TUNNELING TECHNIQUES

CENG 7205

Dr.-Ing. Henok Fikre

Nov. 2020, AA
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
COURSE CONTENT

 Introduction
 Geotechnical Investigations

 Rock Mechanics

 Tunnel Detailed design

 Tunnel Construction procedures

 Post Construction Considerations

 Applications with software

 Case Histories
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION

 Historical developments
 Arts of Tunneling

 Geometric Considerations

 Further tunneling considerations

TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION - GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS

 Parts

1- Key stone
2- Arch
3- Wall
4- Floor
5- Bench
6- Bench line or plane
7- Top heading
8- Invert
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION - GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS

 Geometrical considerations
• Horizontal and vertical alignment
• Clearance
• Cross section elements
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION - GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS

 Geometrical considerations -Clearance

TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION - GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS

 Geometrical considerations – Cross section

TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION - GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS

 Geometrical considerations – Cross section

TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION - GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS

 Geometrical considerations – Cross section

TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION - GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS

 Geometrical considerations – Cross section elements

• Travel lanes
• Shoulders
• Sidewalks/Curbs
• Tunnel drainage
• Tunnel ventilation
• Tunnel lighting
• Tunnel utilities and power
• Water supply pipes for firefighting
• Cabinets for hose reels and fire extinguishers
• Signals and signs above roadway lanes
• CCTV surveillance cameras
• Emergency telephones
• Communication antennae/equipment
• Monitoring equipment of noxious emissions and visibility
• Emergency egress illuminated signs at low level (so that they are visible
in case of a fire or smoke condition)
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION - GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS

 Geometrical considerations – Cross section elements

• Portals
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION - GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS

 Geometrical considerations – Cross sections

• Various profiles are conceivable, e.g. rectangular ones.
• The most widespread ones, however, are circular (a) and mouth profiles (b)

a) b)
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION - GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS

 Geometrical considerations – Cross sections

• A mouth profile is composed of circular sections.
• The ratio of adjacent curvature radiuses should not exceed 5 (r1/r2 < 5).
• The minimum radius should not be smaller than 1.5 m.
• Note that in the case of weak rock the lower part of the lining also receives
load from the adjacent ground.
•Therefore, a curved profile is advisable from a statical point of view also in
the invert
• The following relations refer to geometrical properties of mouth profiles.
• With the initial parameters r1, r2, r3 it is obtained:
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION - GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS

 Geometrical considerations – Cross sections

• A typical problem of tunnel design is to fit a rectangle into a mouth profile

It is assumed that the lower edges of the rectangle are on the

circle with radius r3
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION - GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS

 Geometrical considerations – Cross sections

• A typical problem of tunnel design is to fit a rectangle into a mouth profile
• Choose r1, r2, r3 in such a way that the mouth profile comprises the
rectangle
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION - FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS

 Shapes of road tunnels:

•cut and cover method
 Rectangular •immersed method
•jacked box tunneling
 Circular
 Horse shoe (curvilinear)
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION - FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS

 Shapes of road tunnels:

 Rectangular
tunnel boring machine (TBM)
 Circular drill and blast in rock
 Horse shoe (curvilinear)
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION - FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS

 Shapes of road tunnels:

 Rectangular
 Circular •drill and blast in rock
 Horse shoe (curvilinear) •Sequential Excavation Method
(NATM)
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION - FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS

 Shape (type) selection criteria

 Tunnel geometry (depth, no. of lanes)
e.g. 2 lanes (vehicles) or railway circular (TBM)
larger and/or deeper tunnels SEM
TUNNELING TECHNIQUE
INTRODUCTION - FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS

 Shape (type) selection criteria

 Tunnel geometry (depth, no. of lanes)
e.g. 2 lanes (vehicles) or railway circular (TBM)
larger and deeper tunnels SEM
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION - FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS
 Further considerations
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION - ASSIGNMENT
 Assignment 1
 Show how to fit a rectangular tunnel into a
mouth profile by using the three digits of your ID
number to choose the values of r1, r2, r3, and b