Chapter 2

2-l
T -To r?00_30
i-F =#
1830
Et**#),",
Ax = 0.238m
ffi
2-2
AssumeLinear variation:k =
he+ pf1
-frlq_-
r, - -11
+ -,r|
:=
Q_=95oC,
#1,
:"!,:'^T^:J= *,r,
4=62"C, Tt=35"C,Ar=ti.OiS
'

,b, - zs+ rrr,]= - 35+

f<oz2- [n, t;;;_ rrrr1
J
F = 4.69x10-3

' b(0'.1)fnr-rr-
1000=u= a.68Tl0-3
_rrrtl
o.ozsL' z es,
L
J
h=5.98g
k = 5.e88(1
- 4.68x
r0*3tl
ft
2-,3
qI s60
- 419 w
A
ffi+#*ffi )
m-

lo
 Chapter2

n4

Lx
R-
IA
D 0.025
' L (150x0. - 1 . 6 6 7x l 0 - 3
- - A - -

l)
rD 0.075
K=3
'r = 0.05
(30x0.05)
o ff
4 vr - : =o .o l
(50x0.1)
0.075
RvD = # = A . 0 2 1 4 3
(70x0.05)
R - RA+ 4c . = 2'667x la-2
#t
R;-R;
LT 370_66
q-T=ffi-11,400W

2-s
44,000_ 250_35
A-ffi A- 134.7
mz

24
q 75
:39.76w|^z
i=f
,L 0.6s*$ff
?-7
q_._ry
AR
300 r75- 80
A=re
" 396 ' 0.03T-
A - 1 . 2 4 7^ 2
2-g
Assumeone directionalno heat sources
q- +(A+=-fr' AIr
+gr2 -k0A# - kopAr,
a #= #
: qlry= -k*Al" o, - Akopt r2dr
Integrating
1Tr

q' - -hAlrr-ry*+ez3
-. - rirll
Lx L 3\'z J

tl
 Chapter2

2-g
- -l l
: : , = 0v'vv
(1500)a(0.03) .00709 h=0.015+0.002=0.017
4Ai
ln(rol=r)_ ln(0.0120,015)
0.000
v' 433
Znk Zn(46)
ll
v'\' I
hh Q97)n(0.034)
st oC.m

LR-0.05502
?
q.-?23*=3017
L 0,05502 Wm

?-10

:- = 300x-30
ox
^t
d"T 'nn I aT
;T=JOU=-_ heatingup
dx' a dr
Dr
-=
\ -30 at x=0
ox
-=60
l -
at x=0.3
ox

+ =-(0.04X-30)
\ -
, / \ - - . , +1.2{ u, x = 0
A ^2
-2.4{-
+=--(0.04X60)-
A\
atr=0.3
Am'

2-Il

d : 0 . 0 0 0 0 2 5 ; k:1 6 ; L =O.g m ; h= 500; T*= 20oC;

To= Tl=200oC
m = (500)(4)/(r6)(o.oooozs11t
n : 2236
0 ' 0 : 0 ' L =2 0 0 {0 = l g 0

q = -2kA(ffi 'lfuh= -2kA(_m0,6)

: Q)06>n(o.oaoozs,12
6)(rBly4 = 0.0063W
1223

lz
 2-12

ku=W-5.35x10-5
0.003
RA, = = 0.0181
0.166
0.06 -
RFi = 1.579
0.039

*=#=313#

2-13
R--
"c -
#= 0'721
ozx o'5778t
Rr f = - . . , . #
- = 7' 'J-
.s9
(o.o3gxo.577g)

&=#
5 (0.05) = 1.082
(0.577gJ
Rr= & =+=e.r43
*=0.5
q _72 -ZO
A-E--r'ru h,.ft,
u -*=0.0996
In
2-r4
Rr=+=
0.004
T6
= 0.0025

=+=+=0.00833
&veralt
U I2O
1 4 ' = & , -- 0 ' . 0 0 2 5 = 0 . 3
A%veralt
$veralt 0.00833
A4r=(0.3X60)-tgoc

lb
 Chapter 2

2-r5
Ice at OoC p - ggg.gkel ^3
V - (0.25)(0.4X1 .0)= g.I m3
m:100 kg
q - (100X330 x 103)= 3.3x107J
4 - Q)(0-25)(0-4) + (z)(0.4xr.0)+ (2x0.25x1
.0)= 1.5mz
A0- (2X0-35X0.5)+ (2X0.5X1.1)+ (2X0.35X1
.l) = z.zz^2
A m - 1 . 8 6^ 2
rr Ax 0.05
. l'){ ^ = = - - 0 . E i 4 6 - Vr
kA (o.o33xl.g6)
'1- = 0 . 0 4 5
&-
nAo
-
R 0.9596
0 _ 3 . 3 x 1 0 7_ 2 5 - 0
LT LT 0.9596
Lr - 1.135 x 106sec
- 3 1 5h r
- 13days

2-16
q (noins.) - hA(Tw- T*) = (25)gn)(0.5)2
e20- 15)= gz47w
, l S m W
'-'fbam
m.oC

q-W- h4trrazeo-L)
r; rg
20- 40)_
(0.018x1
_ ls)
(zs)rc2(40
05- rt
rg - 0.5023m
thk=rc-r;=O.OZ3m
Q (w I ins) - (ZS)(42X0.5023)2(+O- 15)= 1982W
2-L1

q-+nrc{a1ril k-zo4+=
T- h m'oc

= -5 n7W
ll -
o3z 034

14
 Chapter2

2-18
AT
ot I-n_

#--& =9.752xr0-3
& t u , , , =arcQOa)
I __l
'p\ n
. s-- @
m=4-0 6 -7 .9 5 g

--3
&vv'!r'
onu- -1.592
hA (ZO)(4,n)(0.0,2

qC T-_ - 9
= Q.4
A 11
\W
I/
0 . 0 0 97 5 +7 .9 5 8l .S
+ 9Z

2-lg

di - 2.90 in. do - 3.50 in. k - 43 W

m.oC
ln(3.5f2.9)
&teet = 9.96 xl0-4
(zrc)(43X1)
ln(5.5f3.5)-
Rin, = 1.lggg
(2n)(0.06X1)
- -l- - I
&onu
vvr., =0.2278
h4 (10)zr(5.5X0.0254)
Ro, - I .427
LT 250_20 w
q- --
R 1.427 m
7-r8
kA- 0. 166 kf :0.0485
m'oc
3t5-4 4 -38
@=@
0.166
-T34E -
15- 4) = 0.0828(4- 38)
0.7283(3
4 -296.7oC

L6
 Chapter2

2-21
dT
Qr = -k4nr2
dr
n,f'o - -k4ttf' dr
ry. +dr
r' J4
(r r)
a,l;--
\t rt)l - - 4 r c k ( T o - T i )
qr =-+ryn$o
,4)
[ v - a )r i
\b I
(t-r)
&n_\r4rck
r/

2a2
r;=Q.5mm-5xlOam
k
r s- x 1 0 - 4+ 2 x l O a - J x l O a
;=5
k - (7xlo-4xt2o)= o.og4 w
q(barewire)
= x(a.ootxtzuff4r,,li-
40)- I 3s.7Wm
= (135.7)(0.25)
4(insulated) = 33.93Wm
q- 400- 40
In(bfsxto-oF 33.93
@+ffi
ffiT-----

By iteration:rc = 135mm
thickness- 1345mm

2-23
(1)(r2)
- 6.16x l0-2
4.=(30)rc(2.067)
ln(Z.37512.067) - 8 . 1 8 8x l 0 - 4
Rp
2rc(27)
ln(3.37512.37
5) -
4 2n(0.An)
2.432
(1x12)
&= 2n(3.375) - 5 . 6 5 9 x 1 0 - l

IG
 Chapter2

2-24
dl kao{ro:rD --
q, = -k4nr2 = (To-L)
k4nroz
dr
i._a
Tt-T*
q-T
'
-orn\i-
I ll ll, I
hl-@,
Take& =o
dro
Resultis:,n=ZL
"h

2a5
(2)= 35I I kg
Mn at 90Vofull= (0.9x970)ft(0.8)2
a t Z o C l hqr = r y = 8 1 7 4 W
3600
=
A 2rc(O.8)2 + z(0.8)(2) = 9.048m2
boardswith k = 40 mWm.oC
Fiberglass
(40x l0-3x9.048x80-20)
Ax _ =2.66x l0-3 m
8174
2-26
.torImlength
, = ln(9.1/8)
= 4.363x
R(pipe) lOa
ffif
ln(27'U9'l)=
R(ins(l))- 0.3474
2n(o.5)
R(ins(2))-ln(35'U27'l)= 0.8246
zn(o.25)
R(tot)=1.172
LT zsO-2O=t96.2 Y
4= *=
Lr72 m
2A1
Fiberglass ft = 0.038 Lx =1.2 cm x 2
Asbestos k =0.154 Ar = 8.0cm
W
brick k=0.69 Ax=l0.0cm h=15 *2
m.oC

-, , -- |
=o'684
h*(%#*r*0.,r**d* #

t1
Chapter2

2-28

R:1
k
KR
Fiberglass 0.046 21.74
Urethane 0 .019 55.6
Mineral Wool 0.091 I 1.0
CalciumSilicate 0.058 I7.z

2-29

-
\ 1000"c
rz:4oooC
Ti - 55"C
mw
km-9o h = tL 5a '
re Y
m.oc ^2.oc
mW
kr = 42 T* =40oC
m.oC
g = -h(r?
- \ - J - T*)
' @ / = (15X55 - 40) g
\^"/\u" ' u , - 225
A ^2
q _ t. (1000- 400)
Lxm-0.24m
i=o^T
q _k, (4oo- 55)
'nr' LxF:0-0644 m
A LxF

r6
 Chapter2

2-30
Uniformly distributedheat sources
n
d'T,q
-+--0 T=Tt at x--L
dx" k
T=Tz. at x=+L
.)
T qx-
| -= - *c1x*c2
2k
. ? t
n
T qL-
1'12=k- - - C 1 L + c 2

rz: -
L 2 k +*cl L+c2

T - + U 3 - * Z' y + T ) : Txt * T t + \ '

2k\ 2L 2
2-3r

ry=2.5 ry:3.5 r y =6 . 5
ln(ry|ry)-ln(3-512.5)
r_
R, = a.2433
0.22(2n) 0.22(2rc)
R r _ l n ( r yl r) _ 1 .6 4 2
L
0.46(2n)
1
^ 1=
Rw*= =0 .0 408
hA (60)n(2X0.065)
R - r . 9 2 6 2" c ' m
w
/.' -
LLT (20)(400- 15) -,
.Of}? \I/
L
R r.9262

lcl
 2-32

4*{=Q r- &)l
q-q*U+P(
dx' k
T=T* at x=IL
Generalsolution

W"l *c2['"1
r-r*=c,[,"{
From boundaryconditions
1
tw4;
cz=O cr=

cos
W.
T-T*=

}-ffi

k:43; rr:0.015; t2:0.04; To:250oC; T*:35"C) h:43

L = 0.025

L": O.0255

rzc= 0.0405

r z J n : 2.7
tz
1,"3211r/kAor)t: o'825

Fig.2-12 8r: 0.59

= s 0Ew
- 3sx0.3e)
- o.ots'x250
- -...J": (ffKF(o,ffios2

2-34
MW
q- m
= -0 . 3 0 - r s a m e a s h a l f o f w a l l 1 5 c m t h i c k w i t h c o n v e c t i o n o n e a c h s i d e .

at -(o.3ox 1o6xo.o6o)2
=25.7oc
To-T*=e=6
(o.lo = 31.6oc
hA(T,-T-)
qI^A,= T, -T* = --y15--
"-196)(o.0o0)
=
To= T-" = 93+ 25]t+ 31'6 150'3oC (o
-**."*t#r-*l**

ulurrt! t!tlfllitltlttitl l' iit:tttttl[itf,ll

_**--.. * ,rqcuilr!!]irr#rrrarFrFttif,rufilttltiltrililrilrl'|F;lrFrilrll
 Chapter2

2-35

tQo

/
Is

T;
X+

dzr - -qoe-*
ex = eoe-ax
E:T
T -cl * czx-+e-crx
'
atk
Boundaryconditions:
(l) T=Tt at x=0
(2) T=hat x=L

c1-Ti..fr c2-ro-r'-hQ-e-"1)
- r, - - e-oL)x
T - T,+ ge- *r, hQ *$ e-ax
o2k' L atk-

zl
Chapter2

2a6
l*-L4
qQ
€
y ray flux
-
QO

Ti*

1'*"
q - qor-o* 4=-Qo o.-ax
E- k"
T -ct * c2x
e
- +e-o*
a"k
Boundaryconditions:
(l) atx=L +-0(adiabatic)
drc
(2) at x=0 T=Tr
Qo
e -\* L) ln^ -L

ozk
3 t

AK

T - r i + g - q a ' - o L x* - + e - o *
oTk ak oTk

7z
 Chapter2

2-37

T-T*=ctcos
W.*czsin W. ;
T:Tt at x-tL c2-0
ATI
-'fr
\11
-Tw+{
-/.A+l =hA(rt-L)
-r*) c1=m
l*-r

ve equatron:

2-38
fuAL:hPL(T*- T*)
- 20)
'2 - (4000X4X0.02t(r,
(35.3x 106X0.02
T w: 7 5 .1 6o C
2-39

4ocos(ax)
-o dI =+sin(ax)+cr
4*
E-k- dx ak
."
T=T*at x-XL . ' . c l- 0 T-+cos(ax)+ c1x*cz
. a'k
Tw - a*: cos(aL) + c2 T - T* - Q9:[cos(ax)- cos(at)]
a'k a "k -
q -zk#|,= -zk
= =
sin(aL)J
A L #[- Tsin(al)

7,,
Chapter2

2-40

W
k - 0 . 01 2 4 -1.24 W
cm. oC m.oc
p = l . 5 x t 0 - 3C l - c m
R- (r.sx to-'{i) = {.5x lo-3
1o-')= I 1.25w
q - I2R= (50)'(4.sx
q- -3.7s# r--*x2+ctx*cz
+=#
L_ 1.5cm=0.015m T-300at x=-0.015
T - 100at x- +{.015
300 - 100= cl(-0.015
- 0.015) \= 4667
(-9.25x to6xo.ot5)2_
300 _ (6667X_0.01
5)+ c2 c2 = 540-2
(2X1.24)
atx -0 T=cz=540.zoc
2-4I
/<= constant 4 = qo at x -- 0 Assume one directional with no heat storage.

+-{=o r-rr=(h,-4Xcr+c2x2*c*3)
dx" k
T = T t +Qz-\X cr + c2 x2tcl ,x3)
s2q,

#=e2-\)(Zc2+3cax)
T=Ttatx-0 T=Tz,atx-L 4-qoatx=0
q- -kQ2-T)(2cz*3cax).
Qo lQo
s o :\ - 0 c2: - CJz =
2kg2-r) E 2kL(r2-\)

ex=qo
l#$2-rl.*1.

lT

7.+
2-47
l\ =,75 (left) I'D- 50 (right)
k-2.5
Tt* = 50oC T2* = 30oC

ax2
T- _T*c1x*cz
= T z at x = +{-04
T = T t a t x = - 0 . 0 4 ;T

(1)

(2)

(3)

(1)

=-{ry) (2)

( 0 . 0 4* )c z - r { (3)

2-43

d:0.05; L-0.02; AT:200"C; k:204

shimA.025mm - 0.001inch

Table2-3; 1 l]r*- 3.52x104

- 10.19
Bars:AxlkA : (4X0.02)ln(0.05)2

Joint: l/hA : 0.179

+ 0.179: 24.559
IR: (2X10.19)

559): | -74"C
AIoi,,t: (200X0-179120-

2'
2-44

Use solution from Prob.2-28

T =To at x = 0
q rz , T1+ - (s x tosxo.ot5)2 220+ 45 .
4.
rn = *': = *- 136oc
ru (2X16) z
Zk" Z
2-45
Usesolutionfrom Prob.2-28
q 100t 200= 46z.5oc
(soox t-q6xo'oos)2
r o :- Z k "t' *Tt \rz-
rn *
Z (2X20) 2

26
Chapter2

2-46

Behaveslike half a plate having a thicknessof 8 mm. Max Temp is at x = 0

;t2
ro-ft+r*
L=0.004m T.'=100'C
(2oox 106)(0.004)
r _ +loo = l64oc
" (2)(25)

2-47
. ,- (1CD2n(0.16)2
E2 - ------
'
utut
R (7x10-X30)
^- (ro)2n(0.r6)2 - - -=l5sr
rJe,
MY
a=
*3

,o=**r-=W +e3=138.r.c

2-48
(200)2(0.099)= (5700)n(3 xto-3xtx4, - g:)
T* =166.7oC To=16.6+166'7 = l83.3oC

2-49
- -Tt)
e = EI = qrr(roz rr21L=h2tcrL(Ti

fi*Lt*!=o r =-lr'*c1tn
r* c2
rdr
drz k 4k

T=Toatr=ro atr=rs ro=-if*c1lnrs*c2

ff=o
t=o--Qr *cr rr=Q92 T , = 4 * q ! ^ o r zr , , r 1 * c 2
dr"2k16-r2k-'4k2k

ru -=-q:r?2
To *q!^22 -z Tt
lnrs* c2
""v -v - *t 'r' - ro2)*
-, = To $ttf:il t"l
4k Zk 4k' 2k \.n /
.EI
a=;6ffi$)
Insert (a) and (b) in E/ =LntrLh(Ti- Ty') and solve for ft'

'L1
 Chapter2

2-50
q uniform T = Tw at r = R steadystate, T varies only with r.
td2er). I a(-.-^ar), I azr,q-tar
* -k=
* u(.t'no
ae,/* A at
;V m m#
thisreducesto:
r=-$+c1+2
Inbgrating
iV*X=o #=+
Ut^t = -oo*'#1,=*
conditions:
Boundary
(t) {=-{ e) T=T* .t r= R
dr 3k

(3) o thencr= T*- cz=o

H,=^= #
T - T * =L 1 P 2 - r2 1

2-51
Fromwoa.z#
T -7, =L1R2 - r27
x
To-r.- o lqlxg'ozl2
(6X16)
= 4.r7oc

q = qv = q!rcfi
-3 -T*)
= h4nrT(T*

(1x196X9'02)
- 444.4oc
T* -T*-
(3)(15)
To-T* = M4.4+ 4.17= 448.6oC
T o = 4 4 8 .6 +2 O=4 6 8 .6 'C
2_52

R = P^ -29x10-6 =4.lxlO-i g=4-lxlO-s g

L lvo" n(1.5\' cm m
(zro)2(+.t
x !o-s)=3.o.xro3
a' =12R_ 4
V z(0.015)' m-
(3.07
x to3xo.ots)2
,
ro=ff+180=180.0009oC

2,4
 Chapter2

2-53
q-a*br L( ,d')= -Y-=-ar+brz
dr( dr)- k k
d T - - - lt( o r 2 , b r 3 ) . ? n- - : ll ( o r z br3)
+.- T
' - + - ' i * r , l n r* c 2
dr k[ Z 3 )i + rr frl. 4 s )
dT=-
t(+.4J *ar
dr k[2 3 )
T=4at r=l T=TOat r=h
Solving for constantsgives:
b(ro3:r,3)
4 - ro- +l ""; ;f , *
c1 =
'"(*)

-ro-]:lr'{t
t'?)+b";;rtl
fr\ 4 9 ) Inr o
A I s oe = e t a t r - n = a + b r ;

2-54

d-2mm T*-l00oc h-s000 y

^2.oc
To- 150oC pe - I .67 pA.cm w
k -386
m.oC
ro -T* = 4R2
4k
q - 4@R2)L=h(ZrcRL)(T*-
L)
T*-T*=4t-
2h
To-7,.:4*4
4k 2h
-l o-oot2
+ o,oolI q - 4 . 9 7 x 1 0 8 w
lso- roo= -L(4)(386) _T
(2xsooo)J m'
.tl
q - I ' P r :e-Aq' A L

p _ q4' _ (4.g7xtos)Qc)2(o.oo
=-3
t)4
I
pe I.67 x l0-8
-
I 542 amp

1.?
 Chapter2

2_55
ri = 0.0125m ro = 0.0129m
Assumeinnersurfaceis insulated
dr__Qr+gt_oatr=n
drzkrn
^ _ qr;2
q=t (a)
' 2
-h..2
7 =-3-* c1ln r * c2 T =$rrlnri + c2
4k'4kL'

Tn =-qro2 crlnrn I cc
"4k
-,iz)+"r"[f)
ri-ro=-#r^, tu)
HeatTransferis:
q = qV = qn(rs2- rt2)= hn(Zrs)(Ts- T*) (c)
Inserting(a) in (b) gives
n -
-n2)+*^1il
-
rt-ro=fr{,0z ;-2 f".\
(d)
W
W e t a k e ': 4 = 2 5 0 " C
ft=100+ oC L=40oC k=24
m' . m'oC
Inserting the numerical values in Equations (c) and (d) and solving gives:

4= s3'26
Ym-
To=249'76"C

2_56
W
k=43
m .oC
Ur= = I
-e',,-"'-.'.8f#(#) 2xro-3+ 4.3rxto-s+71.84xl0-3
s'o-
=13.54-}-
m' .oC

2-57
k o'18=
'o=i= o.ol5m = 1.5cm
12
(a) ro =1.25 + 0.05= 1.3cm Increased

(b) ro =1.25 + 1.0= 2.25cm Decreased

?o
 Chapter2

2-58

u=+
R
=32.y
+-
3.ll4xl0-z m2.oC
2-59

A = ! 3 O . 4m 2
q - 44'00,0 -rs?- w
u
-- '''o ps
A T (130.4)(260-
38i
2-60
F o rI = l m += -i-=0.1959
44 Gs)n(o.Dzs)
ln?_o
fr) - ln(2.581?.5)
= 2.79xl0*g
2t*, 2r(18)
I
= t.898
hh (6.5)z(0.025s)
I
U A = ? =2 .0 9 4
)R
9- = p.OS+)(120-15)= 219.9 W
Lm
2-61
A = l m t' Su"=T=
Nr 0.005= 6 ' 4 l x t o - 3
t^
&i,=+=99=0.1538
k 0.026
=+=rf,=o'otlr
&onu,
& o n u ,= * = 0 . 0 2
")u
I-l- = | I y
: : = = = ==-if
(2 )(6 .4 1 x1 0 -')+0 .1 5 38+0.0833
+0.O2 0.2699 - 2.oC
R=O.2699
singleglassplate:R = 6.41xl0-3 + 0.0833+ 0.02= 0.1097

u = != e.lI -j{-
R m'.oc

?l
 Chapter2

2-62
;'u--g =2.59x10{ LTcu= 1ft2)(2.sgxt0{)
= t.35xlo{oc
386
Rs,= ry = 9.3x l0-5 = riz)(g.3x
NTsl to-5)= 4.g4xl0-3oc
43
RA,= =o.Mo2 LTT'=62)e.a6o2)=3.r3oc
#
n"' = * =2.632 =62)(2.632)
NTy = 136.9"C
0.038
I*= z.6sz u =l=0.37r
R
+ .oC mt
- l0) = 52 +
Q= IJAT=(0.371X150
m-
Insideofcopper=
150oC

2'6\
.r - J.015 Lc= 0.O2+ 0.00035
= A.02035
rzc=O.03535 r2c/q=2.357

L"3t2lZ1'''- (o.o
-c za3rstzl
\v'v-v-u/
Ure* ) Ltrs0X0,0007X0.0z$5)J
- 47= o'55
q = nfhAeo=(0.55)z(0 -O.OtS2)(Z)(5U)(2ffi-
.035352 100)= 186W

1L
 Chapter2

2-64
The generalsolution of eq. Z-19 (b) is:
e-T-T*=ct€ * +c2€* (l)
boundaryconditions:
(l) atx=0 0=0t -Tt-T*
(2) at x=L 0=gz =h-T*
from:
(l) q:cl
*cz e=0t-c2
(2) 0z = cl€ *L + czr^L
e2= (gr - c2)e-*t * c2€mL- \F-*L - cz@-mL- e*L)
-
A -e2 op-mL
c2=ffi Q)
c1= 0r - c2- 0r - e?,; ert--:
e^L _ e-*L
^c r = F 02 - oF*L
-r (3)
e-^L _ e^L
Then eq. (l) becomes

0
v
_ 0z =ilF*L_ p-mx *02:0p-mL ow
'
g-*L _ e*L" ,mL-- ,4'Y

e - e-*(az
- ere*L)+ e* (ere-*L- 0z)
e-*L _ e^L
Part heat lost by rod:
ct--kAdel
1 * kA!91
ful*-a ful*-t
d0 _ -e-ry @, - ere*L_)+ e^*-(up-*L-
*l -J %)]
drc L e-*L - e^L
q-
M*I (oF-*L -o)l

- -
*tcAm[-(O2 %F^L)+ (%re-^L 0)1
t

e-mL _ e*L

7l
 Chapter2

2'64i

PanA:

4A=-tl\+hP(T -T*)
dx'
.
dzT hP
W- MQ-L).1-o
l e t0 - T - T *
( o'- tl) o --q
\ kA) k
'{ffi'x **
e - cpJhPl*e'*c2e
hP
.r e t , /W --m
*
o=ooatx=o ,'.cr=oa-#-c2
-kAq - h A ( T - L I , =L = : , a i o r
^' fulx-L
- . *
F,:HW .lu'F,ft\ frk=
r,,.1, ' -,r q
- A
e- +t
e*L*r-ffi hP
Part B:
PL
q= - T*\W+hA01
] oIh P G
r
hPI t0r
-e-m\*4?'
qt - -
ml kL
*(er-#)r'^l
e*L + e-*L
km +q&+hA02

L
Part C:
-tA+l =o=eo
&lr_o
*l*=o
0 - lclmemx - c2m€
.'. c1 - c2

Zrt-00-qA
hP

q_Tk,. 2h0L
km(emL - t-*L)

?+
Chapter2

2-66
4

_dze
_ - - r _hP
_0 =A
letm= -!"-
W
dx' lA I k{
L = 3 8 fl =1 2 .5mm [-,=30 cm h=I7
Q= ct€* * c2€-w at x = 0 0 - 2W- 33=162 ls -386
, Tdz
P =rd A-
4
-ilt,
r,
l(tz)o(o.ot =3.754
m=l#l 162=\*c2
L(386)a(0.0r2s)'
l
55=3.084cr
+0.324c2 cr =0.91 cz=161.@
0 =A.9kw +161.09e-re
qf!nred*=
'Jo npLp.grew-t6t.a9e-wl8
= ^lnpattl.9lew-t6t.o9e-"18'3
m
= l(17)n(0.0I 25X386)tt(0.0| 25)zlr| 2 x 10.9
tew - | 61.@e-''* l8'3
=122.7W
2-68,

k-204 ry- L,r ' 4=4L++ =lZ++=125 Tb=250oCT*=lsoc

m'oc
w
h=lz --:- oc
^ lrdz
A_
m". 4

m=

mL, = (3.43)(0.125)
= 0.429 q ='JTpla0oanh(mL")
y ^-il2

4l I ttto - ls)ranh(o
q =l (r2)n(0.02)(204)n(0'0?)' =20.89
.4zs) w
L
249

q-[ hP(r-r*)dx= hP\dx- Orl;e-rrxdx,= hP0o le-*16 = hPIAeo

l; -ffl

:%l,F-,]\t'.c^l0 J
hPeo
tffi
q_ffi=JhPta%
\18-

1t
 Chapbr 2

2-70

0 = cp-* * c2€w In caseII theendof thefin is insulated.

+l = Q theboundary
conditionsare0 =0s at x = 0
fulx=L
&=O at x=Lthen 0=oncosttttfr--d1
dx " cosh(nl)
dQ"on,= hPdx(T- L) or hP&ce
rL gLhp?coshlm(L- r')jer
{conv=
JohPdrc=[
ffi
= hpfln l_.-..-
aconv
_r
- x))]ot= Jffino tanh(ml)
ffi;[sinh(z(z
2-71
n''ill2
l (20)z(0.000s)(372)z(0.000s)'
rn,,,-r.'AAA(\/tnlt\-r
q= ^7np*e*o_
| I uro_ 20)=0.1s2
w
L4J
2:12',
I a.s>"a.ozs,rrlz>ra.ozsf'|t",no
q=\hPt(Ato=LT _40)=r 1.2w
J
2-13
IO=150oC L=15oC t=l.35cm Z=6.0mm /=1.5mm
h=20+ . o C k=2ro w
m' m.oC

Lc= L* + 0.75= 6.?5mm

l=6.0
D"'=1.5A
Qe= rtr L, =1.35+ 0.675=2.025cm
11
= 1.012x l0-5 m2
A^ = t(r2"- rr) = (0.0015)(0.00675)

,zrz( h )t" =(0.0067$3,r1 zo

-c -lt'' =0.0s38
lkt^ ) x ro-))l
L(zroxr.or2
FromFig.2-ll Tlf=97Vo
emax - n\go - T*)= 3.86w
= 2hn(r2"2
= 3.75W
q = (0.97)(3.86)

7t
 Chapt* 2

2-74
L c= 2 3 + l = 2 4 m m

-4 )t" = 0.o24\3nl
-T 1tt2=o',7r7
,trz(
" \ft,A,
) .uri>to.ol,49J
L(l4xo
4f =o'77
Q= 4yA0s = (o.77)(2s)(O.024)(2)(220
- 23)= 192Wm

2-75
Lc=3+0.1=3.1cm D c = I . 5 + 3 . 14=. 6 c m
rr= 1.5 %-=3.M7
11

-4 6,
=(0.031)3/2[,--,
,r,r(
" [e1, ))t" ,, f''' =o.tt
L(5sx0.002x0.031)l
4,r= 0.58
e = qlA,s = (0.58X68X2n)lO.Oa62
- O.OtS2l000
- 20)= 37.4gw

2-76
4 = total efficiency A/ = surfaceareaof all fins 4f = ftnefficiency
A = total heattransferareaincluding fins andexposedtube or other surface.
7O= basetemp L = environmenttemp
= -
Qact h(A- Ay)Qo ?i) + rUAyhQs- T*)
{idear= lxAQo-L)

- ' =P
a, - A- 4 ! Arqr=r-{tr - er)
eiua A A'

2-77
Io = 4ffi / = 6.4mm L=2.5 cm L = 93oC h=28

k=r6.3 n^= -\z

4+\=8x10-5m2 p.r,r(-n )t" = o.s1s
)
4,r= 0.85
q = (0.85)(28X1X2X0.025)(460
- 93)= 437w

trl
 Chapter2

2-7E
6 = 200oC T* =93oC L=12.5mm r = 0.8mm t = 1.25cm
k =204 Lc= 12.9mm ft = I l0 D,c=2.54 b =2.O3
11

h=r.03xr0-5 m2 t:,r(Lo,+)" =0.335 er =0.87

1'0 =
No. of Fins = 105.3
0.0095
- 0.8)(10-3)= 0.0719m2
Tubesurfacearea= (t05.3)z(0.025x9.5
Tubeheattransfer= (l10X0.0719)(20O-93)= 846.6W
-!l- = 1o.aT(2)z(1 - o.onsz)e00- 93)= 31.46*
10Xo.o2542
fin
Totalfin heattransfer= (31.46)(105.3)
= 3312W
Totalheattransfer=846.6+3312= 4159W
2-79
rt=l.0cm Z=5mm t=2.5mm h=25 TO=26O"C
T* =93oC k = 43 Lc = 5+1.25= 6.25mm e,c=1.625cm
fu-=1.62s A, = (0.0025X0.m625)
= 1.56x10-5m2
11
( -rll2
h )r/2 == Q . t2 25
Lrt''l .006:
25531 _l
,)
= $.095
. 4f :97To
\ t^-
4 ^ ) (43Xl.56 x l 0)-s)J
2 -0
q = ( 0 -e7)(2sx )n(l0.01,
2)t, 6225" X260 - 93li:) = =4 . 17 1w
.a12
2-80
k-43 t -- . 1
-.L lcm =20
fu= Lcc ' 1 5rcfim
L
(
h )r/2 := $ .
Lrt''l .723 f = o).1
41 .'l5
\ lrA*
^-)
q=(0- x0..tsx00
7sx20x
2)( 1 5) = 8 i3:
3 W I m derprh

1d
Chapter2

2-gl

| =1.6rrm r y = 1 . 2c5m L=12.5 mm To=zWoC

T* =20"C h=60-,W w
kk--220o44, * Lr=L3,3ilrm
,X36
t2c=2.0&
2c =2.58cm =),.rzgxlO-sm2
u= (0.0016)(0.0133)
rI
/ ,-
r 3 l i l l - l n )l/2 = 0.18
!-n
L ef = 95Vo
\k4")
q - (0.95).rc|)?)n(0.025g2
- 0.0n52x200- 20)= 32.g4w
2-83
tx+ft,
A-2r=; y=i.=;
-M --hP - -l^
# dx(rr*) # . *(*A#)*]
+( ^+) -hP(r-r*)=Q e - T - T *
dr\ dx)
ktx A20 . kt de ,
iw+;;-hPe=s
Aze de hpL ^
f-*-
dx' dx kt
2-94
f! = 0.05 ry,= 0.2 L-0. 15
L, 0.1+0.001- 0,101
= r2c= 0.201
t2'c-
4
ry
l2
1,3tz(*)''' = (0.rorf /2 =2.388
[ (170)(0.101X0.002)
4f = 0.16
q = eyhAilo= (0.16)(60)n(0.20f- 0.05')(Z)(lZ0- 23)= 222 W

2-95
k=16 h= 40 T^
-1,
- )5f|0('
--/v \r' T* - gOoc
P=(4X0.0125)=0.05m A=(O.Ol2r2=1.565x104m2
q = ffieo = (4oX0.05Xt6Xl.56s
x to4)l1t21zso-90)= n.3l w

h1
 Chaptcr2

2-86
t =2.lmm L =1 7 mm h =7 5 k= 164 ?b= l( ) ( ) "C
L = 30oC Lc =17 + 1.05= 18.05mm
4,, = (0.0021X0.01805) = 3.79x l0-5 m2

- =(0.ols0t3,rl$=0.?66 4! =e4Eo
""t,(Llt"
\kA, ) LeUX3.79xl0- r.r
805X100- 30) = r7 8.2 w
q = (O.94}(75X2X0.01

2-87
Lc = 0.0574ft rzc= 2.688in.
4 =(0.125X0.688)
= 9.931in2= 5.97xl}4 ft2

b=t.34 ,,trz(Llt" = as2s 4f =87%

4 " \kAn)
= 2hrQ2"2- rr2'11+5o
emax -100)
' h=r591+!g

4=(0.87xsel)=514
'hr +q
2-88
Calculateheatlost (not temp.at tip)
d = 1.5mm k =L9 L=12 mm To= 45oC T- =20oC
h=500
Useinsulatedtip solution
L c = L + 4 , =1 2 +0 .3 7 5 =1 2 .3 7mm
5
4

*=(np1r"=f tsooloto.oor.sl
lt'' =264.s
\ta) L(1e)z(0.001sX4)J
mL"= (0.01237 s)Qe., = 3.278
q = ^lffi0yrrnh(tnL)
=
r - 2o)tanh( = 0.177w
3.27s)
[s00)z(0.0015X1e)a(0.oots{;)]t",0,
For 11= 200 mL, = 2.073 = 0.969
tanh(mLr)

o1 =('\t/2(0. \ I 77{0'969)
'\0.997 = o.togw
\500/ )
Forh-1500 mLr=J,677 tanh(mLr)=1.0
15oo)t/2(0. r'o =
ar =f \ r 77r( w
' \ 0 . 9 9 7) ) 0.307
\500/
2-89

k:204; T-:2OoC; To= 70"C

L = 2 5 nw t

h= 13.2; d:2 mm; N = 225pins

: I I .38
m : I(r3.2X4y(204)(0.002\7tn

L : 0.025+ 0.002/4:0.0255

q/pin = (hPkA)t" 0otanh(rnl")

00I )2]trz(70 - 20)tanhKI I .3SX0.0255)l

: [( 13.2)n(0.002)(204\n(0.

: O.lO29W pin fin

= 23.1'5W
total: (225)(0.1029)

At
2-94

k--2M;N:8; To= lOOoCi T* = 30oC;h: 15;L= 0.02;t = 0.002

P = (2)(0.15+ 0.002): 0.304

: 0.0003
4: (0.002X0.15)
:8.632
m : [(15)(0.304y(2s4)(0.0003)]t2

L : 0 . 0 2 + 0 .0 0 1:0 .0 2 1

q/fin: (hPkA)t" 0otanh(ml")

0003)]t/2(I 00 - 30) tanh[(8.632x0.

: [( l 5X0.304X204X0. 02I )l

:6.62 Wfin

Total: (8X6.62): 53W

2-9L
: 0.04864
SurfaceareafromProb.2'90 = (8X0.304)(0'02
- 0'01251= 0.00565
tuea percircularfin = (2)r(0.03252

Numberof circularfins:0.04865/0.0565:8.6 Roundoffto 9 fins

r r : 0 . 0 1 2 5) tz=0 .0 3 2 5 ;L = 0 .0 2+0.001: 0.021

rz"= 0.0335; rzJn-- 2.68

tz
1"321trlkA-)t : o'1273

r11:0.98

For 9 fins;
-30x2)
- 0.01251(100
q = (e)(0.e8)((ls)r(0.033s2
= 56.2W

+v
Chapter2

2-92
Q = c r € -^ +c2 e +^
0-100-20=80 at x=0
e- 35-20=I5 at x=0.06
m=W
{a
8 0= e * c 2 (1)
15 = ct€-*(0'06)+ c2e+m(0'06) (2)
-kfcp-n(0'06) ed * c2e+m(0'06)(+r)l- h(Is) (3)

,-n:t-l
I nne.az)(4)1''' (4)
L k(0.02)' J
4 Equations,4 unknownS,cL, c2, m, h.
Solve, and then evaluateq from Eq. (2-37) or (2-36) using Lc

2-93
W
L- 2.5cm t - 1 . 5m m k = 50 T* = 20oC h-500
m. oC
7b= 200oC
L, = 0.025+ 0.00075 = 0.02575
-
emax= Q)(500X0.02595X20020)- 4635Wm
Am=(0,0015X0.02575)- 3.863x 10-5
(,^ \ ^,^f -rl
L,3rzt
Lc +l
5OC
=(o.azsl8y3rzl | =2.L
# loT)J
L(50x3.863x
ln+",
4f = 0'36
q - (0.36)(4635)= 1669w
2-94
[-3.5cm t-L.4mm L r = 3.57cm k: 55
-20)
= hAilo= (500X2X0.0357X150 - 4641w/m
emax
(
=l 2h " l l 2 t12 = 4.068
*L- L I r'

\M*)

tanh(mLr) _ -
rlf = 0 .246 Qact- (A.246)(4641) 1140 Wm
mL,

4r
 Chapter2

2-95
k=43 ft=100 4=2.5cm rz=]$cm L=5cm
T* =2OoC t =2 mm 4c =7.51cm lc = 5.1cm
(,{/2
L,t''l+l =r.74 b-=3 ef =0.27
" \.&4.) ,r
q = 11 - 5t2 - o.ozszxt50- 20)
r2hn(r2"2 rr2)0o= (0.27X100
)(2)n(0.07
=l10.6W
2-96
{=l.5cm L=2cm rZ=3.5cm /=1mm ft=80
k=2ffi L, =2.05cm r2c=3.55cm
/ , 1l/2
Lrt'tl
+l =o.4l fu-= 2.37 4,r= o.8l
" te{. ) ,r
q = ggn(0.03552- 0.0152X2X200
- 20)(0.s1)= 75.9W
2-97
h=SO k=20

^ =(!!\'/2 - f tsolzto.orxlllt''
=3r.62
\fr,A/ [ (20)z(0.01)'I
*7 = (O.2)(31.62)
= 6.324
e^L =557.8 e-^L =0.00179
ew =2362 e-^ =O.A423
0r = 5 0 - 2 0 = 3 O 0 z= 1 0 0 - 2 0 = 8 0
Usingsolutionfrom Prob2-61
/, (0.0423X80 - (30)(557.8)l+(23.62X30X0.00179)
- 801
s(.x=10cm)=
0001?9L5?f
-704.46- 1888.33
-557.8
= 4.650C
T-2A+4.65=24.65oC

4+
 Chapter2

2-98
k =386 t = 0.625cm L = 0.6cm h= 55
=
f 0.3mm Lc = 0.6+ 0.015= 0.615cm
rzc=0.625+0.615=1.71
8" = l'24 =zo
11 0.625
t' ' 1l/2 r
Lcatzl =(o.oo6l5ft2l-l 5t 1ll2
+l
" (e4, -----' =0.134
)' L(386X0.0061sX0.0003)l
4f =a'95
e = rl 7,.A0s = (0.95X55
)x (2)(0.01?tt2- O.N6ZS,Xt OO- 20)= 3.012 w
2-99
t =2 cm L=17 cm k = 43 h=23 l c = 1 8c m
/ , 11/2
L,t''l+l
"
=0.e3 4r=o.il
\kil)
q = - 25)= 1sg6Wm
(0.64X2X23X0.18)(230
2-100
L=Scm Lc=Scm f=4mm k=23 h=20
/ , 1l/2
Lrtrzl+l =r.042 4f =0.68 4=nyfuos
" \k4)
A = (2X0.0
022
+ 0.0s2yrrz=
0.10008
;ft
- 40)= 217.8IV/m
q = (0.68X20X0.10008X200
2-101
f=1.0mm 4=l.27cm L=l.27cm Lc=l.32cm rz=2.54cm

h , c= 2 . 5 9c m h= 56 k=204 , t' t z ( . = 4 l t " = o , 2 r g

\kA^ )
D'-=2.04
4r =0.93
4
-o.otz72x56)(125
q = (0.93X2)n(0.02592 - 30)= 15.84w

+5
 Chapter2

2-102
rt=2.0cm rz= 10'0cm L = 8 cm Lc= 8'1cm
t =2 mm .,U2
1
h=?.0 k=r7 tt''lhJ =r'eo
=!0.2
rzc cm
b=5.L tlf =0'19
11
-0.02\(2)(135- 15)= 28'7W
q = (0.19x20)n(0.t022
2-103
k=55 h=500 L"=2'555cm
L=2.5cm /=l.lmm
/ . il/2
n
r.]t2l
uc | =2.32 4f =0.33
[m' )
-20) =
q = (0.33X'Q.OZSSSX500X125 885flm
2-t04
rt=l'25cm 12=25 cm rzc=2'55cm
f = 1.0mm
k =?-O4 L= 1'25cm Lc=l3 cm
h=25
/ , 1l/2
Lltzl'l
4 =0.?A9 4l=0.9t
Vq)
- 30)= 4'94W
-0'01252X100
q = (0.gt)(2)Q5)tt(0.02s52
2-105
h=20 k=0j8 Z 6= 1 8 0
d=lcm L=5 cm
T* =2O
d
Lc= L+t= t+O'25= 5'25cm

(ry\''=m=fryT =ror.3
\*a,/ J
L(o.zs)z(o.ol):
nLc = (101.3)(0.0525)= 5'317
tanh(5.317)= 1'0

=tryl"
mL,)
06tunhl
q=(hpt.o)u2 t"o- 2ox1'0)
=0.993W

4G
Chapter2

2-106

A=lxlcm2 z=8cm L.=g.5cm^=lryrl'' =31.62

Lt1,AJ
mI+ =2.6g8 r7,=6nh(YLr\ =0.369
"m4
4 = (0.369)(45X0.085)(4X0.01X300
- 50) = l4.ll W

2-107
/=l.Omm \=l.25cm L=l2mm TO=2 '
750C
T* =25"C h=120 k =386
L c = 0 . a 1 2 +0 .0 0 0 5 =0 .0 1 2 5 12"= z.O
r zc=O.AZ5
11
4- = (0.0125X0.0O1)
=1.25x l0-5
/ , 1l/2 -._f rno
Lcat2l+l
' =(0.0125)3t21 rzv - 1| l l 2 =0.22
\e4. ) Ltgs0ltr.25xl0-))J
4f =o'93
q = (0.93X - o.otzsz)(z)(zts - 2s)= 82.12w
r20)n(0.02s2
z-roo
k=17 h=47 Z=5cm t=2.5cm Lr=6.25cm
/ , 1l/2
L"t''l +l = 0.657 4.r= 0.8
" \lA^ )
= -20)=376 Wlm
q (0.8X47)(2)(0.0625X10o
2-109
t = 1.5cm L=2 cm 12=3.5cm / = I mm kc =3.55cm
ft = 80 k = 204 Lc= 2.o5cm ,rtrz(
- Llt" = 0.0,
\tA- )
2 c = 2 .3 7 e f =0 .7 g
rl
q - (0.79)(90x2)z(0.03552
- 0.0$2x200 -20)='74W

41
 Chapter2

2-110
rL=l'5cm rz=4'5cm l-1'0mm h-50 4c = 4'55 cm

k-204
%-3
L, = 3'05cm 4f=0'6
4,

uc l-1" = 0.78
y-3tz(
V,e^l
I 5 0 - 7-6- -. 5 w
t-- o.o3ot3 -m ' oC
(0.001x0.0305) (0.?8)z

2-lll
h-150 k-204
l-1.0mm L-zJcm ry=1'0cm
rzc- ro = 150
3.05
L, =2'A5cm e,c=3.05cm ry
T* =20
u2
150 - 0.556
L,3rz(*)''' =(oozos) 204)(0.001x0.020
4f =o'75
- 20)= 76'3W
- O.Ot2xts0
4 = (0.75x150x2)z(0.0:052
2-ll2 .
ttd' - ^5j
ks=kr=l'l =0'00|{ AT=300oC A=T =)'u( x10a -2
4
t! kf = 0'035 Le = La = 7'5cm
=r.rx 1o{ m
2
o"--lf 1( ?o ' re,e86
\. 4A o,f=
LsLatto :o: #
'n'- +ks) J
1 = =0 .098?"C/W
hrA x
(19,986X5'06710--)
resistance
=!7.31w w/nocontact
q=
ffi
(17X5.067x10*)

,,^LT - o2g.o6rylo-4x3oo)
q=A;=T- =fi.zzBW

ar?
 2
Chapter

z-tj4

&^=#,=+=2.4sxlo-5& =+=o.88xtoa
hrA
= (2)(2.45x10-5)+0.88+104 = l'37 xloa
Iqu
^nI . = #(8OX0.8Sxlo4)
L ' =51.4=C
1.37x 10-
2-115
r = 1 x 1 0-3 ri =0 .0 !2 5 L=0' 0125 Lc= 0' 0130

rzc=0.0255 m2
Ar/'=(0.001X0.0130)=1'3x10-5
?=r.Y
/,1t2
,t,r[ -4 I'- = 0.322 4I = o.86 ] = 0.ssx toa To= 200oc

T- =20oC

&,n=ffim=29e7 oclw
I

n" =l oqw
=r.t?-o1
h"A
0o = 43.72w w/o contactresistance
o' =
! 6 o +{t
0o =60.06 7oReduction-6o'W--!?'72 x1oovs=27.2vo
o -= W
Rno 60.06

2-116

l=o.qxloa 4=o.5cm2 4=3oomw

hc
Assurnefrn at27"C
q = (3ooxto-3)= (r, -27)
#(0.s)(10-4)
Tt =T7'54"C

+9
 CrEftr2

2-ll1
2L--Ncm=O.2m L=50"C
q<Ztl= (2 x105X-0.2) - 5OX2)
= 40,0fi)w|tt = 2td4u-L) = (a(X)XT,
ft=
Tto = lfl)oC

_ (zxtosxo.t)2
=Sooc
Tn_L,_qt
v w
2k Q)(n\
7b= l5o"c
z-irCI
I
iL heatgenerated,max temperatureat insulatedsurfacewhich is the sameasin
tl4
Problem2-t*1.
2-ll9
Lc=4.O3+0.001=0.031 k=?I4 h=22.O

,r,r( nI"=rc.$.,ot2l t | =0.715

" \k4 ) L(2MX0.031X0.002)J
4f =o'69
Q= 47M0s = (o.69)n(O.MP - 20)- 26sW
- O.$\(2X22O)(L2O

z-tzo
/,"=0.00gk=?I4+ h=45+
m."C mt.oc
'lt"
sr,r( n =(0.008)3/2f (45x2) T ='.rre
l.4_ ) L(204X0.008X0.002)J
4f =o'97
q = (2r(o.97x0.0082 f/2 $s)(zw - 25)= 1v.2 Wm
+ 0.0012

$o
 Chapter2

2-t2r
\ = 1 . 2 5 cm rz=2 .2 5c m I = 2.0m m r z, =2.35cm
?4= t . g g Lc=l.lcm t=l30oc T*=20oC
w W
h=5O - *. ,o C k=2M
mo m.oc
L of tube= 1.0m
barelength= 1.0- (100X0.002)
= 0.g m
Lt2
1,3/z(*)''' = (o.oI s3rz 50 - 0. 122
aoz
(204X0. x0.011
4f =a'95
q(100fins)- (100x2x0.95)n(o.023s2
_o.otzs2;1so;1rao
_2a)=1869
W
q(barctube)= (50)z(0.025X0.8X1S0
-20\ =503 W
q(total)= 1869+503=2372W

2-122
w
k-loo o -=lp' {aAl iT
q
m.oC
A - ( 1 . 7 - 1 . 5c)m= * = 0 . 0 0 2^ , l ^
100
Ax = circumferenceat r = I .6 cm for y
4
Ar = (2Xt.O>(
4) = Z.St3cm= 0.025t3
'\4
)
-
R Y-= o'0"t1.= - o. l256oc-l
ta (100x0.002)
q --19-=3e8
L 0.1256 Wm

,t
 Chapter2

2-123

y
k -386 r=ax*b r-0.01 at .r=0
m.oC
r=O.OZ at x=0.04
0 . 0 1 =b a=0.25
0.O2=(0.04)a+0.01
r =0.25x+0.01 A = 2zrr(0.0005)
q = -k2x(o.25
x +0.01X0.000
5)+
'dx

lo'* a* = l -zrrtto.ooosl4l
Jo 0.25x+0.01 J q
r=6f (o.zsltq.qll
* o.ot = 2.77 { = L2r3Lr
3= 2n(386)(o.ooog
= =
0.2s 0.0r
I q q
L I
AT
q= R - 2.287
2.287
300 -
For LT = 300"C q- 131.W
2
2.287

6L
 Chapter2

2-r24
Tubedi=1.25cm - 12.5mm Tinside= l0OoC thk = Q.8mm
do =14-l mm T* -20"C
=
Fins: T 0.3mm L = 3 mm Lc =3+ 0.15= 3.15mm
i=6.25+0.8=7.05mm h,c=7.O5+3.15=10.20mm
h=50 y k=386 w
m'.oC m.oC
No. of fins = = 50 for 30cm length
#
50 1rt2
1,3'|2(*)''' = (o.oo3
$7312 = o'0654
(386X0.00315x0.0003)
J
-hn
z c _ - -10.2
'- _1.M7
4f = o'98
ry 7.05
&ru" _ln(14.UI2.5)
= 4.97x l0-5 4*nu - = 0.4515
2n(386) L (50)n(0.0l4l)
&onu

Rfin
For 6 rnm length
I*u" - 6-0.3 - 5.7 mm
4.97 x l0-s
4,uu"=b =8-72x10{ =ffi =79-2
&oon
AT
enn= = (0.98X50) -0.007a52)Ar= 0.0t67zLT
(2n)(0.01o22
fr
&n =59"18
&verall= 8.72xl0-3 * + = 34.07
M-m
q' - tyr# = 2 -348
w/ 6rnmlength
34.07
For 30 cm length
q-(2.348{ry)=
'\6) rr7.4w R-1oo-20=0.6814
LL7.4
For I m length
1\ ,
q - ( 11 7 .' 4\ *' (
)=3e2w

,7
 Chaptcr
2

2-125
For 6 mmlengthtotalsurfacearea
= Auue+ Afin= tv(0.0141x0.0057) -0.007052)
+ (2)z(0.01022
= 5.939x10{m2

1= wl^z
==?!o?===3e53
A 5.939
x 10-
AT
R - value
loo - 20 =
R- value- o.o2ol
3953
2-126

k-204 w L,3tz(
+'lt" =(0.0
\ ' \ 2 0 4 ) =0,0e
6sq(*')t"
m.oC \k4")
4f = 0'96
For 6 mm length
&uue=$'72x10-3
&onu= 79'2

&n -(se.?q(Y.)
'\0.961=61.03
-r+#=3417
' I
&verall=$'72x10-3

100-20 A 4A
q: =2.32 W/ 6 mm length
34A.-
For 30 cm length
q=(:,;z{ry)=t16w
'\6)

R-1oo-20=0.6896
116
For1 m lensth q-(11r,(*) = 387w

2-121
g-=
?'t'^===3906
V-2
' - = ot
A 5.939x10* R-value
110- 20 =
R- value- o.o2o5
3906

f+
Chapter2

2-r28
f t = 1 0 0+ t d=2mm T * = 2 O o C ? b= l 0 0 o c L = l 0 c m
m' .oC
k=r6 + o = c r e - ^* c 2 e w
m.oC

* =(Y\t" =f (too)o(o'ooz)1'''
=l l r.8
\ta) L(16)z(0.001)'J
0 = 1 0 0- 2 O =8 0a t x = 0 a n dx = 0 . 1
80=ctfcz
80 = 1.395x l0-5c1*71,682c2
ct =79.999 cz =l.ll7 x l0-3
q -^lhPkAf-rp-* +c2ewl
= [(100)zr(0.002)(16)a(0.00t)2Jll2
= 5.62x t0-3
"lM,
qo = -(5.62x tO-3X-zg.ggg+ t.l2x tO-3)= 0.45W = -e r
Qtotat=(2X0.45)= 0.9 W

2-129
W
T-=20oC lr=100+- k=16 d=Zmm
m'.oC m-oC
To= 100oC
0=cle-w +e2ew
For verylongrod c2=0
Acts like two long rods l00oC on eachend
q =2"lhplailo = (2)t(100)z(0.002X16)z(0.001)2lrl2(100
- 20)=0.9 rlv

2-130
A = (0.017- 0.0l5xl) = 0.002^21^ depth
ft=loo+
m'oC
h=75+
m' 'oC
L =3ooc ro=loo"c
Tz= 5o"c y=4p.ol6) = g.g2513
-
4'
0 =T -T* - cl€-* + c2ew

m-(!!\''' =(r\t/2 =[ tzttzsl 1tt2

=2t.3s
\tA) \kt ) LI100X0.OO2)J
mL = 0.6882
1 0 0 - 3 0= c r * c z
50 - 30 = cF-0-6882* c2e0.6882

trf
 Chapter2

*' q=80.2 cz=-10.2

ex=-kAm(-"p-* +c2emx)
ex=o= -(100X0.002)(27.39)(-80.2-10.2) = 495W
Qx=L = -(l .39)t-(80.2X0.5024)- (r0.2xl .99)l= 332 W
00X0.002)(27
4netlost= 495- 332= 163 flm dePth
2-L3l

I = 3.0mm k=204+ h=50+ rp =2707

'- kel^3
m'oC m''oc
Take L =2 cm
Rect.Fin Lc =2+ 0.15= 2.15cm

,.trz(.h )t" = rc.02r5\3t2f to

'-.----' lttz=o.rs43
" (.hq,) L(204x0.003x0.0215)J
4f =o'96
Aurr= (2)Lc=0.043
For sameweight .{,, = s6"
t(0.0215)= lZ(t iung)
2
L(triang)= 0.043

( tiang)L"3t'(+\''' = 0.54e6
" \k4' )
4,r= o.g5
A- 4*r4S
.4.*a(triang)= 2(4.32+ 0.1521rt2
= 8.6= 0.086m2
Aud4(triangle)= (0.086X0.85) = 0.0731
= =
.4.u64(rect) (0.043X0.96) 0.04I 3
Trianglefin producesmorcheattransferfor givenweight.

5a
Chaptcr
2

2-t32
rr= 1.0 rz=2.0cm h=160
+ k =204+
m" 'oc m'oc
l.o mm Fin
It = 1.05cm

t:,r(*)''' =(o.o 2
ros)3/ =0.2s4
=
t,ffi f'''
4,r 0.88
q= (6)(r6fDx - O,o
e.o?.052 88)= t,7AT
P) er(AD(o.
20-un-Fin
Lc=!.rcm 4trz(Llt"=o.zrs
' \f=0.s2
\kAn )
-o.oP)erur(0.s2)=
q=(3)(rffi)n(o.o2f 0.e5Ar
3.0mm Fin
tt , 1l/2
l,c= l.t5cm L"3tz1+l
'\k4) = 0.186 ttf=095
q = (2)(r 6lvt (O.On 52- O.O
P )Q)A7(0.95)= 0.69LT
Conclusion:Severalthin fins arebetterthan a few thick fins. More heattrangfer
for thc sameweightof fins.
2-133
W
L= 5 cm d =2 , 5 , 1 0mm T- = 20oC h= 4A
ffi
k=?.04+ To=2ff.oc
v -- - -L"=t+4
c -'4
m.oc
2 mmpin
I+ = 5+ 0.05= 5.05cm= 0.0505m

*=(Y\t'' =( o,1'],t"
=(y\'''=[--t+x+ol--'lt't=Ls.g
\tA) \*ot ) \tcd) L(204X0.002)J
rnL"= (19.8X0.0505)
= 1.9
fl' =tanh(mLt) = 0.762
ffiL,
- 20)= I .74 W
q = (0.762)(40)n(0.002X0.0505X200
5-mmpin
L, = 5+0.125cm=0.05125 m m=12,52 mL,=0.6419
fl-tanh(mLt)=o,gg2
,
ffiL,

51
 Chapter2

- 20)= 5.I I W
125X200
q =(0.882)(40)n(0.005x0.05
10mmpin
L, -- 5+ 0.25cm = 0,0525m m=8.856 mL, =0,46495
1vy6(mL)=A.934
Q' =
mL,
- 2q = 11,09w
q =(0.934)(4$rf(0.01x0.0525)(200

d(mrn) q (w) (Perweight)

d(mm) :t
L,74 0,87 0,435
5.11 L,022 0.2044
10 11.09 1 .1 0 9 0.1109

Smallerpinsproducemoreheattransferperunit weight'
Cgnclusiga;
2-134\
at endof Problemz-Ln'
t}aeg$Sgtu$igg
2-137
vendormust
once an insulationmaterialis selectedfor this problema commercial
Ueconsuttedto determinethe cost,asno cost figures ary-$ven in the.
Pioblgm
will also haveto UeAetermined forthe material with
rtutrn1"nt.Cost figures
an
;;A;ti"r coatinglryhen the reflectivematerialis installedit may have
surface may oxidize or become
rntisi"iiyofO.f] bugaftera periodof time the
casethe
iltA with foreign mattef sdctrthat its emissivitywill increase.In that
economicbenefiiof the coatedmaterialwill be reduced.
2-138
For this problem,the net heatgenerarcdin the tube will bt tqqlg^It^P*:.1"n
at:n:
will be detiveredto the fluid by convection.The temperaturegradiery
does not statewhethef the llulc ls on
,utror of the tube will be zero.The problem
examined. In eithpr casethe
the outsideor insiOeof the tube so b6th casesmustbe
To effect the
maximumtube tempefatufewill occur at the insulatedsurface'
;ild;;; *igftt fi,rt assumea surfacetgmperyturefor the tube surfacein contact
of
with the fluid. This will thendeterminethe surfacearea.Suitablecombinations
t JU"f"ngtft and diameiermaythen-be-examined to equalthe total surfacearea'
for the
fh; trea;t;"t"tion .quuiiori fot a hollow gylil*t may thenbe solved(i'e"
othertube surfacet"tp"tututt if a tube wali thicknessis assumed
mustbe
egt"Ufi.ftingthe otheriiameter)' The resultantvalueof temperature
i.r., torilnffi.
reasonable, ounioosrv, whichwill
therearemanycombinations
be satisfactorY.

5a
2-145

d'T/d*2-(eoP/kA)(To- T,) - o

Boundaryconditions:

B a s eT
: -0atx:0

Tip: -kA(dT/dx)*: L : oeA(T4=L- Tro)

2-146

Insulatedtip: dT/dx - 0 at x - L

Very long fin: T -+ T* asx -+ @

2-147

SetT, : 0 in differentialequations

5?