Heat and Mass Transfer

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-020-02902-0

ORIGINAL

A numerical analysis on the heat transfer of jet impingement

with nanofluid on a concave surface covered with metal porous block
Wei Chen 1 & Jian Cheng 1

Received: 9 June 2018 / Accepted: 30 June 2020

# Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract
In this paper, combining the bilayer porous metal block of copper (BPMBC) on the concave heating surface and jet impingement
of SiO2-H2O nanofluid is utilized in the flow channel. The k-ε turbulent model coupled with Brinkman Forchheimer extended
Darcy equations are employed to analyze the effects of the SiO2-H2O nanofluid concentration, porosity in the porous monolayer
on concave surface, thickness ratio between the upper and lower porous layer in the bilayer porous metal block as well as the
curvature of concave surface on the heat transfer. In comparison with pure water as working fluid, the 5.85% rise of average heat
transfer coefficient (HTC) can be obtained while the 3.0% SiO2-H2O nanofluid is utilized in the mode. The combining effects of
the porosity in the monolayer porous layer and the curvature of concave surface on the heat transfer are related to the heating
surface area and convection between the jet nanofluid and heating surface. More heat transfer occurs in the bilayer porous metal
block with a larger porosity in the upper layer and a lower porosity in the bottom layer due to the dominant effects of the
convection and thermal conductivity respectively in the different porous layers. The effects of the thickness ratio between the
upper and lower layer in the bilayer porous metal block on the heat transfer are related to the influencing portion between the
surface area and convection. With an increase in the curvature of concave surface from R/L(ratio of concave radius to chordal
length) =0.5 to R/L = 1.1, the average Nusselt numbers go up, and their rise rates decrease by the Reynolds number gradually, but
the surface area decreases, which causes the average temperature rise of copper block. Besides, the higher average temperature
occurs in the mode with a flat plate than that with a concave surface.

Keywords Numerical analysis . Jet impingement . Concave surface . Metal porous layer . Silica-water nanofluid

Nomenclature Gk Turbulence model coefficient

BPMBC Bilayer porous metal block of copper h Convective heat transfer coefficient, (W/(m2K))
cε1 Constant for the turbulence model HTC Heat transfer coefficient, (W/(m2K))
cε2 Constant for the turbulence model HTS Heat transfer surface
cμ Constant for the turbulence model H0 Height of flow channel, (mm)
cp Specific heat capacity, (J/kg.K) H1 Height of copper block, (mm)
CUS Concave upper surface H2 Distance from nozzle to the concave
df Fiber diameter in porous metal foam, (m) surface, (mm)
dnp Nanoparticle diameter,(nm) k Turbulence kinetic energy
dp Metal foam pore, (m) keff, f Effective thermal conductivity of fluid,
D Diameter of concave, (mm) (W/(m ⋅ K))
F Inertia coefficient keff, s Effective thermal conductivity of solid,
(W/(m ⋅ K))
kf Thermal conductivity of solid, (W/(m ⋅ K))
* Wei Chen knp Thermal conductivity of nanoparticle, (W/(m ⋅ K))
weichen96@sina.com kbf Thermal conductivity of basefluid, (W/(m ⋅ K))
knf Thermal conductivity of nanofluid, (W/(m ⋅ K))
1
Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, knfe Effective thermal conductivity of nanofluid,
shanghai 201306, People’s Republic of China (W/(m ⋅ K))
 Heat Mass Transfer

ks Thermal conductivity of solid matrix in porous p Porous metal layer

layer, (W/(m ⋅ K)) s Solid
K Permeability of porous metal foam block,(m2) t Turbulence
L Chordal length of concave surface, (mm) u, up Upper layer
MPMBC Monolayer porous metal block of copper w Heating wall
Nu Nusselt number
P Pressure,(pa)
Pr Prandtl Number 1 Introduction
qw Heat flux, (W/m2)
R Radius of concave, (mm) With the development of electronic technology, the tendency
Re Reynolds number of miniaturization among electronic devices is rapidly
R/L Curvature of the ratio of concave radius progressing. The reliability and stability of electronic compo-
to chordal length nents is seriously influenced by the high temperature and ex-
s Arc length of concave surface, (mm) treme environment in the narrow spaces. The heat flux in the
t Time, (s) device reaches 100 W/m2, and it is growing rapidly [1]. In the
T Temperature, (K) nuclear reactor and satellite thermal control systems, the novel
Tb Bottom zone temperature near enhancement technology of heat transfer needs to be devel-
heating surface, (K) oped to achieve more cooling in a small confined space further
u Velocity component in x-direction, m ⋅ s−1 [2], and the jet impingement on the heating surface as an
v Velocity component in y-direction, m ⋅ s−1 effective mean can be put into the practical utilization, in
Vj Jet velocity, (m/s) which the nozzle size, working fluids and the heating surface
W Nozzle width, (mm) characteristics such as smooth plate [3–5] and curvature sur-
x Horizontal coordinate, m face [6–9] have great impacts on the heat transfer. In the im-
y Vertical coordinate, m pinging on concave surface by a turbulent slot jet flow, Ebru
Öztekin et al. [10] presented that the curvature rise of surface
Greek symbols leads to the increase in Nu number, and the optimal perfor-
α Thermal diffusivity, (m2/s) mance can be obtained while the curvature of concave surface
ε Dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic is set at R/L = 1.3. Dae Hee Lee et al. [11] revealed that the
σε Constant for the turbulence model higher Nu number happens at the stagnation point than that of
σk Constant for the turbulence model the other part on the concave surface, and it gets lower grad-
σT Constant for the turbulence model ually along the upper wall of heating block from the stagna-
ψ Volume fraction of nano-particle tion point to the outside of curved surface. While the concave
in nanofluid, (%) surface of an annulus was set as heating surface in the slot jet
φ Porosity impingement, the heat transfer is getting to weaken gradually
δ Thickness of porous metal foam, (mm) in the circumferential direction, and the Reynolds number
δ1 Thickness of upper layer in bilayer serves as a main influencing parameter [12]. The experiments
porous metal block, (mm) conducted by Zhou et al. [13] show that the higher convective
δ2 Thickness of lower layer in bilayer heat transfer coefficient occurs in the flow channel with a flat
porous metal block, (mm) plate than that with a concave surface, which was respectively
δ1/δ2 Thickness ratio of the upper to lower subjected to the jet impingement. Recently, the nanofluid was
layer in bilayer porous metal block often used as working fluid in the jet impingement due to its
δ2/δ1 Thickness ratio of the lower to upper higher thermal conductivity than that of the base fluid. While
layer in bilayer porous metal block the Al 2 O 3 -water nanofluid was employed in the semi-
ρ Density, (kg/m3) confined turbulent slot jet impingement on a concave surface,
μ Viscosity,(Pa.s) the lower temperature of heating surface happened due to
larger Reynolds number, more volume fraction of nano-
Subscripts particle in nanofluid and longer distance between the nozzle
CUS Concave upper surface and heating surface [14].
d, down Lower layer More heat transfer area and fluid flow turbulence occur
e, efft Effective while the metal porous block or metal foam is set on the
loc Local heating surface. As presented by Rachedi and Chikh, the bet-
np,bf,nf Nanoparticle, base fluid and ter performance in the electronic cooling can be obtained due
nanofluid, respectively to the insertion of foam metal with the lower permeability
Heat Mass Transfer
[15], in the case that larger heat transfer area happens in the
porous media with more solid matrix, thus the heat transfer
can be enhanced [16]. A random porosity model with non-
Darcy’s law was developed to analyze the heat transfer in the
porous media, and it shows that the rise of porosity and pore
size layer in a certain range leads to more convection in the
porous, thus the heat transfer can be enhanced [17, 18]. The
variations of thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer
are related to the porosity and pore size in the porous layer.
The Darcy layer coupled with the local thermal equilibrium
(LTE) was employed to investigate the heat transfer in the
confining slot jet on the saturated porous media [19], and the
laminar slot-jet impinging in a confining porous layer was
analyzed in the Forchheimer extended Darcy model [20].
In this paper, a numerical analysis on the heat transfer of SiO2-
H2O nanofluid jet impingement on the concave surface covered
with a MPMBC and a BPMBC respectively is conducted, in the
case that the heat transfer performances are compared between
the above two types of porous layers with the various porosities
while the SiO2-H2O nanofluids of ψ = 1%, 2%, 3% were chosen
as working fluids respectively. The effects of the thickness ratio
between two layers in the BPMBC, and the curvature of different
concave surfaces on the heat transfer are also investigated.
2 Physical model and mathematical
formulations
2.1 Physical model
The jet impingement of the SiO 2 -H 2 O nanofluid on the
concave surface covered with a metal porous block of cop-
per in a confined channel is schematically shown in Fig. 1.
The system consists of a H 0 = 30 mm and L 0 = 180 mm
flow channel with a W = 4 mm nozzle at the center of upper
wall and a H 1 = 40 mm and L 0 = 180 mm copper block with
a BPMBC on the concave surface. The nozzle faces to the
center of concave surface straightly. The string length of
Fig. 1 Schematic of jet
impingement on concave surface
covered with a bilayer metal
porous block of copper
concave surface on the upper side of copper block is L =
60 mm, and the distance from the jet nozzle to concave
surface center is H2 = 30 mm at R/L = 0.5. The heating sur-
face locates at the bottom of copper block. Except the
heating surface, the upper wall of flow channel and the left
and right sides of copper block are assumed to be adiabatic.
The heat transfer occurs in the confined channel while the
SiO 2-H2 O nanofluid at a constant temperature Tj jets from
the nozzle to the concave surface covered with a porous
metal block. In the simulation, the concave surface curva-
tures are set at R/L = 0.5, 0.8, 1.1 respectively, and the δ =
5 mm monolayer porous metal blocks of φ = 0.7, 0.8, 0.9,
0.95 are utilized respectively. The δ1 , δ2 and δ1 /δ 2 indicate
the thickness of upper and lower side, and the thickness
ratio of the upper layer to lower layer respectively in the
δ = 5 mm bilayer porous metal block. The thickness ratio is
set at δ1/δ 2 = 1/1, 2/1, 4/1, 1/2, 1/4 respectively in the bi-
layer metal block. Except to analyze the effects of thick-
ness ratio in the Section 4.5, the thickness ratio in the in-
vestigation is chosen as δ1/δ2 = 1/1. The parameters of the
metal block are shown in Table 1. The thermal physical
parameters of SiO 2-H 2O nanofluid are assumed to be con-
stant, and the porous metal block are considered to be spe-
cifically non-deformable, uniform and internally isotro-
pic. The local thermal equilibrium (LTE) occurs in the
porous metal block due to large convection between the
solid matrix and fluid in the jet impingement [21].
2.2 Governing equations
The SiO2-H2O nanofluid is considered to be Newtonian incom-
pressible fluid. The local thermal equilibrium exits in the porous
metal foam. The standard k-ε turbulent model and Brinkman-
Forchheimer extended Darcy equations are used to describe the
flow in the channel and porous metal block under the steady-state
conditions respectively, which have been discussed and utilized
properly [21]. The governing equations for the flow and heat
 Heat Mass Transfer

Table 1 Parameters for the metal

foam block with different Porosity(ψ) 0.95 0.9 0.8 0.7
porosities
Permeability(K) 1.65 × 10−7 1.05 × 10−7 3.93 × 10−8 1.95 × 10−8
Inertial coefficient(F) 0.099 0.078 0.046 0.032

transfer in the channel with a porous metal block are revealed as  2 

∂ðρuuÞ ∂ðρvuÞ ∂Ρ ∂ v ∂2 v μv ρFφ
followings [21]: þ ¼ −φ2 þ φμ 2 þ 2 − þ pffiffiffiffi jvjv
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y K K
In the flow channel:
Continuity equation: ð9Þ

∂ðρuÞ ∂ðρvÞ Energy equation:

þ ¼0 ð1Þ
∂x ∂y    
∂ðρuT Þ ∂ðρvT Þ ∂ αp ∂T ∂ αp ∂T
þ ¼ þ ð10Þ
Momentum equation: ∂x ∂y ∂x ρ ∂x ∂x ρ ∂y



∂ðρuÞ ∂ðρuuÞ ∂ðρvuÞ ∂ ∂u ∂ ∂u The symbols description of all constants and variables are
þ þ ¼ μefft þ μefft ð2Þ
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y presented in the nomenclature. Eqs. (7)–(10) are employed to


 model the heat transfer and flows in porous metal foam domain
∂ðρvÞ ∂ðρuvÞ ∂ðρvvÞ ∂ ∂v ∂ ∂v
þ þ ¼ μefft þ μefft ð3Þ in the channel. The Darcy’s law characterizing the relation be-
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
tween pressure gradient and viscosity is included in Eqs. (8) and
Energy equation: (9) (the 5th and 3rd terms). The convective inertia (1st and 2nd


2  terms), the Brinkman function (the 4th term) describing bound-
∂ðρuT Þ ∂ðρvT Þ 1 μ μt ∂ T ∂2 T ary effects and the Forchheimer function (the 6th term) describ-
þ ¼ þ þ 2 ð4Þ
∂x ∂y ρ Pr σT ∂x2 ∂y ing form-drag force are also embodied in Eqs. (8) and (9).
Turbulence kinetic energy k equation


2  2.3 Physical properties of porous metal foam block
∂ðρuk Þ ∂ðρvk Þ μt ∂ k ∂2 k
þ ¼ μþ þ þ Gk −ρε ð5Þ
∂x ∂y σk ∂x2 ∂y2 The empirical coefficients of metal foam depend on the geome-
Dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic ε equation try, the thermal properties of the solid and the fluid, and the flow
rate. However, it is difficult for these coefficients to be measured,



∂ðρuεÞ ∂ðρvεÞ μt ∂2 ε ∂2 ε ε and the suitable formulas are taken from the open literatures for
þ ¼ μþ þ þ ðcε1 Gk −cε2 ρÞε ð6Þ
∂x ∂y σε ∂x2 ∂y2 k the numerical model. In an experimental and analytical work by
μt ¼ ρcμ k 2 =ε Calmidi [22], a modified model utilizing three-dimensional do-
  decahedron unit cell structure (Eq. 11) describing the connect
μ ∂ui ∂ui ∂ui between the average fiber diameter, df, and the average pore
Gk ¼ t þ
ρ ∂x j ∂x j ∂xi diameter, dp, which has a maximum deviation of ±7% from
measured values, and the model for pore and fiber diameters.
The turbulence model contains five constants which are The inertial parameter and permeability were taken as functions
assigned the following values: cμ = 0.09, cε1 = 1.44, cε2 = 1.92, of average pore and fiber diameters and porosity (Eqs.(12) and
σk = 1, σε = 1.3, σt = 1. (13)). The effective thermal conductivity of metal foam, keff, are
In the porous metal foam block: taken from Calmid and Mahajan [23].
Continuity equation: The permeability K, inertial coefficient F, effective thermal
∂ðρuÞ ∂ðρvÞ conductivity of metal foam keff and the pertinent relation for
þ ¼0 ð7Þ metal foam pore dpand fiber diameter df in the porous metal-
∂x ∂y
foam region can be calculated as followings [24]:
Momentum equation: rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
 2  df ð1−φÞ 1
∂ðρuuÞ ∂ðρvuÞ ∂Ρ ∂ u ∂2 u μu ρFφ ¼ 1:18 ‐ ð1−φ Þ=0:04
ð11Þ
þ ¼ −φ2 þ φμ þ − þ pffiffiffiffi juju dp 3π 1‐e
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x2 ∂y2 K K
−1:11
ð8Þ K −0:224 d f
¼ 0:00073 ð 1−φ Þ ð12Þ
d 2p dp
Heat Mass Transfer

−1:63 SiO2-H2O nanofluid is determined by using the classical gen-

−0:132 df eral equation [25]:
F ¼ 0:00212ð1−φÞ ð13Þ
dp
ρnf ¼ ð1−ψÞρbf þ ψρnp ð15Þ
0:763
k eff ¼ k eff ; f þ k eff ;s ¼ φk f þ 0:195ð1−φÞ ks ð14Þ
For the specific definition of thermal parameter, it is as-
where the df = 0.4mm fiber diameter of physical sample in the sumed that there is a thermal equilibrium between the nano-
metal-foam taken from the reference [24] is chosen. The particles and surrounding base fluid [26], so the specific heat
values of permeability (K) and inertial coefficient (F) of the equation is revealed as:
porous metal foam blocks with porosities of φ = 0.7, 0.8, 0.9,

ρcp nf ¼ ð1−ψÞ ρcp bf þ ψ ρcp np ð16Þ

0.95 can be seen in the Table 1.
The thermal conductivity is taken as Maxwell’s model [27]:
2.4 Boundary conditions

k np þ 2k bf −2ψ k bf −k np
k nf ¼
 ð17Þ
The inlet of nozzle: u = 0 , v = Vj , T = Tj = 303K. k np k bf −k np
þ2þψ
The outlet of flow channel: P = environmental k bf k bf
pressure, ∂T ∂T
∂x ¼ ∂y ¼ 0:
Dynamic viscosity [28]:
Except the heating surface, the upper wall of flow channel
and the left and right sides of copper block are considered to ρnp V B d 2np
be adiabatic, the upper wall of flow channel and the left and μnf ¼ μbf þ ð18Þ
72Cδ
right sides of copper block:
−1



C ¼ μbf c1 d np þ c2 ψ þ c3 d np þ c4 ð19Þ
∂T ∂T rffiffiffiffiffiffi
u ¼ 0; v ¼ 0; ¼ ¼ 0: π
∂x ∂y δ¼ 3 d np ð20Þ
6ψ
The heating surface at the bottom of copper block: sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 18K b T
VB ¼ ð21Þ
u ¼ 0; v ¼ 0; q ¼ qw ¼ 20W=cm2 d np πρnp d np
The continuities of the velocity, temperature, and heat flux where Kb is the Boltzmann constant, Kb = 1.36 × 10−26; c1 =
occur between the fluid/porous interface, and the boundary be- −1.1133 × 10−6; c2 = −2.771 × 10−6; c3 = 9.0 × 10−8; c4 =
tween the porous metal block and fluid in the flow channel can −3.93 × 10−7. The correction factor, C, is draw from Eq.(18),
be written as: and its absolute value is used for a certain range of volume
∂unf ∂up ∂vnf ∂vp fraction of nano-particle in nanofluid with a certain temperature.
unf ¼ up ; vnf ¼ vp ; Pnf ¼ Pp ; ¼ ; ¼ ; Tnf ¼ Tp
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x In the above formulas, kbf, knf and knp represent the thermal


 conductivities of the base fluid, nanofluid, and nanoparticles,
∂Tnf ∂Tp
knfe ¼ k eff respectively; ψ represents the volume fraction of nano-particle
∂x ∂x
in nanofluid; dnp represents the nanoparticle diameter; μbf and
The continuities of the temperature, heat flux and pressure μnf represent the dynamic viscosity of base fluid and nanofluid
happen between the porous metal foam and copper block, thus respectively; cpbf, cpnp, cpnf represent the specific heat of base
the boundary can be written as: fluid, nanoparticle, and nanofluid respectively. Thermo-
physical properties (specific heat, dynamic viscosity and ther-
Pp;u ¼ Pp;d ; Tp;u ¼ Tp;d mal conductivity) of pure water [29] at T = 303 K and SiO2 at
T = 300 K [30] can be seen in Table 2, and the physical prop-
where the subscript, u, represents the upper porous metal
erties of SiO2-H2O nanofluids can be seen in Table 2 drawn
block, the subscript, d, represents the lower porous metal
from Eqs. (15)–(21).
block. knfe, and keff represent the effective thermal conductiv-
ities of nanofluid and porous metal foam block respectively.

2.5 Physical properties of nanofluids 3 Numerical simulation validations

The pure water and SiO2-H2O nanofluid of ψ = 1%, 2%, 3.0% In this study, the governing Eqs. (1)–(21) together with the
are used as working fluid in the simulation respectively. The boundary conditions mentioned above are solved with the
nanoparticle diameter of dnp = 30 nm is chosen. The density of SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked
 Heat Mass Transfer

Table 2 Thermo-physical
properties of pure water [29] at Material ρ(Kg/m3) Cp (J/(Kg ∙ K)) k (W/(m ∙ K)) μ(×106 Pa∙s) Refs./Eq.
T = 303 K, SiO2 at T = 300 K [30]
and the SiO2-H2O nanofluid of water 995.7 4174 0.618 618 [29]
ψ = 1, 2, 3% SiO2 2220 745 1.4 – [30]
ψ = 1% SiO2-H2O 1007.9 4098.5 0.623 622.2 Eq.(18)
ψ = 2% SiO2-H2O 1020.2 4024.8 0.628 623.8 Eq.(18)
ψ = 3% SiO2-H2O 1032.4 3952.8 0.632 624.3 Eq.(18)

Equation) method to analyze the heat transfer of SiO2-H2O
nanofluid jet impinging on the concave surface covered with a
BPMBC in a confined channel, and the computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) software of Ansys Fluent14.0 is used. The
software of GAMBIT is employed for meshing, and the sec-
ond order upwind scheme is used in the establishment of dis-
crete equations. In addition, the average HTC (h), average
Nusselt number (Nu), and Reynolds number (Re) are defined
as:
qw
hloc ¼
T w −T nf
h¼
1
∫hloc ðsÞds
s
hloc W
Nu ¼
k nf
ρWV j
Re ¼
μnf
where s is the arc length, Tw is the concave surface tempera-
ture of the copper block. Tnf is the inlet temperature of
nanofluid from the nozzle. The typical case with the concave
surface curvature of R/L = 0.8, porosity of φ = 0.9 in the
MPMBC, and the thickness of δ = 5 mm is used for the grid
test. Several mesh sizes of 40,231, 45,836, 5328, 64,496
186,748,403,782 respectively are employed to test the numer-
ical model. The grid independence of the results is shown in
Fig. 2. In this study, the mesh of 53,248 is used for the simu-
lations. To validate the presented mathematics model and nu-
merical method in the simulations, the comparisons between
the simulation results and the four groups of experimental data
which are drawn by Qiang Li [31] from the tests on the sub-
merged single jet impingement using Cu-water nanofluids
respectively of ψ = 0% (water), 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, shown in
Fig. 3, and the simulation results agree with the experimental
ð22Þ data except the less than 3.1% deviations between them. The
accuracy of computation, which is checked by using iteration
ð23Þ residual in energy conservation of the system, is set at 10−6.
ð24Þ
4 Results and discussion
ð25Þ
4.1 Effects of SiO2-H2O nanofluid concentration
More heat transfer occurred in the jet impingement on a
smooth flat plate with the SiO2-H2O nanofluid substituting
pure water as working fluid. In the mentioned mode with the
R/L = 0.8 concave groove subjected to the jet impingement in
the flow channel, the concave surface is covered with a
MPMBC of φ = 0.9, and the SiO2-H2O nanofluid of ψ =
1%, 2%, 3.0% and pure water are chosen as working fluids,
respectively. While the SiO 2 -H 2 O nanofluid bulk

Fig. 2 Grid independent tests of Nu for the case of R/L = 0.8, φ = 0.9 at Fig. 3 Comparison of numerical predictions of convection heat transfer
δ = 5 mm coefficients with that of the experiments [31]
Heat Mass Transfer
concentration increases from ψ = 1.0% to ψ = 3.0%, the av-
erage HTC goes up in the range of Re = 4500–9500. In com-
parison with pure water, the 5.85% rise of average HTC can
be obtained at Re = 9500 with the ψ = 3.0% SiO2-H2O as
working fluid, shown in Fig. 4.
The higher thermal conductivity, density and dynamic vis-
cosity of nanofluid occurs than that of the base liquid (water)
due to the addition of SiO2 nano-particle into water. The den-
sity and dynamic viscosity rise of fluid will weaken the con-
vection, and the relatively higher thermal conductivity and
larger thermal capacity (ρcp) of nanofluid will benefit heat
transfer in the jet impingement of nanofluid without phase
change, in the cases that the rise of thermal conductivity and
the less rise of fluid temperature due to the larger thermal
capacity (ρcp) act as a dominant factor in the present high flow
velocity. Thus, the bulk concentration augment of SiO2-H2O
nanofluid as working fluid in a certain range will enhance the
heat transfer in jet impingement on a concave surface, and the
larger average HTC happens at the higher Reynolds number.
4.2 Effects of porosity in the monolayer porous metal
block of copper
The effects of porosity and the curvature R/L of a concave
surface in the monolayer metal foam on the heat transfer re-
lates to the solid matrix, the convection and HTS area between
the jet nanofluid and heating surface.
As shown in Fig. 5, the HTS area in porous layer and
Reynolds number serve as the dominant factors to influence
the heat transfer in the above system while the porosity varies
in the range of φ = 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 0.95 in the porous layer,
Fig. 4 Average heat transfer coefficient changes with Reynolds number
on the R/L = 0.8 concave surface with a φ = 0.9 monolayer porous metal
block subjected to SiO2-H2O nanofluid
thus the average Nusselt number increases with the reduction of
porosity from φ = 0.95 to φ = 0.7 due to the rise of HTS area,
in the cases that the average Nusselt number goes up as the rise
of Reynolds number from Re = 4500 to Re = 9500 due to the
convection enhancement. However, at the Reynolds number
below Re = 5500, the larger Nusselt number happens in the
mode with the φ = 0.8 porous layer than that of φ = 0.7 owing
to the rise of convection as dominant effect on the heat transfer
with the porosity below a certain range in the porous layer.
Besides, the growing rate of Nusselt number by the Reynolds
number declines with the rise of porosity. While the concave
surface curvature increases from R/L = 0.5 to R/L = 0.8, 1.1 as
well as to a flat surface, the reduction of distance occurs be-
tween the nozzle and concave surface, and the larger average
Nusselt number can be obtained due to more convection in the
porous layer and on the concave surface, which acts as a pre-
vailing factor in spite of the rise of HTS area. Thus, the effect
zone of porosity in porous layer on the heat transfer in the
presented mode is related to the concave surface curvature of
R/L at the different Reynolds number. More heat transfer oc-
curs in the MPMBC of the lower porosity with more HTS area
which serves as a domain factor in the porous layer on a certain
concave curvature and Reynolds number, and the higher aver-
age Nusselt number happens in the MPMBC on the concave
surface of larger curvature due to the enhancement of convec-
tion as a prevailing factor in the mode.
4.3 Comparison between the bilayer and monolayer
porous metal block of copper
The variation of Nusselt number with the Reynolds number of
Re = 4500–9500 and the temperature fields at Re = 7500 can
be seen respectively in Figs. 6 and 7 while the nanofluid jet
impinges on the concave surface covered with porous layer of
φ = 0.8, 0.9 monolayer, and the bilayer of φd = 0.8 and φu =
0.9 as well as φd = 0.9 and φu = 0.8 respectively. The temper-
ature gradually increases from the concave surface center site
where the jet air impinges straightly to the perimeter of heating
copper block in circular symmetry mode. The reverse-
mushroom-shaped temperature distribution can be seen in
the flow channel, shown in Fig. 7, where the higher tempera-
ture occurs at the extension due to the heat transfer between
the jet nanofluid and concave as well as along the upper sur-
face of flow channel.
The lower concave upper surface (CUS) temperature of
TCUS = 308.07 K and the bottom zone temperature of Tb =
341 K near heating surface, and the higher average Nusselt
number are obtained in the mode of BPMBC with φd = 0.8
and φu = 0.9 than that with a φ = 0.8, 0.9 MPMBC and a
BPMBC of φu = 0.8 and φd = 0.9 respectively. When the po-
rous metal block on the heating surface is subjected to the
nanofluid jet impinging, the copper solid matrix in the lower
porous layer acts as the extended heating surface due to its
 Heat Mass Transfer

(a) Flat (b) R/L=0.5

(c) R/L=0.8 (d) R/L=1.1

Fig. 5 Average Nusselt number changes with Reynolds number on the R/L = 0.8 concave surface with a φ = 0.9 monolayer porous metal block subjected
to ψ = 3% SiO2-H2O nanofluid. (a)Flat (b)R/L = 0.5 (c)R/L = 0.8 (d)R/L = 1.1

higher solid thermal conductivity, and the convection can be
enhanced owing to the larger porosity in the upper layer. More
HTS area and less convection occur in the lower porosity metal
foam with more solid matrix. With the porosity decreasing from
φ = 0.9 to φ = 0.8 in the lower layer of BPMBC, the rise of HTS
area play a more impact on the heat transfer in the porous media
than that of the convection reduction, and the enhancement of
convection influences the heat transfer more greatly due to the
porosity rising from φ = 0.8 to φ = 0.9 in the upper layer than
that of the reduction of HTS area. Besides, the larger average
Nusselt number happens in the φ = 0.8 monolayer in compar-
ison with that of the φ = 0.9 monolayer due to the rise of HTS
area as a dominant factor to influence the heat transfer in the
porous layer. At Re = 6500–9500, the lower average Nusselt
number and the higher CUS temperature (TCUS = 311.04 K at
Re = 7500) and bottom zone temperature (Tb = 345 K at Re =
7500) occur in the mode with the BPMBC of φd = 0.9 and φu =
0.8 than that of the φ = 0.9 MPMBC (TCUS = 310.08 K and
Tb = 342 K at Re = 7500) at the same location due to the en-
hancement of convection as a prevailing effect. In the range of
Re = 4500–6500, more heat transfer can be obtained with the
porosity decreasing from φu = 0.9 to φu = 0.8 in the upper layer
of BPMBC due to the enlargement of HTS area as a dominant
factor, thus, the larger average Nusselt number in the mode with
φd = 0.9 and φu = 0.8 BPMBC than that of φ = 0.9 MPMBC.
Besides, the higher average Nusselt number and lower
Heat Mass Transfer
Fig. 6 Comparison of the average Nusselt number on the R/L = 0.8
concave surface between with monolayer and δ1/δ2 = 1 bilayer porous
metal block subjected to ψ = 3% SiO2-H2O nanofluid
temperature of heating block (TCUS = 308.54 K and Tb =
341.77 K at Re = 7500) occur in the mode with the φ = 0.8
MPMBC than that with the φ = 0.9 MPMBC and the φd = 0.9
and φu = 0.8 BPMBC respectively.
4.4 Effects of porosity in the bilayer metal porous
block
As shown in Fig. 8, the average Nusselt number changes with
Reynolds number when the nanofluid jet impinges on the
(a) φ=0.8
(c) φu=0.9 and φd=0.8 bilayer
Fig. 7 Temperature fields in the flow channel with the concave surface covered with a monolayer and bilayer porous block of different porosities
respectively subjected to ψ = 3% SiO2-H2O nanofluid (a)φ = 0.8 (b) φ = 0.9 (c)φu = 0.9 and φd = 0.8 bilayer (d)φu = 0.8 and φd = 0.9 bilayer
concave surface covered with the BPMBC of φu = 0.95 upper
layer and φd = 0.7,0.8,0.9 lower layer. The decrease in the
porosity of lower layer from φd = 0.9 to φd = 0.7 causes the
enlargement of HTS area in the porous layer and the heating
surface of arc groove, which serve as a main factor on the heat
transfer, thus the average Nusselt number increases. More rise
ratio of average Nusselt number changes with the increasing
in the Reynolds number from Re = 4500 to Re = 9500 while
the porosity of the lower layer decreases from φd = 0.9 to
φd = 0.7 in the BPMBC. In a certain range, the less porosity
in the lower layer to enlarge the HTS area and the higher
porosity in the upper layer to enhance the convection will
benefit the heat transfer in the BPMBC, which is related to
the Reynolds number.
4.5 Effects of the thickness ratio in the bilayer porous
metal block
From Table 3, it reveals that the average Nusselt number
changes with the thickness ratio of δ1/δ2 = 1/1, 2/1, 4/1, 1/2,
1/4 between the φu = 0.95 upper layer and φd = 0.7 bottom
layer in the BPMBC at Re = 4500–9500 respectively while
the ψ = 3% SiO2-H2O nanofluid jet impinges on the concave
cooper surface covered with the BPMBC of δ = 5 mm thick-
ness. The lower average Nusselt number occurs respectively
at the thickness ratio of δ1/δ2 = 1/4 in the range of Re = 4500–
6500, and at the thickness ratio of δ1/δ2 = 2/1 in the range of
Re = 7500–9500. The higher average Nusselt number occurs
in the BPMBC with the thickness ratio of δ1/δ2 = 1 at Re =
(b) φ=0.9
(d) φu=0.8 and φd=0.9 bilayer

Fig. 8 Average Nusselt number vs. Reynolds number on the R/L = 0.8
concave surface covered with different porosity δ1/δ2 = 1 bilayer porous
metal blocks respectively subjected to ψ = 3% SiO2-H2O nanofluid
5500–9500 than that of δ1/δ2 = 2/1, 4/1, and δ1/δ2 = 1/2, 1/4.
Thus, the increase rate of average Nusselt number by the
Reynolds number is related to the thickness ratio in the
BPMBC, which serves as the influencing portion between
the surface area and convection in the BPMBC with different
porosities between two layers.
4.6 Effects of the concave surface curvature
To investigate the heat transfer of jet impingement on concave
curvature surface, the experiments and numerical simulation
were conducted by Ebru őztekin et al. to analyze the effects of
concave curvature with R/L = 0.5, 0.725, 1.3 while subjected
to a turbulent slot air jet impinging, and those showed that
more heat transfer occurs on the concave surface in compari-
son with a flat plate, and the rise of curvature leads to the
augment of Nusselt number [10]. However, the experiments
on the heat transfer in the mode with D = 100, 200 mm con-
cave surface subjected to a jet impinging were performed by
Zhou ming et al. [13], and those revealed that the better heat
transfer performance in the mode with a flat plate happened
than that with the concave surface, and more heat flux can be
Table 3 Nu number at different
thickness ratio in bilayer metal Re δ1/δ2 = 1
porous block(δ1/δ2)
4500 573.29
5500 689.69
6500 801.39
7500 905.96
8500 1006.83
9500 1117.96
Heat Mass Transfer
transferred in the mode with a concave surface of D = 200 mm
than that of D = 100 mm. The heat transfer on the curvature
surface subjected to jet impinging is related to the character-
istics of fluid jet and curvature surface.
The temperature distribution, flow fields and the variations of
average Nusselt number with Reynolds number are shown in
Figs. 9, 10, and 11 while the ψ = 3% SiO2-H2O nanofluid jet
impinges on the R/L = 0.5, 0.8, 1.1 concave surfaces and a flat
plate of the copper block with the δ1/δ2 = 1/1 BPMBC of φu =
0.95 and φd = 0.7, respectively. The two pairs of symmetrical
flow vortexes happen in the flow channel and concave groove.
One pairs of flow vortexes occur on the two sides of nozzle, and
they enlarger with the decreasing in the surface curvature from
R/L = 1.1 to R/L = 0.8 as well as the whole two flow vortexes
happen inside the concave groove of R/L = 0.5. The other pairs of
flow vortexes occur on the two sides of concave groove in the
flow channel, and those enlarger with the surface curvature de-
clining from R/L = 1.1 to R/L = 0.5. The main convective heat
transfer happens between the concave surface and the nanofluid
flow, which locates between the two pairs of flow vortex. More
part of flow vortex in the concave zone with a lower curvature
causes more residence time of fluid and more HTS area in the
concave zone, thus, the higher CUS temperature of Tcus and
lower average temperature of copper block occurs in the mode
with the concave of R/L = 0.5 than that of R/L = 0.8, 1.1 and with
a flat plate surface.
With an increase in the curvature of concave surface from
R/L = 0.5 to R/L = 1.1, the average Nusselt numbers go up, but
their rise ratios by Reynolds number decrease, which are lower
than that with a flat plate surface. Those agree with the experi-
mental results [13]. The higher temperature of Tb = 341.5 at the
bottom of copper block near heating surface and lower temper-
ature of Tus = 304.9 K near the upper surface occur in the copper
block with a flat plate surface. With the surface curvature varying
in the range of R/L = 0.5, 0.8, 1.1, the CUS temperature of Tcus =
306.2 K, 305.6 K, 305.2 K and bottom zone temperature of Tb =
333.5 K, 337.2 K, 338.2 K can be obtained respectively in the
order. With the curvature of concave surface rising from R/L =
0.5 to R/L = 1.1, the reduction of CUS temperature occurs due to
the enhancement of convection caused by the reduction of dis-
tance from the nozzle to concave surface, and the increase of the
bottom zone temperature Tb and the average temperature of
δ1/δ2 = 2 δ1/δ2 = 4 δ1/δ2 = 1/2 δ1/δ2 = 1/4
578.03 570.09 566.25 560.93
689.09 686.09 685.84 680.37
795.47 798.31 797.75 792.92
898.12 905.46 903.83 898.33
995.90 1006.54 1005.61 1002.56
1099.58 1103.99 1116.76 1109.19
Heat Mass Transfer

(a) Flat (b) R/L=0.5

(c) R/L=0.8 (d) R/L=1.1

Fig. 9 Streamlines in the flow channel with a flat plate and a concave surface of R/L = 0.5,0.8,1.1 covered with δ1/δ2 = 1, φu = 0.95 and φd = 0.7 bilayer
porous metal block subjected to ψ = 3% SiO2-H2O nanofluid at Re = 7500. (a)Flat (b)R/L = 0.5 (c)R/L = 0.8 (d)R/L = 1.1

copper block takes place owing to the rise of thermal resistance
caused by the increase in the thickness of copper block and the
reduction of the HTS area in the concave groove, in the cases that
the rise of average Nusselt number and the decrease of rise ratios
by Reynolds number occurs. Besides, the higher average
temperature of copper block and larger average Nusselt number
occur in the mode with a flat plate than that with concave surface.
Thus, the decrease in the convection on the concave
HTS leads to the reduction of average Nusselt number
due to the rise of distance between the nozzle and HTS,

(a) Flat (b) R/L=0.5

(c) R/L=0.8 (d) R/L=1.1

Fig. 10 Temperature fields in the flow channel with the concave surfaces of R/L = 0.5,0.8,1.1 covered with δ1/δ2 = 1, φu = 0.95 and φd = 0.7 bilayer
porous media and a flat plate respectively subjected to ψ = 3% SiO2-H2O nanofluid at Re = 7500. (a)Flat (b)R/L = 0.5 (c)R/L = 0.8 (d)R/L = 1.1

Fig. 11 Average Nusselt number changes with Reynolds number on the
concave surfaces of different curvatures with a δ1/δ2 = 1, φu = 0.95 and
φd = 0.7 bilayer porous metal block subjected to ψ = 3% SiO2-H2O
nanofluid
and the enlargement of the HTS area and the stay time of
airflow in the concave serve as the domain factors to cause
the temperature reduction in the heating block while the
curvature of R/L decreases.
5 Conclusions
In this paper, the heat transfer of jet impingement with SiO2-
H2O nanofluid on a concave surface covered with the metal
porous block is investigated in the local thermal equilibrium
model. The effects of the nanofluid bulk concentration, poros-
ity in the monolayer and bilayer porous metal block, thickness
ratio between two layers in porous bilayer and the curvature of
concave surface on the heat transfer are analyzed.
The augment of SiO2-H2O nanofluid bulk concentration
within a certain range will enhance the heat transfer as the
thermal conductivity rise of nanofluid and the less rise of fluid
temperature due to the larger thermal capacity (ρcp) act as a
dominant factor in the jet impingement with the higher flow
velocities. In comparison with pure water, the 5.85% rise of
average HTC can be obtained at Re = 9500 with the ψ = 3.0%
SiO2-H2O as working fluid.
The solid copper matrix in porous layer on the concave
surface acts as extended heating surface due to its high
thermal conductivity. The enlargement of HTS area but
decrease of convection occur with the curvature decreasing
from R/L = 1.1 to R/L = 0.5 in the mode with concave sur-
face, and those happen with the HTS changing from the
concave to the flat plate.
The effects of the porosity and the curvature R/L in the
monolayer metal foam on the concave surface relates to the
solid matrix, the convection and heat transfer surface area.
Heat Mass Transfer
More heat transfer occurs in the MPMBC of the lower
porosity with more HTS area which serves as a domain
factor in the porous layer on a certain concave curvature
and Reynolds number, and the higher average Nusselt
number happens in the MPMBC on the concave surface
of larger curvature due to the enhancement of convection
as a prevailing factor in the mode.
In a certain range, the less porosity in the lower layer to
enlarge the HTS area of heating block and the higher porosity
in the upper layer to enhance the convection will benefit the
heat transfer in the bilayer metal porous block. The larger
average Nusselt number and lower temperature of heating
block in the mode with a φu = 0.9 and φd = 0.8 BPMBC than
that with a φ = 0.8, 0.9 MPMBC, as well as those in the mode
with a φ = 0.8 MPMBC than that with a φd = 0.9 and φu = 0.8
BPMBC, but the comparison of average Nusselt number be-
tween in the mode with a φ = 0.9 MPMBC and that with a φd
=0.9 and φu = 0.8 BPMBC relates to the Reynolds number.
The increase rate of average Nusselt number by the
Reynolds number is related to the thickness ratio of δ1/δ2 in
the BPMBC, which serves as the influencing portion between
the surface area and convection in the BPMBC with different
porosities between two layers.
While the curvature of concave surface varies from R/L =
0.5 to R/L = 1.1 in the above mentioned mode, the enhance-
ment of convection between the upper surface and nanofluid
leads to the rise of average Nusselt number, which are lower
than that with a flat plate surface, and those agree with the
experimental results [13]. The decrease in the convection on
the concave HTS leads to the reduction of average Nusselt
number due to the rise of distance between the nozzle and
HTS, and the enlargement of the HTS area and the stay time
of airflow in the concave serve as the domain factors to cause
the temperature reduction in the heating block while the cur-
vature of R/L decreases.
Acknowledgements The current work is financially supported by the
Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai, China.(No. 19ZR1422400)
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