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  • What is Matter? Exploring the Fundamentals

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    Prince Garcia
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    Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. It is made up of tiny particles called atoms that can combine to form molecules or elements. There are currently 118 known elements that make up all matter in the universe. Atoms bond together through ionic bonds by transferring electrons or covalent bonds by sharing electrons to form molecules. Understanding the nature and properties of matter has developed over time as scientists have discovered fundamental particles like electrons and proposed models of atomic structure.

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    CHAPTER1WhatIsMatter

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    Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. It is made up of tiny particles called atoms that can combine to form molecules or elements. There are currently 118 known elements that make up all matter in the universe. Atoms bond together through ionic bonds by transferring electrons or covalent bonds by sharing electrons to form molecules. Understanding the nature and properties of matter has developed over time as scientists have discovered fundamental particles like electrons and proposed models of atomic structure.

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    7 views3 pages

    What is Matter? Exploring the Fundamentals

    Uploaded by

    Prince Garcia
    Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. It is made up of tiny particles called atoms that can combine to form molecules or elements. There are currently 118 known elements that make up all matter in the universe. Atoms bond together through ionic bonds by transferring electrons or covalent bonds by sharing electrons to form molecules. Understanding the nature and properties of matter has developed over time as scientists have discovered fundamental particles like electrons and proposed models of atomic structure.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    CHAPTER 1 WhatIsMatter

    ?
    Mattercanseemlikeaconfusingscientificterm.Butinsomeways,it’sverys
    imple.Matterisjuststuff.Itisyourdeskatschool,thestudentsandteachersin
    yourclassroom,therainoutside,andtheairyoubreathe.Everythingthatsurr
    oundsyou,andevenyouyourself,ismatter.

    VolumeandMassAllmattermusthavetwoqualities,orcharact
    eristics.First,itmusttakeupspace.That’seasytoseewithmanyobjects.Cars,
    chairs,andpeoplearesolidthingsthattakeupspace.Oceans,lakes,andrivers
    areliquids,buttheytakeupspacetoo.Evenairtakesupspace.
    Theamountofspaceanobjecttakesupiscalleditsvolume
    Thesecondqualityofmatteristhatithasmass.Thisisameasureofhowmuc
    hmatterisinanobject.
    Atomsarethesmallestpiecethatanelementcanbebrokenintowithoutlosi
    ngtheelement’scharacteristics.Thesetinyparticlescombinetoformever
    ythingintheuniverse,fromasmallgnattoagiantgalaxy
    Therearecurrently92knownelementsthatoccurnaturally.Another26elementsaremadeb
    yhumans.Thatmakesatotalof118elements.Inthe1860s,RussianchemistDmitryMendel
    eyevcreatedatablecalledtheperiodictable.Itlistedelementsinorderoftheiratomicnumber
    s.About60elementswereknownatthattime.Butasmorewerediscovered,theywereaddedt
    otheperiodictable,whichisstillinusetoday.Asyoucansee,certaingroupsofelementsshare
    properties.
    ALKALIMETALSaresilvery,soft,andhavelowerdensitiesthanothermetals.Theyreacteasilywithairandwater.
    ALKALINEEARTHMETALSareharderandslightlydenserthanalkalimetals.Theyappearassilvery-
    white.TRANSITIONMETALSareveryhardintheirsolidstates.Theyeasilyconductheatandelectricity,andneed
    veryhightemperaturestoboil.HALOGENSarenon-
    metalsthatcancombineeasilywithotherelements.Allhalogensaretoxic.NOBLEGASEShavenocolor,smell,ort
    aste.Theyarealsonotflammable.RAREEARTHMETALSaresoftandtarnishveryquickly.ACTINIDESarethera
    dioactiveelements.Mostarehuman-made

    atomsgrouptogethertoformmolecules.Whenmoleculesareformedbyone
    singletypeofatom,theresultingsubstanceiscalledanelement.Goldisagood
    example.Puregoldconsistsonlyofgoldatoms.
    Whenatomsofdifferenttypesgrouptogether,theresultisacompound.Mo
    stthingswesee,hear,touch,taste,andsmelleverydayarecompounds.
    asH2O.That’sbecauseeverywatermoleculeconsistsoftwohydrogen(H)
    atomsandoneoxygen(O)atom
    Achemicalbondhappenswhenatomsdonateelectronstooneanotherorsh
    arethemwitheachother.

    FindingBalanceIneveryatom,electronscirclethenucleusino
    rbitscalledshells.Eachshellcanholdacertainnumberofelectrons.Anato
    mismoststablewhenitsoutershellisfullofelectrons.Someatoms,howev
    er,don’thaveafulloutershell.Thismakestheatomunstable.Theseatomsc
    anfindbalanceinacoupleofways.

    PassingElectronsWhenoneatompasseselectronstoanother,i
    tformsamoleculewithanionicbond.

    SharingElectronsSometimesatomsshareelectronswitheac
    hother.Thiscreatesacovalentbond.
    TimelineofMatterDiscoveries400s
    BCE400sBCEGreekphilosopherDemocritusarguesthatobjectsarecomposedofsmallerbuildingbloc
    kshecallsatomos.1789CE1789CEFrenchchemistAntoine-

    LaurentLavoisierwritesthatevenwhenmatterchangesitsstate,itsmassstaysthesame. 18971897Britishph
    ysicistJ.J.Thomsondiscoverselectrons

    911BritishphysicistErnestRutherfordsuggeststhatatomsconsistofelectronsorbitinganucleus,similartothep
    lanetsorbitingthesun.1920s1920sMathematicianSatyendraNathBoseandphysicistAlbertEinsteinpre
    dicttheexistenceofapreviouslyunknownstateofmatter.Thissuper-
    19641964PhysicistsMurrayGell-
    coldstatewasn’tcreatedinthelaboratoryuntil1995.

    MannandGeorgeZweigproposetheexistenceofquarks,whichmakeupprotonsandneutrons. 20162016Fo
    urnew,human-madeelements—nihonium,moscovium,tennessine,andoganesson—areaddedtotheperiodi

    PropanetankPropaneisaliquidaslongasit’sinsideitspressurizedcontainer. UnderPressur
    eIncreasingordecreasingpressureisanotherwaytomakeasubstancecha
    ngestates.

    ChemicalChangesSometimes,theatomicbondsholdinga
    moleculetogetherbreakapart.Atothertimes,newatomicbondsform.The
    seeventscreateanewmolecule.Thisiscalledachemicalchange.

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