Propulsion and Power Research 2019;8(3):194e209

http://ppr.buaa.edu.cn/

Propulsion and Power Research

w w w. s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m

ORGINAL ARTICLE

Natural convective heat transfer in a square

enclosure utilizing magnetic nanoparticles
Latifa M. Al-Balushia, M.J. Uddinb, M.M. Rahmana,*

a
Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, Al-Khod, P.C. 123,
Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
b
Department of General Educational Development, Daffodil International University, 102 Shukrabad, Dhanmondi,
Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh

Received 20 February 2018; accepted 4 July 2018

Available online 23 August 2019

KEYWORDS Abstract In the present paper, unsteady natural convective heat transfer flow inside a square
enclosure filled with nanofluids containing magnetic nanoparticles using nonhomogeneous dy-
Nanofluids;
Nanoparticles; namic model is investigated numerically. The horizontal top wall of the enclosure is considered
Heat transfer; a colder wall and the bottom wall is maintained at uniform temperature whereas two other ver-
Natural convection; tical walls of the cavity are thermally insulated. The Galerkin weighted residual finite element
Square enclosure; method has been used to solve the governing non-dimensional partial differential equations. In
Finite element method numerical simulations, four types of nanoparticles such as magnetite (Fe3O4), cobalt ferrite (Co-
Fe2O4), Mn-Zn ferrite (Mn-ZnFe2O4), and silicon dioxide (SiO2), and three types of base fluids
such as water (H2O), engine oil (EO) and kerosene (Ke) have been considered. Comparisons
with previously published work are performed and excellent agreement is obtained. The effects
of various model parameters such as thermal Rayleigh number, nanoparticles volume fraction
and nanoparticles shape factor are studied. The results show that the average Nusselt number
increases as the thermal Rayleigh number and nanoparticles volume fraction intensify. The re-
sults indicate that the average Nusselt numbers are higher for the blade shape of nanoparticles.

*Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mansurdu@yahoo.com (M.M. Rahman).
Peer review under responsibility of Beihang University.

Production and Hosting by Elsevier on behalf of KeAi

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jppr.2018.07.009
2212-540X/ª 2019 Beihang University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Natural convective heat transfer in a square enclosure utilizing magnetic nanoparticles 195

Kerosene-based nanofluids exhibit higher heat transfer rate. Mn-ZnFe2O4-kerosene nanofluid

has a higher average Nusselt number than that of other 11 types of nanofluids which are studied
in the present analysis.
ª 2019 Beihang University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi. This is an open
access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Nomenclature ðu; vÞ dimensional velocity components (unit: m/s)

ðU ; V Þ dimensionless velocity components
C concentration of nanofluid (unit: mol/m3) ðx; yÞ dimensional coordinates (unit: m)
Cc reference concentration (unit: mol/m3) ðX ; Y Þ dimensionless coordinates
cp specific heat (unit: J/(kg$K))
DB Brownian diffusion coefficient (unit: m2/s)
dp diameter of nanoparticle (unit: nm)
Greek letters
a thermal diffusivity (unit: m2/s)
DT thermal diffusion coefficient (unit: m2/s)
b the coefficient of volume expansion (unit: K1)
g acceleration due to gravity (unit: m/s2)
b) the coefficient of mass expansion (unit: m3/mol)
kB Boltzmann constant (unit: J/K)
t nondimensional time
L length of the bottom wall (unit: m)
r density (unit: kg/m3)
Le Lewis number
m dynamic viscosity (unit: Pa$s)
Nu Nusselt number
y the kinematic viscosity
Nuave average Nusselt number
q dimensionless temperature
NTBTC dynamic diffusion parameter
f nanoparticles volume fraction
NTBT dynamic thermo-diffusion parameter
F dimensionless concentration
n the empirical shape factor of nanoparticles
k thermal conductivity (unit: W/(m$K))
p dimensional pressure (unit: Pa)
j stream function
P dimensionless pressure
J the sphericity of the nanoparticles
Pr Prandtl number
DC concentration drop (unit: mol/m3)
RaT local thermal Rayleigh number
DT temperature drop (unit: K)
RaC local solutal Rayleigh number
Sc Schmidt number
t dimensional time (unit: s) Subscripts
T temperature (unit: K) ave average
Th the temperature of the hot wall (unit: K) bf base fluid
Tc the temperature of the cold wall (unit: K) nf nanofluid
p solid nanoparticle

1. Introduction investigations using the nonhomogeneous model produced a

The analysis of natural convective heat transfer in a
square enclosure has been received considerable attention
because of its direct application in the various fields such as
thermal insulation systems, geothermal reservoirs applica-
tions, cooling of nuclear reactors, solar energy collection,
ventilation and petroleum reservoirs. There are many nu-
merical and experimental investigations on the natural
convection heat transfer inside several types and shapes of
enclosures utilizing nanofluids. Choi et al. [1] studied a
numerical computation of the natural convection in a
copper-oxide-water nanofluid filled square cavity using
homogeneous and nonhomogeneous models. Surprisingly,
their result shows that the natural convection heat transfer is
decreased as the nanoparticle volume fraction is increased at
the same Rayleigh number for both homogeneous and
nonhomogeneous models. Also, it is noticed that the
slightly higher average Nusselt number than that of the
homogeneous model. Al Kalbani et al. [2] studied an un-
steady natural convective heat transfer flow of nanofluids
having various sizes of nanoparticles inside an inclined
square enclosure in the presence of an oriented magnetic
field. They observed that an increment in Rayleigh number
and nanoparticle volume fraction intensifies the heat transfer
rate in a significant way, whereas, an increment in Hartmann
number decreases the overall heat transfer rate. They also
observed that the heat transfer enhancement strongly de-
pends on the diameter of the nanoparticles as well as the
types of the nanofluids. Uddin et al. [3] conducted a nu-
merical study of unsteady convective heat transfer flow of
nanofluids in a horizontal semicircular-annulus using
nonhomogeneous dynamic mathematical model. Their re-
sults showed that 1e20 nm size nanoparticles are uniform
and stable in the solution. The average Nusselt number
196
increases significantly, as nanoparticle volume fraction,
Rayleigh number increases and nanoparticle diameter de-
creases. Nguyen et al. [4] studied unsteady natural con-
vection heat transfer in a nanofluid-filled square cavity with
various heat source conditions. They found that addition of
nanoparticles into the base fluid leads to noticeable
enhancement of heat transfer, particularly at low Rayleigh
numbers. Celli [5] studied the behaviors of nanofluid in a
square cavity using two-component model (Buongiorno [6])
and found that the average Nusselt number at the vertical
walls was sensitive to the average nanoparticle volume
fraction which is dispersed inside the cavity. Result also
shows that the average Nusselt number is seriously striking
by the different thermophysical properties of nanofluids.
Ben-Cheikh et al. [7] have experimented numerically the
natural convection with the non-uniform temperature dis-
tribution where the bottom wall of the square enclosure is
heated. They have noticed that the heat transfer rate in-
creases when nanoparticles volume fraction intensifies.
Their investigation also shows that the enhancement in heat
transfer rate significantly depends on the nanofluid types.
The natural convection-conduction (conjugate) heat
transfer composed of nanofluids in a square enclosure and
filled by porous cavity heated by a triangular solid wall
studied by Chamkha at al [8]. They investigated that the
heat transfer may be enhanced or deteriorated with
increasing nanoparticle volume fraction. Their result also
shows that the dispersions of copper nanoparticles give
higher heat transfer than that of alumina oxide and titanium
oxide nanoparticles in the base fluids. Sathiyamoorthy et al.
[9] have investigated the natural convection flow of elec-
trically conducting liquid (gallium) in a square cavity with
the uniform inclined magnetic field. They have found that
the average Nusselt number falls non-linearly by increasing
Hartmann number for any inclined angle. Basak et al. [10]
have studied the analysis of heatlines for the natural
convective flow of nanofluids confined within square cav-
ities for several thermal boundary conditions. Their results
show that the heat transfer rates and the temperature patterns
significantly change for the dominance of viscous force or
buoyancy force. These are established based on heatlines
visualizations. The average Nusselt number exhibit larger
values of nanofluids for all ranges of the Rayleigh number.
They also found that alumina-water and copper-water
nanofluids show larger enhancement of heat transfer rates.
There are many standard studies regarding the analysis of
heat transfer in different shapes of enclosures using nano-
fluids highlighting the importance of nanofluids over the
conventional fluids. The applications of nanofluids in a
microchannel, bioengineering, chemical engineering, solar
energy field are the primary focus of these nanofluids
research. The notable contributions on these fields are as
follows: Rahman et al. [11e16], Rahman [17], Uddin et al.
[18], Khanafer et al. [19], Sheremet and Pop [20,21],
Alsabery et al. [22], Das et al. [23], Nield and Bejan [24],
Shenoy et al. [25], Wong and Leon [26], Bondareva et al.
Latifa M. Al-Balushi et al.
[27], Tiwari and Das [28], Kumar et al. [29], Nasrin et al.
[30], Mansour et al. [31] and Chamkha et al. [32].
In the present work, our aim is to analyze the heat
transfer in a square enclosure for diverse potential nano-
fluids using a nonhomogeneous dynamic model proposed
by Uddin et al. [33]. There are three different types of
mathematical modeling of nanofluids are available in the
literature such as one-component, two-component, and
nonhomogeneous dynamic models. These models are using
to investigate the heat transfer rate for a specific application.
Uddin et al. [18] describes the fundamentals of nanofluids
along with the existing mathematical models. Also, the in-
sights and basic differences among these models can be
found in the study of Uddin et al. [33,34]. It is noticeable
that there are significant differences between the two-
component mathematical model and the non-homogeneous
dynamic model which are used in the present study. The
reason for choosing nonhomogeneous dynamic model is
that the nanoparticles are assumed as the species (mole-
cules) of the base fluid in this model. The molar concen-
tration equation of nanofluid rather than nanoparticle
continuity equation is considered where the state of the
particles in the base fluid can be looked at. In the model, the
thermophysical properties such as the viscosity, thermal
conductivity, density, thermal expansion, specific heat and
the electrical conductivity are the functions of the nano-
particle volume fraction, thermophysical properties of the
base fluid and the nanoparticles. The nanoparticle volume
fraction (amount of nanoparticles) is used as a constant. This
model is constructed by a newly developed concentration
flux equation which is dissimilar to the two-component
model and a thermophoretic diffusion coefficient equation.
Importantly, the nonhomogeneous dynamic model over-
comes the limitations of one- and two-components models
of nanofluids. The reason of choosing square shaped ge-
ometry filled with ferroparticles in the current study is that it
has quite a lot of prospect in the heat transfer applications
but the very little amount of work and results have been
noticed in the open literature. Therefore, to understand the
flow dynamics and applicability in the different energy
fields, a numerical study on the convective flow inside a
square shaped enclosure filled with different types of rare
nanofluids with various sorts of magnetic nanoparticles has
been investigated.
2. Formulation of the problem
2.1. Physical model
We have considered an unsteady, laminar, incompressible
two-dimensional natural convection flow in a square
enclosure of length L filled with nanofluids. The physical
design of the current problem is taken from the practical
applications. The geometry and coordinate systems of the
problem are schematically shown in Figure 1, where x and y
are the Cartesian coordinates. The left and right vertical
Natural convective heat transfer in a square enclosure utilizing magnetic nanoparticles 197

walls are insulated and nanofluids are isothermally heated special types of nanofluids without any external effects
and cooled by the bottom and upper walls at uniform tem- utilizing the exceptional sorts of magnetic nanoparticles.
peratures of T ZTh and T ZTc respectively. Under all situ- Hence, the dynamic unsteady conservation equations
ations, Th > Tc is maintained. Initially, it is assumed that namely, the continuity, momentum, energy and concentra-
nanofluid concentration is kept at low concentration Cc but tion equations for nanofluids are as follows (see Uddin et al.
for t > 0, it is assumed as Ch at the bottom wall so that [34,35]):
Ch > Cc . Considering the scope of practical applications in
heat transfer, it is assumed that the left and right walls of the V , vZ0 ð1Þ
cavity are thermally insulated so that no heat can be escaped
hvv i
through these walls. Also, the concentration flux on these rnf þ v,Vv Z  Vp þ mnf V2 v þ ðrbÞnf gðT  Tc Þj
boundaries is assumed to be zero. This means that there are vt ð2Þ
no nanoparticles and concentration differences at these two þðrb Þnf gðC  Cc Þj
boundaries. Thermophoresis, Brownian diffusion, and
gravity effects are included in our study in the absence of  
  vT  
magnetic field, thermal radiation, and chemical reaction. rcp nf þ v,VT ZV, knf VT
The base fluid and the solid nanoparticles are in the thermal vt
  ð3Þ
equilibrium state. Ferrite-water nanofluid has been used as   VC,VT VT ,VT
the default to investigate the flow, thermal and concentration þ rcp nf DB þ DT
C T
fields in addition to analysis of heat transfer enhancement.
All solid boundaries are assumed to be rigid so that no-slip
vC C DT 2 DT
boundary conditions for the flow are applicable. þ v,VCZDB V2 C þ V T þ VC,VT ð4Þ
vt T T
2.2. Mathematical modeling There are numerous types of research on the nanofluid
thermophysical properties especially regarding the nanofluid
2.2.1. Conservation equation for nanofluids viscosity and the thermal conductivity. The correlations of
In the present work, nanoparticles are considered as the viscosity and the thermal conductivity used in the present
species of base fluids and it is assumed that the solid par- study are the standard equations and popular choice of many
ticles are easily fluidized in the pure fluid. Any external investigations which are supported by also many experi-
force or external effect such as magnetic field is not mental studies in the open literature. The effective viscosity,
considered in the construction of the present problem. Also, density, thermal diffusivity, heat capacitance, volumetric
the radiations and chemical reactions in the fluid are not thermal expansion, volumetric mass expansion, thermal
conceived. These effects are not considered in the present conductivity, Brownian diffusion coefficient (Sheremet and
analysis because the main aim is to investigate the heat Pop [20]) and thermophoretic diffusion coefficient (Uddin
transfer rate and get an insight on the flow dynamics of the et al. [35]) of nanofluid is given by

mnf Zmbf ð1  fÞ2:5 ð5Þ

rnf Z ð1  fÞrbf þ frp ð6Þ

knf
anf Z  ð7Þ
rCp nf

     
rCp nf
Zð1  fÞ rCp bf þ f rCp p ð8Þ

ðrbÞnf Zð1  fÞðrbÞbf þ fðrbÞp ð9Þ

ðrb) Þnf Zð1  fÞðrb) Þbf þ fðrb) Þp ð10Þ

"  #
kp þ ðn  1Þkbf  ðn  1Þf kbf  kp
knf Zkbf  
kp þ ðn  1Þkbf þ f kbf  kp
  sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð11Þ
rcp p f 2DT kB Tc
þ
2DlT 3pmnf dp
Figure 1 Physical model and coordinates system.
198 Latifa M. Al-Balushi et al.

knf bbf mnf can easily understand the controlling forces or parameters of
DT Z 0:126ƛ ð12Þ
kbf rnf the system, (ii) get rid of dimensional constraint and (iii)
make a generalization of the size and shape of the geometry.
2kB TC For this purpose Eqs. (1)e(4) and Eq. (14) are transformed
DB Z ð13Þ into dimensionless forms by employing the following non-
3pmnf dp
dimensional variables:
9
where f is the nanoparticle volume fraction, the subscript bf
is for base fluid and p is for the solid particle. The Eq. (11) is vL x y pL2 > >
>
V Z ; X Z ; Y Z ; PZ ;>
>
constructed from the thermal conductivity model of abf L L rbf a2bf =
ð15Þ
Maxwell [36] and Hamilton and Crosser [37] and Xuan et abf t T  Tc C  Cc > >
>
al. [38], where n is the nanoparticle shape factor. The tZ 2 ; qZ ; FZ >
>
L Th  Tc Ch  Cc ;
nanoparticle shape factor is defined by n Z 3=J, where J
is called the sphericity defined as the ratio between the
surface area of the sphere and the surface area of the real where abf , L; DT Z Th  Tc ; DC Z Ch  Cc , Tc and Cc
particle with equal volumes. The values of J are evaluated are the thermal diffusivity of the base fluid, reference length
experimentally to be 0.81, 0.62, 0.52 and 0.36 for brick, of the geometry, the temperature difference, the nominal
cylinder, platelet and blade shape nanoparticles, respectively concentration difference, reference temperature and refer-
(see Timofeeva et al. [39]). Hence, n Z3, n Z3:7, n Z 4:9, ence concentration within the nanofluid, respectively.
nZ5:7 and nZ8:6 correspond to brick, cylinder, platelet Introducing the transformations (15) and assuming constant
and blade-shaped nanoparticles, respectively. In Eq. (11), properties of nanofluids and recognizing that ðDT =Tc Þ  1
the second term of the right-hand side is due to the Brow- and ðDC=Cc Þ  1; the Eqs. (1)e(4) are rewritten in
nian motion of nanoparticles where, kB is the Boltzmann dimensionless forms as:
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
constant, DlT Z DT is the numerical value of DT , dp is the V , V Z0 ð16Þ
apparent diameter of nanoparticle and Tc is the reference
temperature. vV rbf nnf
þ V ,VV Z  VP þ PrV2 V
vt rnf nbf
2.2.2. Initial and boundary conditions ð17Þ
 
The initial and the boundary conditions for the present ðrbÞnf
þ RaT Prq þ RaC PrF j
problem are as follows: bbf rnf
For t  0 ; entire domain
u Z 0; vZ0; T ZTc ; CZCc ; pZ0: ð14aÞ vq anf VF,Vq PrNTBT
þ V ,VqZ V2 q þ þ Vq,Vq ð18Þ
vt abf Le Sc
For t > 0 ;
At the bottom wall (0  x  L, y Z 0): vF Pr  2 
þ V ,VFZ V F þ NTBTC V2 q þ NTBT VF,Vq ð19Þ
u Z 0; vZ0; T ZTh ; CZCh : ð14bÞ vt Sc

At the top wall (0  x  L, y Z L): The dimensionless parameters introduced in Eqs.

(16)e(19) are as follows:
u Z 0; vZ0; T ZTc ; CZCc : ð14cÞ L3 bbf gDT
RaT Z nbf abf is the local thermal Rayleigh number,
At the left wall (x Z 0, 0  y  L): 3
RaC ZLnbfgDC
)
ðrb Þnf
is the local solutal Rayleigh number,
abf rnf
vT vC nbf k C
u Z 0; vZ0; Z0; Z0: ð14dÞ PrZabf is the Prandtl number, LeZðrcp Þbf DcB DC is the modi-
vx vx bf

fied Lewis number, NTBT ZDDTB DT Tc is the dynamic thermo-

At the right wall (x Z L, 0  y  L): mbf
diffusion parameter, ScZrbf DB is the Schmidt number and
vT vC NTBTC ZDDTB DC DT Cc
u Z 0; vZ0; Z0; Z0: ð14eÞ Tc is the dynamic diffusion parameter.
vx vx
2.2.4. Non-dimensional boundary conditions
The non-dimensional boundary conditions (14) can be
2.2.3. Non-dimensional governing equations written as:
Dimensional analysis is one of the most important For t  0 ; entire domain
mathematical tools in the study of fluid mechanics. To U Z 0; V Z0; qZ0; FZ0; PZ0: ð20aÞ
describe several transport mechanisms in nanofluids, it is
worthwhile to make the conservation equations dimen- For t > 0 ;
sionless. The benefits of non-dimensionalization are (i) one At the bottom wall (0  X  1, Y Z 0):
Natural convective heat transfer in a square enclosure utilizing magnetic nanoparticles 199

magnetic properties of these nanoparticles will be beneficial

Table 1 Thermo-physical properties of the base fluids (Uddin
et al. [34] and Uddin [40]).
in the research communities.

Thermo-physical properties H2O EO Ke

4. The Nusselt number
Cp =ðJ=ðkg $KÞÞ 4179 1880.3 2090
r =ðkg=m3 Þ 997.1 888.23 780 The important physical quantity in this model is the
k =ðW=ðm $KÞÞ 0.613 0.145 0.149
average Nusselt number ðNuave Þ along with the bottom
m =ðNs=m2 Þ 0.001003 0.845 0.0016
b =ð1=KÞ 21  105 70  105 99  105 heated wall. The Nusselt number ðNuÞ is the ratio of
a =107 ðm2 =sÞ 1.47 0.868 0.914 convective to conductive heat transfer across the boundary
Pr 6.8377 10959 23.004 and the local Nusselt number for nanofluid for the present
investigations can be expressed as
U Z 0; V Z0; qZ1; FZ1: ð20bÞ knf vq
NuL Z  ð21Þ
kbf vY
At the top wall (0  X  1, Y Z 1):
The average Nusselt number at the bottom heated wall is
U Z 0; V Z0; qZ0; FZ0: ð20cÞ calculated as
At the left wall (X Z 0, 0  Y  1): Z1
knf vq
Nuave Z  dX ð22Þ
vq vF kbf vY
U Z 0; V Z0; Z0; Z0: ð20dÞ 0
vX vX
At the right wall (X Z 1, 0  Y  1): Here, we calculated the average Nusselt number at the
bottom heated wall of the cavity since it is the only source of
vq vF supplying heat to the fluid.
U Z 0; V Z0; Z0; Z0: ð20eÞ
vX vX
5. Computational procedures

The dimensionless governing Eqs. (16)e(19) with the

3. Thermophysical properties boundary conditions (20) are solved numerically by
employing Galerkin weighted residual finite element
The thermophysical properties of nanofluids directly method. This method is well described by Uddin [40],
depend on the thermophysical properties of nanoparticles Zienkiewicz and Taylor [43], Rahman et al. [44] and Al
and base fluids. For our current nanofluid research, we have Kalbani et al. [45]. Recently, the finite element computa-
used the values of specific heat capacity, density, thermal tional procedures along with the detailed step by step cal-
conductivity and volumetric thermal expansion coefficients culations over the governing equations of the present
of base fluids and particles, as well as the viscosity of the problem are studied by Uddin and Rahman [46]. The basic
base fluids at room temperature. These thermophysical idea of this method is dividing the whole domain into
properties are shown in Table 1 (see Uddin et al. [34], Uddin smaller elements of finite dimensions called finite elements.
[40]) and Table 2 (Hafezisefat et al. [41] & Khan et al. [42]). The solution domain is discretized into finite element
Here, the electric conductivity of these special types of meshes, which are composed of non-uniform triangular el-
nanoparticles is not considered because the external force ements (Figure 2). In this figure, the grid generation of the
like magnetic field effect is not looked at in the present square-shaped cavity with the legend of quality measures
analysis. As we know that the magnetic nanoparticles are a and a zoom in the upper right corner of the cavity has been
new class of nanoparticle that can be manipulated using displayed. In the simulation, six node triangular elements
magnetic fields, the further and advanced studies on the are used for the development of the finite element equations.
All six nodes are correlated with velocities, temperature as
Table 2 Thermo-physical properties of the solid nanoparticles well as isoconcentrations; only the corner nodes are asso-
(Hafezisefat et al. [41], and Khan et al. [42]). ciated with pressure. This means that a lower order shape
function is chosen for pressure and which is satisfied
Thermo-physical Fe3O4 CoFe2O4 Mn-ZnFe2O4 SiO2
properties through the continuity equation. Then the nonlinear gov-
erning partial differential equations are transferred into a
Cp =ðJ=ðkg $KÞÞ 670 700 800 765
system of integral equations by applying Galerkin weighted
r =ðkg=m3 Þ 5180 4907 4900 2200
k =ðW=ðm $KÞÞ 80.4 3.7 5 36 residual method. The integration involved in each term of
b =ð1=KÞ 20:6  105 12:9  106 1.2  106 5:6  107 these equations is done by using Gauss’s quadrature
method. Then nonlinear algebraic equations so obtained are
modified by the imposition of boundary conditions. To solve
200 Latifa M. Al-Balushi et al.

Figure 3 Grids test using the fixed values of RaT Z 105 , n Z 3,

Pr Z 6:8377, RaC Z 10, f Z 0:05, dp Z 10 nm, and t Z 5.

17640, 70832 and 273560 are examined. The numerical test

is carried out in the average Nusselt number ðNuave Þ for the
aforesaid elements to develop an understanding of the grid
fineness as shown in Figure 3. The scale of Nuave for 70832
elements shows a very little difference compared with the
results obtained for the elements as 273560. Hence the grid
size of 70832 and 273560 elements can be used to get the
accurate results. In the present study, 70832 triangular ele-
ments have been considered to display and analyses results.

5.2. Code validation

To verify the accuracy of this model, we compared our

Figure 2 (a) Grid generation of the cavity with the legend of quality results with the results of Tiwari and Das [28], Davis [47],
measure, and (b) the zoom in the upper right corner of the cavity. Markatos and Perikleous [48] and Hadjisophocleous [49] in
the absence of nanofluid concentration equation for the
steady two-dimensional natural convection flow in a square
the set of the global nonlinear algebraic equations in the enclosure filled with a nanofluid. The left wall was kept hot
form of a matrix, the Newton-Raphson iteration technique and right wall was cold whereas the top and bottom walls
has been adapted through partial differential equations were insulated. Table 3 reveals very good agreement with
solver COMSOL Multiphysics. The convergence criterion reported studies.
of the numerical
solution
along with error estimation has
been set to imþ1  im  105 , where i is the general
dependent variable ðU ; V ; q; FÞ and m is the number of
iteration. This method is such an efficient numerical method
in modern engineering analysis, and it can be applied for
solving integral equations including heat transfer, fluid
mechanics, chemical processing, electrical systems, and Table 3 Comparison of Nuave with those of Tiwari and Das [28],
many other fields. De Vahl Davis [47], Markatos and Perikleous [48] and Hadjiso-
phocleous [49] for different ðRaT Þ when f Z 0.
5.1. Grid independence test
RaT Tiwari Davis Markatos Hadjisophocleous Present
and [47] and [49] study
To determine the proper grid size, the grid independence Das Perikleous
test is conducted for Fe3O4-H2O when RaT Z 105 , RaC Z [28] [48]
10, f Z 0:05, dp Z 10 nm, nZ3 and t Z 5. Six different 103 1.087 1.118 1.108 1.141 1.118
non-uniform grid systems with the following number of 104 2.195 2.243 2.201 2.29 2.274
elements within the resolution field: 4232, 8176, 12208, 105 4.450 4.519 4.430 4.964 4.717
Natural convective heat transfer in a square enclosure utilizing magnetic nanoparticles 201

Figure 4 Isotherm contours for Fe3O4-H2O nanofluid at different dimensionless time when RaT Z 105 , RaC Z 103 , f Z 0:05, dp Z 10 nm and
n Z 3.

6. Results and discussions
In this section, the obtained numerical outcomes of a
two-dimensional laminar incompressible flow of nanofluid
have been examined numerically in a square enclosure. The
physical phenomenon is studied for a wide range of control
parameters. In the numerical simulation, we have taken
Fe3O4-H2O nanofluid as default for the description of the
flow, thermal and concentration fields as well as the average
Nusselt number for different model parameters of the
202
Figure 5 The streamlines for Fe3O4-H2O nanofluid for different nanoparticles volume fraction ðfÞ and different local thermal Rayleigh number
ðRaT Þ when RaC Z 103 , dp Z 10 nm, nZ3 and t Z 5.
problem. The most significant features of nanofluids are the
effect of nanoparticle in terms of amount, size and shape, are
also investigated and displayed graphically. The results are
analyzed for nanoparticle volume fraction f Z 0:00, 0.01,
0:02, 0:05, nanoparticle size dp Z 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 100 and
Rayleigh numbers RaT Z 104 , 5  104 , 105 on streamlines,
isotherms, and isoconcentrations. The average Nusselt
number and temperature gradient magnitude on the bottom
hot wall are displayed as line graphs.
Figure 4 represents the time evolution of isotherms from
unsteady state to the steady state for a particular condition such
that RaT Z 105 , RaC Z 103 , f Z 0:05, dp Z 10 nm, nZ 3
and Dt Z 0:01. As we have seen that the isotherms are
significantly stricken over the periods of time 0:01  t 
0:15. However, the isotherms remain unaffected for the rest of
the time steps. These indicate that solution evolved from the
unsteady to the steady state after certain tZ0:15 for the above
specific conditions. It is also seen that the conduction mode of
heat transfer controls in the entire enclosure in the very
Latifa M. Al-Balushi et al.
beginning of the time and then isotherms are distorted as time
increases up to t Z 0:15, which indicates the dominance of the
convection mode of heat transfer in the medium.
The effect of solid volume fraction ðfÞ on streamlines
for the selected values of RaT with dp Z 10 nm, RaC Z103
and nZ3 at tZ5 has been depicted in Figure 5. It can
be seen from the figure that the flow within a square cav-
ity significantly induced by the nanoparticles and the
increasing values of the buoyancy-driven parameter. For
the base fluid as well as for the nanofluid, it is found that
one bigger clockwise vortex rotates inside the entire cavity
for RaT Z 104. Also, two very weak and small anticlock-
wise vortexes are visible at the top left and the bottom right
corners of the cavity. As the thermal Rayleigh number
increases, the larger vortex for RaT Z104 is divided into
two asymmetric vortices having opposite directions of
motion. For higher Rayleigh number the small weaker
vortex from the top left corner is shifted to the left lower
corner of the cavity. In this case, the densities and the
Natural convective heat transfer in a square enclosure utilizing magnetic nanoparticles
Figure 6 The isotherms for Fe3O4-H2O nanofluid for different nanoparticles volume fraction ðfÞ and different local thermal Rayleigh number
ðRaT Þ when RaC Z 103 , dp Z 10 nm, nZ3 and t Z 5.
strength of the streamlines increased noticeably. These are
due to the increased temperature difference within the
cavity. It is also important to note that the strong vortices
are elongated vertically whenever the Rayleigh number is
increased which is an indication of the strong fluid motion
against the gravity. The most important observable fact is
that the streamlines become more congested and stronger
for nanofluid compared to that of base fluid. This is due to
the presence of nanoparticles which increased the density
of the liquid solution, and the collisions of nanoparticles
with each other upsurge the temperature differences as
well. For fZ0:05 when the Rayleigh number upturns then
the laminar boundary layer forms near the surface of the
walls and inside the middle of the cavity where the two
opposite rotational vortices come across. However, for
f Z 0:1, the streamlines became bit relaxed and a loosely
connected laminar boundary layers form for the signifi-
cantly higher values of the buoyancy force. This is due to
the increased density of nanofluid for higher values of the
nanoparticle volume fraction for which a stronger
203
buoyancy force is needed to stir the flow. Another
noticeable result from the figure that the surface velocity of
nanofluid for fZ0:05 is extraordinarily higher and strictly
increasing function of the increased thermal Rayleigh
number compared to that of the base fluid. This is also true
for f Z 0:1, except for the case RaT  5  104 because of
an adjustable critical condition between the amount of
nanoparticle volume fraction and the buoyancy force
needed to instigate the flow.
The distribution of isotherms for several values of
nanoparticle volume fraction and the thermal Rayleigh
number has been depicted for the selected values of dp Z
10 nm, RaC Z103 and nZ3 at tZ5 (Figure 6). It can be
seen that the effects of the addition of nanoparticles to the
base fluids on isotherms with respect to the thermal Ray-
leigh number are momentous. The temperature conforming
to apiece cell shrinkages along the upper wall indicating the
heat transfer efficiency from the heated bottom wall towards
the upper cold wall. For the lower value of thermal Rayleigh
204
Figure 7 The isoconcentrations for Fe3O4-H2O nanofluid for different nanoparticles volume fraction ðfÞ and different local thermal Rayleigh
number ðRaT Þ when RaC Z 103 , n Z 3, dp Z10 nm and t Z 5.
number (RaT  104 ) and with the increase of nanoparticle
volume fraction, the isotherms to some extent wrapping,
squeeze to each other. In this case, the temperature parallels
to each cell sluggishly rise, which indicates that solid takes
the heat in the liquid solution and conduction mode of heat
transfer efficiency dominates. As the thermal Rayleigh
number is increased, the isotherms are distorted in the entire
region of the enclosure in such a way that the isotherms
seemed a mushroom like. The thermal boundary layers are
formed at the colder upper and hotter lower walls in this
case. Also, the thickness of the thermal boundary layer is
increased especially at the colder wall when the nanoparticle
volume fraction is increased. This is due to the dominant
effects of diffusions of nanoparticles from hotter to the
colder regions.
Latifa M. Al-Balushi et al.
The isoconcentrations for the different values of nano-
particle volume fraction and the thermal Rayleigh number
for the carefully chosen values of dp Z 10 nm, RaC Z103
and nZ3 at tZ5 have been demonstrated (Figure 7). The
pattern of the isoconcentrations is almost similar to that of
the streamlines. This particular result indicates that the
square shape of an enclosure filled with nanofluids has a
significant flow effect in applications. It is observed that the
isoconcentrations are very scrawny, and somewhat clusters
on the walls for different values of nanoparticle volume
fraction at a lower value of the thermal Rayleigh number.
This is due to the strong thermal boundary effect with lower
buoyancy force by the hotter wall of the cavity. Also, the
levels of isoconcentrations are very poor. When the nano-
particle volume fraction and the thermal Rayleigh number
increases, the particles-particles interactions also increase.
Natural convective heat transfer in a square enclosure utilizing magnetic nanoparticles 205

Figure 8 The average Nusselt number for (a) dp and t, (b) RaT and t, (c) RaT and dp , (d) f and RaT , (e) f and dp , (f) n and f. The default
values of the parameters are RaT Z 105 , RaC Z 10, n Z 3, f Z 0:05, and dp Z 10 nm.

Consequently, the strength and levels of isoconcentrations Rayleigh number, the isoconcentrations disseminate in the
slightly increase and the loops of isoconcentrations spread whole enclosure. The levels of the isoconcentrations in-
in the entire enclosure, which indicates the presence of a crease and become uniform. The opposite effects can be
strong convection. For the higher values of the thermal observed for the lower value of Rayleigh number. These are
206 Latifa M. Al-Balushi et al.

due to the adjustment of the amount of nanoparticles and the
thermal Rayleigh number.
Figure 8 shows the average Nusselt number for different
values of (a) dp versus t, (b) RaT versus t, (c) RaT and dp ,
(d) f and RaT , (e) f and dp , and (f) n and f when RaC Z
10. From Figure 8(a), we have seen that the average Nusselt
number oscillates significantly in the initial certain periods
of time ðt  0:1Þ for different values of nanoparticle
diameter. As time goes on, the average Nusselt number
distributions become almost straight lines which mean that
the solution in terms of the average Nusselt number for
nanoparticle diameter reaches steady state. It is interesting to
observe that the average Nusselt number for the smaller size
of nanoparticles oscillates more than that of the larger size.
Also, the smaller size of nanoparticles makes the solution
steady faster than that of the larger one. This is due to the
fact that the settling velocity is negligible for the smaller
diameter of nanoparticles. Hence, to make a stable
dissemination of nanoparticles within the base fluid, as
much as the possible smaller size of nanoparticles is
required to produce.
Figure 8(b) shows the average Nusselt number versus the
nanoparticle volume fraction for different values of the
thermal Rayleigh number. It is seen that the average Nusselt
number significantly high for the higher values of the
thermal Rayleigh number and nanoparticle volume fraction.
As nanoparticle volume fraction increases, the heat transfer
rate increases moderately for the lower value of thermal
Rayleigh number whereas the rapid enhancement of heat
transfer is observed for the higher value of the thermal
Rayleigh number. Also, the enhancement of heat transfer for
nanofluid is significantly higher than that of base fluid.
Figure 8(c) displays the average Nusselt number with
respect to the nanoparticle diameter for different values of
the thermal Rayleigh number. As we have seen that the heat
transfer is decreased if the diameter of the nanoparticle is
increased. The significant change of the Nusselt number
occurs for approximately 1e40 nm size of nanoparticles
whereas it remains almost same for 41e100 nm size of solid
particles within the solution. It is also indicated that for
different nanoparticle diameter, the average Nusselt number
intensifies when the Rayleigh number increases.
The average Nusselt number versus the thermal Rayleigh
number for different nanoparticle volume fraction is repre-
sented by Figure 8(d). An interesting observation has been
bringing into being from the figure that the heat transfer rate
remains constant for the thermal Rayleigh number RaT  103,
after that a dramatic rise happens in the heat transfer. This
means that the critical value of the thermal Rayleigh number
where conduction mode of heat transfer changes to convec-
tion for the present problem studied in the analysis is Oð103 Þ.
Figure 8(e) shows the average Nusselt number versus the
diameter of nanoparticles for different solid volume fraction.
In this case, the average Nusselt number distributions for
different nanoparticle volume fraction follow the similar
trends of those of Figure 8(c). The value of the average
Nusselt number is very high for 1e10 nm, and then it is
decreased significantly for 11e40 nm and almost plateaued
for 41e100 nm. As we have seen that the decreasing trend
of average Nusselt number oscillates slightly and truly more

Table 4 The average Nusselt number for different volume fraction f when RaT Z 105 , RaC Z 10, n Z 3, dp Z 10 nm, and t Z 5.

Nanofluids f Nuave Increase/% Nanofluid f Nuave Increase/%

Fe3O4-H2O 0.00 4.0993 e Mn-ZnFe2O4-EO 0.00 4.2194 e

0.01 6.3325 54.5 0.01 4.7196 11.9
0.02 8.9083 117.3 0.02 5.2354 24.1
0.05 18.2507 354.2 0.05 6.8650 62.7
CoFe2O4-H2O 0.00 4.0993 e SiO2-EO 0.00 4.2194 e
0.01 6.1409 49.8 0.01 4.5339 7.5
0.02 8.4609 106.4 0.02 4.8547 13.1
0.05 16.3435 298.7 0.05 5.8628 33.9
Mn-ZnFe2O4-H2O 0.00 4.0993 e Fe3O4-Ke 0.00 4.1809 e
0.01 6.4571 57.5 0.01 12.2591 193.2
0.02 9.1872 124.1 0.02 22.9944 450
0.05 18.5189 351.8 0.05 62.1741 1387.1
SiO2-H2O 0.00 4.0993 e CoFe2O4-Ke 0.00 4.1809 e
0.01 5.1763 26.3 0.01 12.0820 189
0.02 6.3207 54.2 0.02 22.4682 437.4
0.05 10.0932 146.2 0.05 66.1783 1482.9
Fe3O4-EO 0.00 4.2194 e Mn-ZnFe2O4-Ke 0.00 4.1809 e
0.01 4.7188 11.8 0.01 13.4326 221.3
0.02 5.2360 24.1 0.02 25.8115 517.4
0.05 6.9065 63.7 0.05 79.6022 1804
CoFe2O4-EO 0.00 4.2194 e SiO2-Ke 0.00 4.1809 e
0.01 4.6706 10.7 0.01 7.7454 85.3
0.02 5.1335 21.7 0.02 12.0007 187
0.05 6.5900 56.2 0.05 26.8089 541.2
Natural convective heat transfer in a square enclosure utilizing magnetic nanoparticles
pronounced for the higher value of nanoparticle volume
fraction as the diameter of nanoparticle increases.
The only spherical shape of nanoparticles is deliberated
for presenting the above-mentioned consequences. To
analyze the shape effects on the heat transfer of nanofluid,
the various shapes of nanoparticles in the present study are
considered. The average Nusselt number versus nano-
particle volume fraction for different shapes such as sphere,
brick, cylinder, platelet and blade shaped for Fe3O4 nano-
particles is displayed in Figure 8(f). It is clear from the
figure that the heat transfer rate is significantly higher for the
blade-shaped nanoparticles than that for the spherical ones.
The less sphericity of the blade-shaped of nanoparticles is
responsible for this result. This means that the higher total
surface area of the blade-shaped solid-liquid crossing point
associated with the whole external area of the spherical-
shaped nanoparticle-liquid edge for the same amount of
nanoparticles volume fraction. Also, the change in average
Nusselt number becomes more ostensible as soon as the
nanoparticle volume fraction, f  0:03. From this figure, a
categorization of the greater performer to the lesser
performer of heat transfer with respect to shapes of the
nanoparticle is blade, platelet, cylinder, brick, and sphere,
respectively.
The analyses of above results are for Fe3O4-H2O nano-
fluid. To understand the performance of heat transfer of
some other standard nanofluids which are very rare in the
literature, a snapshot for a particular situation in terms of
average Nusselt number and the heat transfer enhancement
for different nanoparticle volume fraction has been taken
and displayed in Table 4. Here we considered three types of
base fluids such as water (H2O), engine oil (EO) and
kerosene (Ke) and four types of nanoparticles such as
magnetite (Fe3O4), cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), Mn-Zn ferrite
(Mn-ZnFe2O4) and silicon-dioxide (SiO2). It is clear from
Table 4 that nanofluids have significantly higher heat
transfer rate than those of conventional fluids. Kerosene-
based nanofluids exhibit higher heat transfer enhancement
whereas engine oil based nanofluids show lower heat
transfer enhancement. This is due to lower electrical charge
of the molecules of kerosene and higher electrical molecular
charge of engine oil. The electrical charge of nanofluids is
inversely proportional to heat transfer rate. However, Mn-
ZnFe2O4-Ke nanofluid has a higher average Nusselt number
than other 11 types of nanofluids which are studied in
Table 4.
7. Conclusions
In this paper, the problem of unsteady natural convection
heat transfer flow in a square enclosure utilizing nanofluids
has been investigated numerically. The numerical
examinations are conducted without any external forces.
Comparisons with previously published works have been
performed and very good agreement between the results is
obtained. Time evolution of the solution from unsteady to
207
the steady state has been investigated. The effects of
various model parameters like thermal Rayleigh number,
nanoparticles volume fraction and nanoparticles shape
factor on streamlines, isotherms, isoconcentrations and
average Nusselt number are analyzed. From our numerical
computations the following major conclusions can be
drawn:
 Initially, conduction mode of heat transfer dominates in
the cavity whereas convection mode of heat transfer
spreads in the entire enclosure after certain periods of
time.
 The critical value of the thermal Rayleigh number for the
current problem is Oð103 Þ.
 The average Nusselt number is the increasing functions
of the increasing value of the nanoparticle volume frac-
tion, thermal Rayleigh number and the nanoparticle
shape factor.
 Kerosene-based nanofluids exhibit higher heat transfer
enhancement whereas engine oil based nanofluids
perform lower rate of heat transfer.
 The significant change of the Nusselt number occurs for
approximately 1e40 nm size of nanoparticles whereas it
remains almost same for 41e100 nm size of solid par-
ticles within the solution.
 The average Nusselt number ðNuave Þ for the blade-
shaped nanoparticles is significantly higher than that of
other shapes which are studied in the present problem.
 Kerosene-based Mn-ZnFe2O4 nanofluid has a higher
average Nusselt number than that of other 11 types of
nanofluids which are studied in the present analysis.
The investigations on the present problem are piloted
without any exterior influence such as magnetic field. So,
the electrical conductivity is not considered. The analysis of
the complete properties of the magnetic nanoparticles used
in the present investigation is very rare in the open literature.
As we have found from the present study that these nano-
particles have huge potentiality in the heat transfer appli-
cations, further investigations on the heat transfer analysis
utilizing the specific magnetic properties of these nano-
particles are needed. Therefore, the heat transfer analysis
utilizing magnetic properties especially electrical conduc-
tivity of these magnetic nanoparticles will be our next
research undertaking.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the anonymous referees for their
very constructive comments for the further improvement of
the paper. M. M. Rahman is grateful to the College of
Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman for supporting
through the internal grant IG/SCI/DOMS/18/10.
208 Latifa M. Al-Balushi et al.

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