CHE131

MODULE 7
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN PIPES
Shear Stress and Skin Friction
FRICTION FACTOR, f
FRICTION FACTOR, f, in flow thru channels
of NONCIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION:
 D is taken asDH = hydraulic diameter = 4 rH
 where rH = hydraulic radius = S/Lp
S = free area; Lp = wetted perimeter of channel
FRICTION FACTOR, f, in flow thru channels
of NONCIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION:
 SQUARE CONDUIT

DH  a where a  dimension of one side

 RECTANGULAR

2 ab
DH  where a, b are dimensions of sides
ab
Perry’s Handbook p. 6-12
LAMINAR FLOW OF NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

Derive the relationship between the local velocity and maximum velocity
starting with the Newton’s Law of viscosity

Average velocity
The kinetic energy correction factor is α= 2.0 for Laminar flow. The kinetic
energy term in the Bernoulli equation is therefore v2/g.

In terms of the pressure difference:

Using and substituting in the Fanning friction

factor definition

the result is:

LAMINAR FLOW!
As derived by Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot

The relation between local velocity and radial position for laminar
flow of Newtonian fluid
Annulus
TURBULENT FLOW IN PIPES
Von Karman Equation (this equation is applicable for smooth
tubes under turbulent flow within the range of Reynold’s number: 104 <
Re < 106 )

The kinetic energy correction factor for turbulent flow can be

obtained from the value of f.
Perry’s Handbook p. 10-13
Perry’s Handbook pp. 10-78 to 10-80
Perry’s Handbook p. 6-10
Geankoplis p.
Perry’s Handbook p. 6-10
Smooth Pipes
Empirical relations for getting f given Reynold’s number

5 x104 < Re < 106

3 x103 < Re < 3 x 106

Perry’s Handbook p. 6-11

Colebrook Formula

Churchill Formula
 FRICTION FROM CHANGES IN VELOCITY OR
DIRECTION:
 Whenever u is changed (either in direction or magnitude) by change in
direction or pipe size, f is generated in addition to skin friction from flow
thru straight pipe.
 FRICTION LOSS DUE TO SUDDEN EXPANSION OF S:
 FRICTION FROM CHANGES IN VELOCITY OR
DIRECTION:
 FRICTION LOSS DUE TO SUDDEN CONTRACTION OF S:
 When S is suddenly reduced, a jet is formed, w/c flows into stagnant fluid
in the smaller S. The jet 1st contracts then expands to fill smaller S, &
downstream from point of contraction the normal v distribution is
reestablished.
 The S of min. area at w/c the jet changes from a contraction to an
expansion is called the vena contracta.
 FRICTION FROM CHANGES IN VELOCITY OR
DIRECTION:

Experimentally,
for laminar flow: Kc < 0.1 hence hfc = neg
for turbulent flow use the given eq 5.71
FRICTION LOSS IN FITTINGS & VALVES:

 where kf = loss factor for fittings/valves [values are

presented in Table 5.1/p.119]
 NOTE: form friction may also be evaluated using equivalent
lengths instead of loss coefficient factors (refer to handbook
for detailed discussion)
Loss coefficients/MSH
Perry’s Handbook
p. 6-18
Typical Screwed Pipe Fittings
Typical Screwed Pipe Fittings
Typical Flanged Pipe Fittings
Gate Valve & Globe Valve
Perry’s Handbook p. 6-18
Typical assembly of a fluid flow
 PIPE MATERIALS AND SIZES
• Pipe materials are chosen on the basis of
– strength to withstand internal pressures
– strength to withstand external loads from backfill and traffic, smoothness, corrosion
resistance, chemical inertness, cost and other factors.
• Major types:
– Ductile cast iron: long lived, strong, impervious, heavy, scour resistant, but costly
– Asbestos cement: immune to electrolysis and corrosion, light in weight, but weak
structurally
– Concrete: durable, water tight, low maintenance, smooth interior
– Vitrified clay: resistant to corrosion, acids, scour, and erosion
– Steel: high strength, ductile, shock resistant, very smooth interior, but susceptible to
corrosion
– Plastic: chemically inert, corrosion resistant, very smooth, lightweight, low cost
– Copper and brass: used primarily for water, condensate, and refrigerant lines; in some
cases, easily bent by hand, good thermal conductivity
PIPE MATERIALS AND SIZES
 The required wall thickness of a pipe is proportional to
the pressure that the pipe must carry.
 The actual dimensions of some pipes coincide with their
nominal dimensions. However, some pipes and tubing
are called out by a nominal diameter that has
nothing to do with the internal diameter of the
pipe.
 In some cases, the nominal size does not coincide with
the external diameter.
Problem scenario
Problem case
Problem case
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
Sample Problem
An oil having a density of 833 kg/m3 and a viscosity of 3.3 x
10-3 Pa-s is pumped from an open tank to a pressurized tank
held at 345 kPa gauge. The oil is pumped from an inlet at the
side of the open tank through a line of commercial steel pipe
having an inside diameter of 0.07792m at the rate of 3.494 x
10-3 m3/s. The length of straight pipe is 122m and the pipe
contains two elbows (90) and a globe valve half open. The
level of the liquid in the open tank is 20m above the liquid
level in the pressurized tank. The pump efficiency is 65%.
Calculate the kW power of the pump.
Sample Problem
Hot water in an open storage tank at 82C is being pumped at the
rate of 0.379 m3/min from this storage tank. The line from
the storage tank to the pump suction is 6.1m of 2-in schedule
40 steel pipe and it contains three elbows. The discharge line
after the pump is 61m of 2-in schedule 40 pipe and contains
two elbows. The water discharges to the atmosphere at a
height of 6.1m above the water level in the storage tank.
(a) Calculate the frictional losses
(b) Calculate the pump work if the efficiency of the pump is
75%.
Thermodynamic Property of Water
p. 2-413 Perry’s Handbook
Seatwork
A centrifugal pump takes brine from the bottom of a supply
tank and delivers it into the bottom of another tank. The
brine level in the discharge tank is 150 ft above that in the
supply tank. The line between the tanks is 600ft of 4in
Schedule 40 pipe. The flow rate is 400 gal/min. In the line
are two gate valves, four standard tees, and four ells. What is
the energy cost for running this pump for one 24-h day? The
specific gravity of brine is 1.18, the viscosity of brine is 1.2
cP, and the energy cost is $400 per horsepower-year on a
basis of 300d/yr. The overall efficiency of pump and motor is
60 percent.
Sample Problem
Crude oil having a specific gravity of 0.93 and a viscosity of 4
cP is draining by gravity from the bottom of a tank. The
depth of liquid above the draw-off connection in the tank is
6m. The line from the draw-off is 3-in Sch 40 pipe. Its length
is 45 m, and it contains one elbow and two gate valves. The
oil discharges into the atmosphere 9m below the draw-off
connection of the tank. What flow rate, in cubic meters per
hour, can be expected through the line at the instant that the
height of the water in the tank is 6 m?
Seatwork (February 26, 2018)
Water is flowing at 50F through a long horizontal plastic pipe,
3in in inside diameter, at a velocity of 8 ft/s. (a) Calculate the
pressure drop in psi per 100 ft of pipe. (b) If the pressure
drop must be limited to 2 psi per 100 ft of pipe, what is the
maximum allowable velocity of the water?
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