
x x 1 3
2   =⇒1 =± ⇒x= ±
3 3 2 2
 3   3 
Coordinates  − , 0,  , 0
 2   2 

(10 )( 9 ) (10 )( 9 )(8)

(1 − 2 x ) 1 (10 )( −2 x ) + ( −2 x ) ( −2 x )
10 2 3
20 a =+ +
2! 3!
1 − 20 x + 180 x 2 − 960 x 3
=

( 0.98) = (1 − 0.02 )
10 10
b
Using (1 − 2 x ) =
10
1 − 20 x + 180 x 2 − 960 x 3 with x = 0.01 gives:
( 0.98) = 1 − 20 ( 0.01) + 180 ( 0.01) − 960 ( 0.01)
10 2 3

= 0.81704
= 0.817 (3 d.p.)

21 ( 2 − x )(1 + 2 x ) =
 ( 5)( 4 ) 2 x 2 + ... 
( 2 − x ) 1 + ( 5)( 2 x ) + ( )
5

 2! 
=( 2 − x ) (1 + 10 x + 40 x + ...)
2

= 2 + 20 x + 80 x 2 − x − 10 x 2 − ...
=+2 19 x + 70 x 2
So a = 2, b = 19 and c = 70

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22 ( 2 − 4 x ) = 2q (1 − 2 x )
q q

The x term is:

2q ( q )( −2 x )
Therefore the coefficient of x is given by:
( 2q ) ( −2q )
Since the coefficient of x = −32q
( 2q ) ( −2q ) =
−32q
2q = 16
q=4

23 a Using the binomial expansion

−1
g( x)= (1 − x) 2

b | x |< 1

24 a
na = −6 (1)
n(n − 1) 2
a = 45 (2)
2
6
From equation (1) a= −
n
Substitute into equation (2)
n(n − 1) 36
× 2 = 45
2 n
36n 2 − 36n =
90n 2
54n 2
− 36n =
⇒n=0 or n =− 36
54 =− 32
Substitute into equation (1) to give a = 9

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24 c
So − 19 < x < 19

25 a Using the binomial expansion

1+ (
( 2 )( 2 )
3 1
( 2 ) ( 2 )( − 2 )
3 1 1
)
3
2
(1 + 4 x) =
2 3
2 (4 x) + (4 x) + (4 x)3 + ...
2! 3!
1 6 x + 6 x − 4 x3 + ...
=+ 2

3 3 3
  3    112  2  112  112 122
2

b 1 + 4   =   =  =
  100    100   100  1000

2 3
 3   3   3 
c 1+ 6  + 6  − 4 1.185292
 =
 100   100   100 
112 112
So ≈ 1.185292
1000
1185.292
⇒ 112 ≈ = 10.582962857 =  10.58296 (5 d.p.)
112

d Using a calculator

Note, you will get different answers if you use values rounded to 5 d.p. in
calculating the percentage error.

26 Expand (3 + 2 x) −3 using the binomial expansion:

( )
−3
(3 + 2 x) −3 = 3−3 1 + 2 x
3
1 
( ) ( )
2 x + (−3)(−4) 2 x + (−3)(−4)(−5) 2 x + ... 
( )
2 3
= 1 + ( −3 )
27  3 2! 3 3! 3 

1  8 2 80 3 
= 1 − 2 x + x − x + ... 
27  3 27 

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 2 (1 − 94 x ) 2
1 1
27 a h( x) =(4 − 9 x) 2 =
So using the binomial expansion
 ( 1 )( − 12 ) − 9 x 2 + ... 
h( x) = 2 1 + ( 12 ) ( − 94 x ) + 2 ( 4 ) 
 2! 
= 2 (1 − 98 x − 128 x + ...)
81 2

81 2
=2 − 94 x − 64 x + ...

1 1

 1   9  2  400 − 9  2 391
b h 4
 =−  =  =
 100   100   100  10

2
 1  9  1  81  1 
c h  ≈ 2−  −  1.97737 (5 d.p.)
 =
 100  4  100  64  100 

−2
1  b 
28 a −2
(a + bx) = 2 1 + x 
a  a 
1 
2
 b  (−2)(−3)  b  
= 
2 
1 + ( −2)  x  +  x  + ... 
a  a  2!  a  
1 2b 3b 2
= 2 − 3 x + 4 x 2 + ...
a a a
1 1
= + x + cx 2 
4 4
1 1
So 2
= ⇒ a2 = 4⇒a = ±2
a 4
When a = 2, comparing the x coefficient gives
2b 1 a3
− 3 = ⇒ b =− =−1
a 4 8
2
Comparing the x coefficient gives
3b 2 3 3
c
= =4
=4
a 2 16
So one solution is a =
2, b =
−1, c =3
16

When a = −2, comparing the x coefficient gives

2b 1 a3
− 3 = ⇒ b =− = 1
a 4 8
Comparing the x 2 coefficient gives
3b 2 3 3
c
= =4
=4
a 2 16
So second solution is a =
−2, b =
1, c =3
16

Note that the two solutions yield the same expression

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28 b Coefficient of x 3 in expansion of ( x − 2) −2
3
1 (−2)(−3)(−4)  1  1
−  =
4 3!  2 8

3 + 5x A B
29 a = +
(1 + 3x)(1 − x) 1 + 3x 1 − x
⇒ 3 + 5 x= A(1 − x) + B(1 + 3 x)
Set x = 1: 8 = 4 B ⇒ B = 2
Set x =− 13 : 4
3 =4
1
3 A⇒ A=

3 + 5x
b =(1 + 3 x) −1 + 2(1 − x) −1
(1 + 3 x)(1 − x)

3x − 1 A B
30 a = +
(1 − 2 x) 1 − 2 x (1 − 2 x) 2
2

⇒ 3 x − 1= A(1 − 2 x) + B
Set x = 12 : gives B= 1
2

Compare coefficients of x gives 3 =−2 A ⇒ A =– 32

Expand each term using the bionomial expansion

3 3 (−1)(−2) (−1)(−2)(−3) 
− (1 − 2 x) −1 =− 1 + (−1)(−2 x) + (−2 x) 2 + (−2 x)3 +  
2 2 2! 3! 
1 2 1 (−2)(−3) (−2)(−3)(−4) 
(1 − 2 x) −= 1 + (−2)(−2 x) + (−2 x) 2 + (−2 x)3 +  
2 2 2! 3! 
Now sum the expansions
3 1  3 1
− (1 − 2 x) −1 + (1 − 2 x) −2 =  − +  + ( −3 x + 2 x ) + (−6 x 2 + 6 x 2 ) + (−12 x3 + 16 x3 ) + 
2 2  2 2
=−1 − x + 4 x3 + ...

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 25 A B C
31 a f ( x) = 2
= + 2
+
(3 + 2 x) (1 − x) 3 + 2 x (3 + 2 x) 1 − x
⇒ 25 = A(3 + 2 x)(1 − x) + B(1 − x) + C (3 + 2 x) 2
Set x= 1: 25= 25C ⇒ C= 1
Set x =− 32 : 25 = 10
2 B⇒ B =
5

Compare the coefficients of x 2

0=−2 A + 4C ⇒ A = 2C = 2
So=
A 2,=
B 10,=
C 1

b From part (a) f ( x) = 2(3 + 2 x) −1 + 10(3 + 2 x) −2 + (1 − x) −1

(1 + 23 x ) + 109 (1 + 32 x ) + (1 − x) −1
−1 −2
= 2
3

Now expand each part of the equation using the binomial expansion
 (−1)(−2) 2 2 (−2)(−3) 2 2
) 23 1 + (−1) ( 23 x ) +
f ( x= ( 3 x ) +   + 109 1 + (−2) ( 32 x ) + ( 3 x ) +  
 2!   2! 
 (−1)(−2) 
+ 1 + (−1)(− x) + (− x) 2 +  
 2! 
= ( 32 + 109 + 1) + ( − 94 x − 2740 x + x ) + ( 278 x 2 + 2740 x 2 + x 2 ) + ...
=259 − 27
25
x + 259 x 2 + ...

40 x 2 + 30 x + 31 B C
32 a A+
= +
( x + 4)(2 x + 3) x + 4 2x + 3
⇒ 4 x 2 + 30 x + 31= A( x + 4)(2 x + 3) + B(2 x + 3) + C ( x + 4)
Set x = −4 : 64 − 120 + 31 = −25 = −5 B ⇒ B = 5
Set x =− 32 : 9 − 45 + 31 =−5 =52 C ⇒ C =−2
Compare coefficients of x 2
4 = 2A ⇒ A = 2
Solution: A = 2, B = 5, C = −2

b
−1 −1
5 x 2 2 
Rewrite as f ( x) =+2 1 +  − 1 + x 
4 4 3 3 
5
2
 x  (−1)(−2)  x   2  2  (−1)(−2)  2 
2

f ( x) = 2 + 1 + (−1)   +   +   −  1 + ( −1)  x  +  x  + 
4  4 2!  4   3
  3  2!  3  

 5 2  5 4   5 8 2
=  2 + −  +  − x + x  +  x2 − x  + ...
 4 3   16 9   64 27 
31 19 377 2
=+ x− x + ...
12 144 1728

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Challenge

1 Assumption: there exists a, b ∈ ℤ such that a2 – 8b = 2

First let a2 = 2 + 8b = 2(4b + 1) which means that a2 is even.
Since a2 is even, it follows that a must also be even.
Then let a = 2c where c is an integer.
So (2c)2 = 2(4b + 1), or 2c2 – 4b = 1
Since we now have 2(c2 – 2b) = 1, and that also b, c ∈ ℤ it follows that from our statement that 1 must
be even.
Since we know 1 isn’t even, this contradicts our assumption, and so a2 – 8b ≠ 2

2x4 + 3 2x4 + 3 D E
2 = = Ax 2 + Bx + C + +
x2 −1 ( x + 1)( x − 1) x +1 x −1
+ 3 Ax 2 ( x + 1)( x − 1) + Bx ( x + 1)( x − 1) + C ( x + 1)( x − 1) + D ( x − 1) + E ( x + 1)
2x4 =
= Ax 4 − Ax 2 + Bx3 − Bx + Cx 2 − C + Dx − D + Ex + E
= Ax 4 + Bx3 + ( C − A ) x 2 + ( D − B + E ) x + ( E − C − D )
Comparing coefficients:
For x4:
A=2
For x3:
B=0
For x2:
B=0
C–A=0⇒C=2
For x:
D–B+E=0⇒D+E=0 (1)
For constant:
E–C–D=3⇒E–D=5 (2)
Adding (1) and (2) gives:
D+E+E–D=0+5
2E = 5
5
E=
2
5
Substituting E = into (1) gives:
2
5
D+  = 0
2
5
D= −
2
Therefore:
2 x4 + 3 5 5
= 2 x2 + 2 − +
2
x −1 2 ( x + 1) 2 ( x − 1)

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3=
a x sin= t , y sin 3t , 0  t  π
= sin 3t sin 2t cos t + cos 2t sin t
= cos t ( 2sin t cos t ) + sin t ( 2 cos 2 t − 1)
= 2sin t cos 2 t + 2sin t cos 2 t − sin t
= 4sin t cos 2 t − sin t (1)

1 − x2
cos t = ⇒ cos t =1 − x 2
1
Substituting y = sin 3t, x = sin t and cos=
t 1 − x 2 into (1) gives:

( ) −x
2
y= 4 x 1 − x2

= 4 x (1 − x 2 ) − x
= 3x − 4 x3

b Domain: 0  x  1
Range: −1  y  1

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  1  1   1  1  3 
  −    −  − 
1 2  2 
( −2 x ) +  2  2  2  ( −2 x ) + ...
1

(1 − 2 x ) 1   ( −2 x ) +
2 3
4 2 =+
2 2! 3!
1 1 1
=1 − x − x 2 − x 3 − ... , valid for 2 x < 1 ⇒ x <
2 2 2
1 1
( 0.98) 2= (1 − 0.02 ) 2
1
1 1
Using (1 − 2 x ) 2 =1 − x − x 2 − x 3 with x = 0.01 gives:
2 2
1
1 1
( 0.98) 2 = 1 − 0.01 − ( 0.01) − ( 0.01)
2 3

2 2
= 0.9899495
1 1 1
98 98
= =2 100 2 × 0.98 2
= 10 × 0.9899495
= 9.899495
π 2
cos   =
4 2
98
= 2 × 49
=7 2
98
2=
7
2 98
=
2 14
Therefore:
2 9.899495
=
2 14
= 0.707107 (6 d.p.)

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