Infrared light is what we refer to as heat 

Flow of energy in light- 1 Watt = 1 Joule/s 

Watt is unit of power 
Emission 
Absorption 
Transmission- 
Transparent objects transmit light 
Opaque objects block (absorb) light 
Reflection/scattering 
A mirror reflects light at the same angle it came in at 
Light can act either as a wave or like a particle (or both simultaneously) 
Particles of light are photons 
Photons carry oscillating electric and magnetic fields 
A wave is a pattern that can carry energy without carrying matter along with 
it 
Wavelength is the distance between two wave peaks (units = length) 
Frequency is the number of times per second that a wave vibrates up and 
down (units = 1/s = Hz) 
Wave speed = wavelength times frequency (m/s) 
A light wave is a vibration of electric and magnetic fields 
Light interacts with charged particles through these electric and magnetic 
fields 
Lambda = wavelength 
E=h(frequency) 
h=6.626x10^-34 joule x seconds 
Nucleus of an atom is nearly 100000 times smaller than the atom but 
contains nearly all of its mass 
Atomic number - number of protons in nucleus 
Atomic mass= number of protons plus neutrons 
Molecules consist of two or more atoms 
Isotope-same number of protons but different number of neutrons 
Electrons restricted to particular energy levels (like potential energy graph 
problems) 
 
Each type of atom has a unique set of energy levels 
Each transition corresponds to a unique photon energy, frequency, and 
wavelength determined by what energy level the electron is going to and 
from 
Downward transitions produce a unique pattern of emission lines 
Upward transitions produce a unique pattern of absorption lines 
Each type of atom has a unique spectral fingerprint 
Molecules have additional energy levels because they can vibrate and rotate 
(though they’re still quantized) 
Thin or low-density cloud of gas emits light on spectrum 
Thermal radiation-nearly all dense objects emit thermal radiation. An 
object’s thermal radiation spectrum depends on only its temperature 
Blackbody radiation;color-less object will emit only thermal radiation 
Hotter objects emit more light at all frequencies per unit area 
Hotter objects emit photons with a higher average energy 
Light intensity follows logarithmic scale 
intensity=stefan-boltzmann constant(5.7*10^-8)(Temperature in Kelvin to the 
fourth) 
Intensity = power/area=energy/time/area 
Wien’s law: 
Lambda (wavelength) max = 2,900,000 nm/T 
nm=10^-9 m, T is temperature measured in kelvin 
Doppler shift tells us only about the component of an object’s motion toward 
or away from us 
(lambda(shift)-lambda(rest))/lambda(rest) = v/c 
Positive velocity is moving away from us