BVM GLOBAL BOLLINENI HILLSIDE SENIOR

SECONDARY SCHOOL
Nookampayalam, Chennai – 600131.

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Project submitted to the Central Board of Secondary Education

(CBSE) in partial fulfillment for the requirement of All India Senior
School Certificate Examination (AISSCE) 2018-2019, Department of
Science.

By

S.LALITH KISHORE

Guided by
Mr. SRINIVASAN.N
 BVM GLOBAL BOLLINENI HILLSIDE SENIOR
SECONDARY SCHOOL
Nookampayalam, Chennai – 600131.

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified to be the bonafide record of the project work done by

……………………………………………......................................................

(Reg.No. ………………….................) of class XII in senior physics laboratory

during the year 2018-2019.

Date: Teacher in charge

Submitted for all India senior secondary practical examination in physics at

BVM Global Bollineni Hillside Senior Secondary School held on
_____________________.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: Signature of the Principal

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is customary for me to acknowledge the contributions and suggestions

received from various sources.

First of all I would like to thank God almighty for giving me wisdom and
knowledge to showcase my talent.

I am very thankful to my principal Mrs. Rohini Mahajan for giving me this

golden opportunity to do this wonderful project.

I wish to acknowledge the tremendous amount of help received from my

physics teacher Mr. Srinivas without whose help and encouragement it would
not have been possible to complete this project.

I wish to express my gratitude to all the non-teaching staffs who helped me to

complete this project.

Whatever words I choose cannot sufficiently express my deep sense of gratitude

towards my parents for their constant understanding, assistance, inspiration and
moral support in completing this project.

I would also like to acknowledge my thanks to my friends for their support and
timely help.
 APPARATUS

1. Insulated Copper Wire

2. A Iron rod
3. A Strong Magnet
4. A Light emitting diode(LED)
 INTRODUCTION

Faraday's law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism that

predicts how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to
produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental
operating principle of transformers, inductors, and many types
of electrical motors and generators.

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by Michael

Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to
publish the results of his experiments. Faraday explained
electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines of force.
These equations for electromagnetics are extremely important since
they provide a means to precisely describe how many natural physical
phenomena in our universe arise and behave. The ability to
quantitatively describe physical phenomena not only allows us to gain
a better understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible a
host of technological innovations that define modern society.
Understanding Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction can be
beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function because of
the principles behind Faraday’s Law. From natural phenomena such
as the light we receive from the sun, to technologies that improve our
quality of life such as electric power generation, Faraday’s Law has a
great impact on many aspects of our lives.

Faraday’s Law is the result of the experiments of the English chemist

and physicist Michael Faraday . The concept of electromagnetic
induction was actually discovered simultaneously in 1831 by Faraday
in London and Joseph Henry, an American scientist working in New
York , but Faraday is credited for the law since he published his work
first . An important aspect of the equation that quantifies Faraday’s
Law comes from the work of Heinrich Lenz, a Russian physicist who
made his contribution to Faraday’s Law, now known as Lenz’s Law,
in 1834 (Institute of Chemistry).
Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an
electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic field.
Before expanding upon this description, it is necessary to develop an
understanding of the concept of fields, as well as the related concept
of potentials.

 Faraday's first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic

induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around opposite
sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar to a
modern toroidal transformer) to induce current

Some physicists have remarked that Faraday's law is a single equation

describing two different phenomena: the motional EMF generated by
a magnetic force on a moving wire (see Lorentz force), and
the transformer EMF generated by an electric force due to a changing
magnetic field (due to the Maxwell–Faraday equation). James Clerk
Maxwell drew attention to this fact in his 1861 paper On Physical
Lines of Force. In the latter half of part II of that paper, Maxwell
gives a separate physical explanation for each of the two
phenomena. A reference to these two aspects of electromagnetic
induction is made in some modern textbooks.
 THEORY

Magnetic flux:

The magnetic flux (often denoted Φ or ΦB) through a surface is the

component of the B field passing through that surface. The SI unit of
magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in derived units: volt-seconds), and
the CGS unit is the maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with
a fluxmeter, which contains measuring coils and electronics that
evaluates the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the
magnetic flux.
 If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a
surface of vector area S is

where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic flux

density) having the unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla), S is the area of the surface,
and θ is the angle between the magnetic field lines and the normal
(perpendicular) to S.
 For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux
through an infinitesimal area element dS, where we may consider the
field to be constant
:
From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and
the fundamental theorem of the curl the magnetic flux may also be
defined as:

where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface S,

which is denoted ∂S.

LAW

The most widespread version of Faraday's law states:

The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to
the negative of the time rate of change of the magnetic
flux through the circuit.
This version of Faraday's law strictly holds only when the closed
circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is invalid in other
circumstances as discussed below. A different version, the Maxwell–
Faraday equation (discussed below), is valid in all circumstances.
When the flux changes—because B changes, or because the wire loop
is moved or deformed, or both—Faraday's law of induction says that
the wire loop acquires an EMF  , defined as the energy available per
unit charge that travels once around the wire loop (the unit of EMF is
the volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by
cutting the wire to create an open circuit, and attaching a voltmeter to
the leads.
According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units),

the EMF on a wire loop is:

where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka magnetic

flux density, magnetic induction), dℓ is an infinitesimal arc
length along the wire, and the line integral is evaluated along the wire
(along the curve the conincident with the shape of the wire).

The Maxwell–Faraday equation states that a time-varying magnetic

field is always accompanied by a spatially-varying, non-
conservative electric field, and vice-versa. The Maxwell–Faraday
equation is

 where   is the curl operator and again E(r, t) is the electric

field and B(r, t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be
functions of position r and time t.
The four Maxwell's equations (including the Maxwell–Faraday
equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient
foundation to derive everything inclassical electromagnetism.
Therefore it is possible to "prove" Faraday's law starting with these
equations.  Faraday's law could be taken as the starting point and used
to "prove" the Maxwell–Faraday equation and/or other laws.)
 CONCLUSION

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first

observed and published by Michael Faraday in the
mid-nineteenth century, describes a very important
electro-magnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic, the
essence of Faraday’s is not hard to grasp: it relates
an induced electric potential or voltage to a
dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many
far-reaching ramifications that touch our lives in
many ways: from the shining of the sun, to the
convenience of mobile communications, to
electricity to power our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound impact Faraday’s Law has
on us.
 BIBILIOGRAPHY

 WIKIPEDIA
 HOW STUFF WORKS
 SCIENCE FOR ALL