Yarmouk University

Hajjawii Faculty of Engineering Technology

Electrical Power Engineering Department

Training Report

Training Report
Chapter One: Solar Energy Systems
Chapter Two: Rehab power plant
Chapter Three: Irbid Electricity company

Mohammed AL-Mahmodi

2014875027

Supervisor:

Eng. Nuha Radaideh

1
Table of Contents
Chapter I: Solar Energy Systems...........................................................................................3
On-Grid systems.........................................................................................................................3
Solar Cell Characteristic............................................................................................................3
Common Types of Solar Cell.................................................................................................4
Methodology of Designing........................................................................................................5
Inverter Selection.......................................................................................................................7
Panel Distribution Scenarios......................................................................................................9
Protection of PV system...........................................................................................................14
Differences between MCB and RCCB:................................................................................15
Earth Connection..................................................................................................................16
Chapter II Rehab power plant..............................................................................................17
Overview..................................................................................................................................17
Component of Rehab Power Station........................................................................................17
Gas Turbine Fundamentals......................................................................................................18
Combined Cycle.......................................................................................................................20
Cooling Water System.............................................................................................................21
Water Treatment.......................................................................................................................23
Health Safety and Environment...............................................................................................24
Fire Protection System.............................................................................................................25
Chapter III: Irbid Electricity company, Distribution System...........................................26
Medium Voltage in Jordan.......................................................................................................26
Ring Main Unit (RMU)............................................................................................................30
Transformer datasheet..............................................................................................................32
Electricity Meters.....................................................................................................................33
Smart Meter..............................................................................................................................34
Net Metering............................................................................................................................35
References................................................................................................................................36

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Chapter I: Solar Energy Systems

On-Grid systems
The first category of solar energy system is the on- grid system. This system could be
realised as the grid integrity is impossible. The integration of solar system requires
permission from the government. Jordan goes towards increasing the use of solar energy. The
average radiation in Jordan is in the range of 5 and 7 kWh/m2 and there are future and
national strategy to increase the power generated by solar to around 600MW by 2020 [1].
Global radiation in Jordan is considered as one of the very high values compared to other
countries. Yearly global radiation in Jordan is around 2080 kWh/m² and the average daily
radiation is 5.7 kWh/m² [2].
Designing of a PV system require the knowledge about the solar radiation theory and
its calculation. The determination of the peak sun hours, which refer to the amount of energy
received by the panels- or in other words how much energy received during the day in a
specific area, is one of the most important information needed to design a solar system [3,4].
Peak power or the kilo watt peak (kWp) of the power demand has to be calculated before the
determination of the number of panels which have to be accommodated with the roof
capacity [5].

Solar Cell Characteristic

Solar Cell converts light energy into the electrical energy. A solar cell is basically a p-
n junction diode. It utilizes photovoltaic effect to convert light energy into electrical energy.

Figure 1: Solar Cell Characteristic, https://www.electrical4u.com/solar-cell/

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 As the light reaches the p-n junction, the light photons can easily enter in the
junction, through very thin p-type layer. The light energy, in the form of photons, supplies
sufficient energy to the junction to create a number of electron-hole pairs. The incident light
breaks the thermal equilibrium condition of the junction. The free electrons in the depletion
region can quickly come to the n-type side of the junction. Similarly, the holes in the
depletion can quickly come to the p-type side of the junction. Once, the newly created free
electrons come to the n-type side, cannot further cross the junction because of barrier
potential of the junction.

Figure 2 equivalent ckt of solar cell

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Solar-cell-equivalent-circuit

Common Types of Solar Cell

 Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

Monocrystalline solar cells, also called "single crystalline" cells are easily recognizable by
their colouring. But what makes them most unique is that they are considered to be made
from a very pure type of silicon. In the silicon world, the more pure the alignment of the
molecules, the more efficient the material is at converting sunlight into electricity. In fact,
monocrystalline solar cells are the most efficient of all; efficiencies have been documented at
upwards of 20%. Monocrystalline solar cells are made out of what are called "silicon ingots,"
a cylindrically shaped design that helps optimize performance. Essentially, designers cut four
sides out of cylindrical ingots to make the silicon wafers that make up the monocrystalline
panels. In this way, panels comprised of monocrystalline cells have rounded edges rather than
being square, like other types of solar cells.

 Polycrystalline Solar Cells

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Polycrystalline solar cells, also known as polysilicon and multibillion cells, were the first
solar cells ever introduced to the industry, in 1981. Polycrystalline cells do not go through the
cutting process used for monocrystalline cells. Instead, the silicon is melted and poured into a
square mold, hence the square shape of polycrystalline. In this way, they're much more
affordable since hardly any silicon is wasted during the manufacturing process. However,
polycrystalline is less efficient than its monocrystalline cousin. Typically, polycrystalline
solar PV system operated at a 13-16% efficiency - again, this is due to the fact that the
material has a lower purity. Due to this reality, polycrystalline is less space-efficient, as well.
One other drawback of polycrystalline is that has a lower heat tolerance than monocrystalline,
which means they don't perform as efficiently in high temperatures

 Thin Film Solar Cells

Another up and coming type of solar cell is the thin film solar cell with growth rates of
around 60% between 2002 to 2007. By 2011, the thin film solar cell industry represented
approximately 5% of all cells on the market. While many variations of thin film products
exist, they typically achieve efficiencies of 7-13%. However, a lot of research and
development is being put into thin film technologies and many scientists suspect efficiencies
to climb as high as 16% in coming models.

Polycrystalline

Monocrystalline

Figure 3 view of poly and mono panels

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Methodology of Designing
The first step of designing a PV system and sizing the modules to a specific building is to
calculate the average power demand consumption for a year and then for a day in (kWh) ,
the second step is to find the peak power demand (kWp) for a day.

Shading is also affecting the performance of the PV system. It reduces the output power
generated by the PV panels. This problem is partially solved by suitable distances between
rows to get an acceptable ratio of shading. Sizing of PV system required to determine the
daily average consumption power which can be calculated by knowing the power demand
and peak sun hours:

Pd
Pp =
PSH
(1)

Where:
Pp Peak power (KWp)
Pd Daily average consumption (kWh)
PSH Peak Sun Hours.
The PSH is given by the following equation:

Rd
PSH =
1kw /m2
(2)
Where:
Rd Daily radiation in (kW/m2).
The resulted daily peak power demand is an important parameter to be used in designing and
sizing of the PV system.

LOAD

inverter RCCB MCB MCB Meter

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GRID
Inverter Selection
If PV system is designed, several models can be used to integrate the system with grid.
Two types of inverters are discussed in this report because the are usually used in Jordan.

 The first type is KOSTAL PIKO:

It is the unique benefits offered by the KOSTAL solar inverters that are so impressive:
flexibility, communication and practicality. With its versatile equipment options and a wide
product range from 3 to 20 kW, the PIKO inverter portfolio has a solution for almost every
PV system.

As part of the PIKO Smart optimisation concept, PIKO inverters come with shadow
management for maximum yield even from partially shaded PV systems, thus providing
greater flexibility in system planning.

Figure 5 inside view of inverter

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  The second type is Fronius Solar Inverters:

The Fronius Power Package allows the benefits of Fronius string inverters to be fully
leveraged for small and large-scale projects. From planning through to maintenance of the PV
system, maximum flexibility in the design of the PV system, the pre-installed inverter cabling
and the supplied Fronius AC Combiner significantly reduce the planning work. Failure rates
during initial installation and the installation time itself are therefore minimised. The Fronius
Power Package also helps to reduce the need for maintenance, which in turn helps reduce
project costs.

The Meter:

Net meters show the net consumption of power in the household. A net meter does not
tell you how much solar electricity you pushed out to the grid, or how much “regular
electricity” you took in from the grid. It indicates the difference between the two, or the “net
usage.” The cool thing is that your net meter actually runs backwards if you are producing
more solar energy than you are using at that point in time.

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Panel Distribution Scenarios
There is a significant software that used to accommodate the available area to met the
targeted demand. This software helps to study the shading effect in course of year. Here are
more than one scenario to distribute 25kw capacity at the roof of building. Variety of tilt
angels are set to investigate the appropriate form.

Figure 6 top view of system 25kw

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Figure 7 view of the Hight of this scenario

Figure 8 15 telt angle scenario, less high

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Figure 9 top view of the scenario of 15 tilt angle

Figure 10 scenario of only 3 cascaded panels 25 tilt angle

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Figure 11scenario of only 3 cascaded panels 10 tilt angle

Let’s consider a system of capacity 20KW. In the following, full design and sizing are
introduced in detail to perform as much as possible of suitable selection. According to the
data sheet of the selected panel,61 panels of 330W are needed.

The number of strings, panels connected in series, is determined according to the

selected inverter. In this case the selected inverter is PIKO 20:

 Max input voltage 1000V

 MPP range:
 Min rated voltage in symmetrical is 345/345/345, in unsymmetrical 450/450/ 250.
 Maximum rated voltage 800V.
 Maximum input current in symmetrical, 20/20/20, un symmetrical 20/20/20.
 MPPT (3), DC input (3).

The suitable string panels as 21/20/20.

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the open circuit voltage at string 21 is 963, at string 20 is 918, both within the limit. The
current in series string is the same current of individual panel, 8.86 A dose not exceed 20 A.

The string current is the current of on panel so if we connect two string in parallel the input
current will be the some of the two currents. The need to connect to strings in parallel is
required when the voltage of the strings exceed the limits. In this case we use the Y connecter
to extra input to the inverter taking into consideration the limits of input current in
symmetrical and unsymmetrical string distribution.

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 Figure 12 view of Y connecter

Protection of PV system
In this section protection system, types of switches and earthing, are discussed. Two
types of CB are used in PV system as shown in previous schematic diagram, MCB and
RCCB.

Figure 13 view of MCB

Figure 14 view of RCCB

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Differences between MCB and RCCB:
MCBs are electromechanical devices which are used to protect an electrical circuit from an
overcurrent. It can be reclosed without any hand-operated restoration. MCB is used as an
option to the fuse switch in most of the circuits. Unlike a fuse, MCB does not have to be
replaced every time after a failure as it can be reused.

Another huge advantage of MCBs is that the detection of a problem is easy.

Whenever there is a fault in the circuit, the switch comes down automatically and we are
hereby informed that there was a fault. We can then manually go and put the MCB back up
and the electricity will start flowing again.

RCCB is basically an electric wiring that trips or disconnects when imbalance or

mismatch in electric current is detected. The best part about RCCB is that it does not take
much time to take the control over the imbalanced electric current; RCCB takes only about
20 milliseconds to trip. RCCB is essentially a current sensing equipment that is used to
control the low voltage circuit from the fault. It comprises a switch device which is used to
turn off the circuit when there is a fault.

Figure 15 view of MCCB 400A

Earth Connection
The metallic device used to contact the earth is the grounding electrode. The
conductor that connects the central grounding point (where the equipment grounding system

15
is connected to the grounded circuit conductor on grounded systems) and a grounding
electrode that is in contact with the earth is known as the grounding electrode conductor
(GEC).

The resistance of grounding system must be 5 ohm and not exceed this value. The following
is the circuit to measure the earth resistance.

Figure 16 view of circuit to measure the earth resistance.

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Chapter II Rehab power plant

Overview
Rehab power plant is located in the northern region of Jordan, approximately 70 km
north of the capital Amman. The plant site is approximately 835 meters above sea level and
located within a rural area surrounded by extensive agricultural land.

Rehab power plant comprises 2 simple cycle gas turbines which are nominally rated
at 30 MW gross and a 297 MW combined-cycle gas turbine which comprises 2 gas turbines
with 100 MW and 1 steam turbine with 97 MW.

Figure 17: View of Rehab power plant

Component of Rehab Power Station

Table illustrates the details of the units that form this station. It contains of five units
installed in different years.

Table 1: Rehab Power Station Component

Rated Capacity Installation

Unit Power (MVA)
(MW) year
Gas Turbine (GT 10) 30 1994 37.45
Gas Turbine (GT 11) 30 1995 37.45
Gas Turbine (GT 12) 100 1996 111.45
Gas Turbine (GT 13) 100 2002 108.24
Steam Turbine (ST 14) 97 2005 122.49

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Table 2: Rating of the generator transformers

Unit Rated Capacity (MVA) Installation year

Gas Turbine (GT 10) 42 1995
Gas Turbine (GT 11) 45 1995
Gas Turbine (GT 12) 148 1996
Gas Turbine (GT 13) 148 2002
Steam Turbine (ST 14) 115 2005

Gas Turbine Fundamentals

The simplest arrangement of the gas turbine consists of a compressor, combustor and
turbine directly connected to the generator.

The gas turbine is a steady flow device in which air is compressed to a high pressure
in the compressor, fuel is added in the combustion chamber, resulting in a high temperature at
the turbine inlet; the hot gases are then expanded in the turbine back to atmospheric pressure.
The expansion process provides significantly more power than is required by the compressor
resulting in a net power which is available to the generator. The performance of the gas
turbine will be dependent on the pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature selected, with
the former being limited by aerodynamic considerations and the latter by metallurgical,
manufacturing and blade cooling considerations.

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Figure 18: View of gas turbine diagram, control room

The function of the axial flow compressor is to furnish high pressure air to the combustion
chambers for the production of the hot gases necessary to operate the turbine. The turbine wheels
are an area of primary importance because they are the point at which the kinetic energy of
the hot gases is converted into useful rotational, mechanical energy by the turbine buckets.
This produces the power necessary to meet the load requirements and drive the axial–flow
compressor.
The overall function of the combustion system is to supply the heat energy to the gas
turbine cycle. This is accomplished by burning fuel mixed with compressor discharge air.
The combustion gases are then diluted with excess air to achieve the desired gas temperature.

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Figure 19: gas turbine diagram,

Combined Cycle
The key to obtaining high efficiency was the combination of the gas turbine
(Brayton cycle) with the steam turbine (Rankine cycle), with the high temperature exhaust
from the gas turbine being utilized in waste heat boilers (or heat recovery steam generators)
to raise steam for use in a steam turbine.

20
Figure 20 The diagram of steam turbine, control room

Figure 21: Diagram of combined cycle

21
Cooling Water System
The cooling water system circulates water as the medium to cool several turbine
generator components
and maintain the lubricating fluid at acceptable temperature levels. The system normally
operates at a slightly positive pressure as a result of the liquid in the system expanding with
the increase in temperature during operation. The system does not, however, require
pressurization to ensure proper operation.
Cooling water is circulated first through the four generator heat exchangers (coolers) of the
hydrogen cooling system. Heat from the hydrogen gas stream within the generator casing is
transferred to the four hydrogen–to–water heat exchangers which are in turn cooled by the
cooling water circulated through them.
Air-cooled condenser (ACC) technology does not need water to condense the process
fluid. In this system, exhaust steam from the turbine flows counter-currently through the tube
bundles of an ACC and is condensed in parallel flow tube bundles using air flow induced by
axial fans.

Figure 22: View of air cool condenser (ACC)

22
Figure 23: Diagram of (ACC), Control room

Water Treatment
The water that used in cooling or that would be heated to generate the steam which
rotate the steam turbine have to be pure. To accomplish this purpose, several stages of
treatment will be applied. There are two main stages, physical and chemical steps. The
physical stage could be achieved by passing the water through channels full of sand to catch
the pollutant and then through the Reverse Osmosis (RO) system.

The chemical stage, ion exchange, contains three steps: cation, anion and mixed
channel. The main difference between cation and anion resins is that one is positively charged
(cation) and the other is negatively charged (anion). This makes them useful in removing
different types of contaminants (which will also vary depending on their size and chemical
composition). Cation and anion resin beads can be used together (mixed bed configuration) or
in separate vessels (twin bed configuration), depending on the needs of the facility and if total
removal of positively and negatively charged ions are required.

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Figure 24: Diagram of physical stage of water treatment

Figure 25: Diagram of chemical stage in water treatment

Health Safety and Environment

Within its vision, CEGCO has reached the best standards and practices in
occupational health, safety and environmental management (HSE) to protect employees,

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provide them with amenities and preserve the environment. Safety and Occupational Health
and its practical applications are one of the fundamental pillars of various social, productive
and service activities in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in all its forms and applications.
Comprehensive safety and occupational health standards are the first reliable building unit for
any productive task or community service in the Kingdom of Jordan. Thus, the importance of
health and safety in Rehab power plant in protecting workers is as follows:

 Work accidents on high places up to more than 120 cm and use appropriate tools and
assistance to carry out such tasks as stairs and so the safety office periodically checks
the stairs to ensure the safety of this tool used frequently within the station in addition
to the places that are characterized by high temperature, such as Cutting and welding
process as well as indoor and sealed.
 Incidents of equipment falling on the company's employees It is the company's
instructions that the visitors or trainees go to the public safety office and receive
guidance on the sites and take the helmet safety.
 Smoking is strictly prohibited inside the station because of the presence of fuel in one
way or another inside the station.
 Rehab Company has an integrated fire fighting system. The system is tested every 14
days to ensure that this system is ready.

Fire Protection System

Rehab power plant has an integrated firefighting system. The system is tested every
14 days to ensure system readiness in the event of any emergency and therefore there are
special materials used for the fire process:

1. Powder or dry powder: used for firefighting if the burning object is a solid object such
as electric machines, such as in the station.
2. Foams: Used in the case of the burning object liquid material such as diesel, for
example, where there is an integrated system for the protection of diesel tanks and the
delivery of sufficient juice to extinguish the fire using foam.
3. Carbon dioxide CO2: Used to extinguish fires generated by electrical appliances.

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Chapter III: Irbid Electricity company, Distribution System

Medium Voltage in Jordan

Generally, in Jordan, there are two types of medium voltage. The first kind is 33kv, and this
transmitted via overhead lines. The another type is 11kv, which transmitted through under ground
cables inside the cities. As a new customer join the grid the company feed him with one of these
approaches:

If the nearest transformer still able to feed the new demand, the company immediately will
connect the load, otherwise, new transformer would be established near the load. The new transformer
will convert the medium voltage 11kv into low voltage 220v.

The following figures illustrates several types of feeding new demand.

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Figure 26: view of feeding new demand from overhead low voltage lines

This was a water pump project of 15 hp. In this case the customer will be fed from overhead low
voltage. This means that the nearest transformer capacity can withstand the new load.

Another way is to feed the demand from distribution board beside the transformer.

27
Figure 27: view of distribution board

The new customer will be connected

here from unloaded fuse’s place

The second method is to establish new transformer. This because no one of nearest transformer can
feed the load. This will be within several steps. First of all, digging the ground to transmit the medium
voltage cable to point close to the load.

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 Figure 18: view of digging the ground

Figure 19: transmitting underground cable and feeding the new transformer

11kv underground cable

29
The second step is to identify receiving point i.e. the place of new transformer. This might be
established over H pole or even inside the building or next to it.

Figure 20: place of transformer which will be established inside the building

30
Figure 31: view of H pole Figure 321: view of RMU

31
Figure 33: medium voltage power station

RMU

Ring Main Unit (RMU)

In an electrical power distribution system, a ring main unit (RMU) is a factory assembled,
metal enclosed set of switchgear used at the load connection points of a ring-type distribution
network. It includes in one unit two switches that can connect the load to either or both main
conductors, and a fusible switch or circuit breaker and switch that feed a distribution transformer.

in out

tail
tail
il
Figure 22: diagram of RMU

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 i o i o
n t u n t u
a t a t
t i t i

a
t

n
l
i
l
i

i
RMU a l
a l
11k/220

l
i
a
t
i i
l l

t
u
o
i i
l l

Figure 35: diagram of connecting transformer with RMU

RMU

extension
in o
tai u
t l t
Pole ai 11k/220
l
il

Distribution
board
Figure 36: Diagram of connecting new transformer from an extension

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 Transformer datasheet
This section presents the details of one of the distribution transformer’s datasheet. It provides
the information about its connection, type of cooling, rating, etc.

Rating 630
KVA

Primary and Primary and

secondary secondary
voltage current

Cooling
ONAN

Vector group
Dyn11

Figure 23: medium transformer datasheet

Total mass Connection

2550 kg Delta -star

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Electricity Meters
Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers' premises for billing purposes. They
are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour (kWh). They
are usually read once each billing period.

All kinds electrical meters are the main nerve in the electrical distribution companies and the
result of the effort of generating and transmitting electrical energy, because of its importance in the
calculating electrical energy that exported and received (consumed) and therefore complete loss
within the electrical system in addition to the bills of energy which sold to different kinds of
consumers. Consequently, any cumulative error caused by a fault in the meter or its long-term
connections, especially to large consumers, could lead to serious financial losses.

Therefore, based on the above, it is necessary to verify the safety of the use of these meters
before using them.

Figure 24: meter testing lab

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Smart Meter
A smart meter is an electronic device that records consumption of electric energy and
communicates the information to the electricity supplier for monitoring and billing. Smart meters
typically record energy hourly or more frequently, and report at least daily.

Figure 25: view of single phase meter

Figure 26: view of three phase meter

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Net Metering
Net metering (or net energy metering, NEM) allows consumers who generate some or all of
their own electricity to use that electricity anytime, instead of when it is generated. This is particularly
important with renewable energy sources like solar, which are non-dispatchable (when not coupled to
storage). Monthly net metering allows consumers to use solar power generated during the day at
night. Annual net metering rolls over a net (kWh) credit to the following month.

Figure 27: inserting mobile card to enable the communication

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References
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https://www.ecomena.org/solar-energy-jordan/ [Accessed: 28-Jan-2018].

[2] “Analysis of Solar Radiation in Jordan, 2010 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering.” .

[3] “How to Calculate Your Peak Sun-Hours,” Solar Power Authority, 17-Mar-2016.
[Online]. Available: https://www.solarpowerauthority.com/how-to-calculate-your-peak-sun-
hours/. [Accessed: 31-Jan-2019].

[4] D. Chiras, Power from the Sun: A Practical Guide to Solar Electricity Revised 2nd
Edition. New Society Publishers, 2016.

[5] “ The difference between the peak power and the energy?,” Understand Solar, 02-
Feb-2016. .

https://understandsolar.com/kw-kwh-kwp/ [Accessed: 31-Jan-2019].

[6] F. Agai, N. Caka, and V. Komoni, Design of optimization and simulation of

photovoltaic systems on buildings in southeast Europe, vol. 1. 2011.

[7] “How to Design Solar PV System - Guide for sizing your solar photovoltaic system.”
[Online]. Available: http://www.leonics.com/support/article2_12j/articles2_12j_en.php.
[Accessed: 02-Feb-2018].

[8] “PV Array Sizing for kWh | Home Power Magazine.” [Online]. Available:
/articles/solar-electricity/design-installation/pv-array-sizing-kwh. [Accessed: 04-Feb-2019].

[9] M. I. Al-Najideen and S. S. Alrwashdeh, “Design of a solar photovoltaic system to

cover the electricity demand for the faculty of Engineering- Mu’tah University in Jordan,”
Resour.-Effic. Technol., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 440–445, Dec. 2017.

[10] S. Beam, “Solar Power Generation: Summer vs. winter | Performance &
Maintenance,” Solar Panels | Solar Batteries | Solar Inverters, 11-Nov-2017. .
https://www.solarbeam.com.au/solar-power-generation-summer-vs-winter [Accessed: 13-
Feb-2019].

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