WaterResourcesPotentialForThilawaSpecialEconomicZone Data PDF

Republic of the Union of Myanmar
DATA COLLECTION SURVEY

ON
WATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL
FOR
THILAWA SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE
AND ADJOINING AREAS
FINAL REPORT
(SUMMARY)
SEPTEMBER 2014
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

GE
SANYU CONSULTANTS INC. JR
14-173
Bago
Myanmar
Yangon
Thanlyin
Township
TARGET AREA
Zarmani-Inn
Reservoir
Thilawa
Reservoir
Ban Bwe
Gon
Thilawa SEZ
Kyauktan
Township
Location Map – Area around Thilawa SEZ- (1/2)
i
Location Map – Bago River Basin - (2/2)
ii
Site Photographs (1)
Landscape of the Thilawa SEZ Zarmani-inn reservoir

(August 2012) (October 2012)
Ban Bwe Gon reservoir La Gun Byin reservoir and intake facility
(October 2012) (November 2012)
Thilawa reservoir Alilne Nee reservoir and intake facility

(October 2012) (January 2014)
iii
Field survey of VES Field survey of TDEM

(Geophysical prospecting) (Geophysical prospecting)
(October 2012) (November 2012)
Existing shallow well in Thanlyin township Existing deep well in Thanlyin township
(November 2012) (November 2012)
Borehole drilling (D-2 site) Description of drill core (D-4 site)

(February 2013) (February 2013)
iv
Test well drilling (D-1 site) Geophysical logging of test well (D5 site)
(December 2012) (January 2013)
Pumping test of test well (D-3 site) Observation stations of groundwater level of test
(June 2013) wells (D-3 site)
(October 2013)
Water quality test of groundwater Sampling of groundwater for isotope analysis

(July 2013) (July 2013)
v
Zaung Tu weir Khayan Sluice

(February 2012) (January 2014)
Automatic river water level gauging station at Existing river water level gauging station at Bago
Tamabin (May 2014) river (October 2012)
River water quality test along up-steam of Bago river River discharge measurement by ADCP
(March 2013) (May 2014)
vi
Contents
LOCATION MAP
SITE PHOTOGRAPHS
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES, LIST OF TABLES
MEASURES UNIT, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1-1 Background of the Study.....................................................................................................................................................1-1
1-2 Objectives of the Study .......................................................................................................................................................1-2
CHAPTER 2 BASIC DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

2-1 Basic Data of Nature, Society and Economy.....................................................................................................................2-1
2-1-1 Target Area of the Study.............................................................................................................................................2-1
2-1-2 Nature..........................................................................................................................................................................2-1
2-1-3 Society ........................................................................................................................................................................2-2
2-1-4 Economy.....................................................................................................................................................................2-3
2-2 Organization of the Administration and Legal Frame on the Water Utilization ...............................................................2-4
2-2-1 Organization of the Administration on the Water Utilization ...................................................................................2-4
2-2-2 Policy ..........................................................................................................................................................................2-4
2-2-3 Legal Framework .......................................................................................................................................................2-5
2-3 Topography and Geology of Survey Area .........................................................................................................................2-5
2-4 Socioeconomic Situation in the Project Area .....................................................................................................................2-7
2-4-1 Area and population ...................................................................................................................................................2-7
2-4-1 Population ...................................................................................................................................................................2-8
2-4-2 Industry, Economy and Employment........................................................................................................................2-8
2-5 Present Situation of the Water Utilization of the Survey Areas ................................................................................2-9
2-6 Agriculture in the Project Area ................................................................................................................................2-10
2-6-1 Agricultural Land Use..............................................................................................................................................2-10
2-6-2 Planted Area, Production and These Trend in Recent Years ..................................................................................2-10
2-7 Water Right and Organization of Water Utilization .........................................................................................................2-11
2-7-1 Water Right...............................................................................................................................................................2-11
2-7-2 Water Users Association ..........................................................................................................................................2-11
CHAPTER 3 SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER

3-1 Outline ................................................................................................................................................................................3-1
3-1-1 Purpose .......................................................................................................................................................................3-1
3-1-2 Definition of Groundwater Development Potential..................................................................................................3-1
3-1-3 Topography.................................................................................................................................................................3-2
3-1-4 Geology ......................................................................................................................................................................3-3
3-2 Groundwater Survey ...........................................................................................................................................................3-5
3-2-1 Survey Items and Locations.......................................................................................................................................3-5
3-2-2 Outline of Surveys......................................................................................................................................................3-7
vii
3-3 Aquifer and Present Groundwater Condition ..................................................................................................................3-10
3-3-1 Outline ......................................................................................................................................................................3-10
3-3-2 Aquifer Distribution.................................................................................................................................................3-11
3-3-3 Groundwater Use .....................................................................................................................................................3-13
3-3-4 Hydraulic Ability ......................................................................................................................................................3-15
3-3-5 Water Quality............................................................................................................................................................3-16
3-3-6 Water Head and Groundwater Movement..............................................................................................................3-20
3-3-7 Recharge and Groundwater Exploitation Rate .......................................................................................................3-24
3-4 Estimation of Groundwater Development Potential........................................................................................................3-26
3-4-1 Assessment of Key Items on Groundwater Development Potential .....................................................................3-26
3-4-2 Basic Figure of Groundwater Development Potential in the Survey Area............................................................3-26
3-5 Environmental Impact Assessment on Short-Term Groundwater Development for
Thilawa SEZ with 3-D Aquifer Conceptual Model.........................................................................................................3-27
3-5-1 Purpose .....................................................................................................................................................................3-27
3-5-2 Model Target.............................................................................................................................................................3-27
3-5-3 Three-Dimensional Model.......................................................................................................................................3-28
3-5-4 Groundwater Development Plan .............................................................................................................................3-30
3-5-5 Assessment Criteria of Environmental Impact .......................................................................................................3-33
3-5-6 Predicted Environmental Impact and Development Potential ...............................................................................3-35
3-6 Conclusion on Short-Term Groundwater Development for Thilawa SEZ.....................................................................3-39
3-6-1 Status of Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................3-39
3-6-2 Groundwater Development in Thilawa SEZ ..........................................................................................................3-39
3-6-3 Groundwater Development in the East Plain..........................................................................................................3-40
3-7 Recommendation on Groundwater Monitoring and Aquifer Management...................................................................3-40
3-7-1 Monitoring on Groundwater Extraction in Thilawa SEZ ......................................................................................3-40
3-7-2 Monitoring and Aquifer Management in Thanlyin Town ......................................................................................3-43
3-7-3 Effective Use of Installed Observation Wells and Performer of
Aquifer Monitoring and Management....................................................................................................................3-43
3-8 Conclusion and Recommendation on Groundwater Development in Future for the Region .......................................3-46
CHAPTER 4 SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WATER

4-1 Bago River Basin.................................................................................................................................................................4-1
4-2 Hydrological Stations in Bago Basin..................................................................................................................................4-2
4-3 Hydrological Survey Records.............................................................................................................................................4-5
4-3-1 River Stage..................................................................................................................................................................4-5
4-3-2 River Discharge ..........................................................................................................................................................4-5
4-3-3 Maximum River Discharge .......................................................................................................................................4-7
4-3-4 Flood (High Water) Records in 2013 ........................................................................................................................4-7
4-4 Water Quality.......................................................................................................................................................................4-8
4-4-1 Time-series Water Quality Monitoring on the Bago River and its Tributaries ........................................................4-8
4-4-2 Seasonal Water Quality Monitoring on the Three Reservoirs near SEZ ...............................................................4-11
4-5 Water Facilities ..................................................................................................................................................................4-12
4-5-1 Reservoirs .................................................................................................................................................................4-12
4-5-2 Irrigation Canals/Drainages and Water Gates .........................................................................................................4-15
4-6 Available Water Resources for Thilawa SEZ...................................................................................................................4-18
4-6-1 Reservoirs and water sources around Thilawa SEZ ...............................................................................................4-18
4-6-2 La Gun Byin and Aligni Reservoir..........................................................................................................................4-25
viii
4-6-3 Dawei Dam Plan ......................................................................................................................................................4-28
4-7 Model Outputs ...................................................................................................................................................................4-30
4-7-1 Model Outputs..........................................................................................................................................................4-31
4-7-2 Basin Water Balance ................................................................................................................................................4-35
4-8 Monitoring system and database ......................................................................................................................................4-37
4-8-1 Monitoring items ......................................................................................................................................................4-37
4-8-2 Data Base ..................................................................................................................................................................4-40
CHAPTER 5 THE WATER DEMAND FORECASTING......................................................................................................5-1

5-1 Precondition of the Forecasting on the Water Demand .....................................................................................................5-1
5-1-1 Industry Targeted ........................................................................................................................................................5-1
5-2 Forecasting on the Water Demand for Agriculture ............................................................................................................5-2
5-2-1 Present Situation of the Agriculture in the Target Area.............................................................................................5-2
5-2-2 Future Agriculture in the Target Area ........................................................................................................................5-2
5-2-3 Forecasting of the Irrigation Water Demand .............................................................................................................5-4
5-3 Forecasting on the Water Demand for Industry .................................................................................................................5-5
5-3-1 Present Situation of Water Utilization of Industy in the Target Area........................................................................5-5
5-3-2 Required Water Demand of Industry use for the Four Township in 2040...............................................................5-6
5-3-3 Required Water Demand from the Thilawa SEZ .....................................................................................................5-6
5-3-4 Required Water Demand for Industry .......................................................................................................................5-7
5-4 Forecasting on the Water Demand for Domestic Use .......................................................................................................5-7
5-4-1 Present Situation and Future image of the Domestic Use in the Target Area ..........................................................5-7
5-4-2 Population Movement in the Target Area .................................................................................................................5-7
5-4-3 Forecasting on the Water Demand for Domestic Use ..............................................................................................5-8
5-5 Future Water Demand in the Target Area ...........................................................................................................................5-9
5-6 Consideration from View Point of the Water Resources Potential....................................................................................5-9
5-6-1 Groundwater Resource Potential ...............................................................................................................................5-9
5-6-2 Surface Water Resource Potential............................................................................................................................5-10
5-6-3 Issues for the Water Resource Development from Aspect of the Water Balance..................................................5-11
CHAPTER 6 WATER FACILITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

6-1 Outline of the Plan ...............................................................................................................................................................6-1
6-2 Water Facility Development Plan for the Short-Term .......................................................................................................6-3
6-2-1 Outline of the Facilities ..............................................................................................................................................6-3
6-2-2 Cost Comparison........................................................................................................................................................6-4
6-3 Mid-Term Plan and Long Term Plan for Thilawa SEZ.....................................................................................................6-5
6-3-1 Outline of Mid-Term and Long-Term Plan...............................................................................................................6-5
6-3-2 Mid-Term Plan ...........................................................................................................................................................6-6
6-3-3 Long-Term Plan .........................................................................................................................................................6-9
CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATION

7-1 Environment and Social Consideration..............................................................................................................................7-1
7-1-1 Legal System of Environment and Social Consideration in Myanmar ...................................................................7-1
7-1-2 Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure .........................................................................................................7-2
7-2 Current Environment...........................................................................................................................................................7-3
7-2-1 Natural Reserve and Rare Species.............................................................................................................................7-3
7-2-2 Cultural Heritage ........................................................................................................................................................7-3
ix
7-2-3 Existing Well and Pond ..............................................................................................................................................7-3
7-3 Consideration Points on Water Resource Development and Implementation .................................................................7-4
7-3-1 Examination of Alternatives ......................................................................................................................................7-4
7-3-2 Scoping .......................................................................................................................................................................7-4
7-3-3 TOR for Environmental and Social Consideration...................................................................................................7-8
CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

8-1 Groundwater Resources ......................................................................................................................................................8-1
8-2 Surface Water Resources.....................................................................................................................................................8-2
SUPPORTING DATA (CD-ROM Attached)
Chapter 1 Observation Well
Chapter 2 Pumping Test
Chapter 3 Groundwater Quality
Chapter 4 Surface Water Quality
Chapter 5 Meteorological Observation
Chapter 6 River Discharge
Chapter 7 Environment and Social Consideration
Chapter 8 Aquifer Profile
Chapter 9 Pumping Test at Existing Well
Chapter 10 Geophysical Survey
Chapter 11 Groundwater level
Chapter 12 Surface Water Level
x
List of Figures
Figure 2 1-1 Target Area of Study for Surface Water .................................................................................................2-1

Figure 2 1-2 Target Area of The Study for The Groundwater ...................................................................................2-1
Figure 2 1-3 Monthly Mean Temperature and Rainfall .............................................................................................2-2
Figure 2 3-1 Topographic Units in Southern Myanmar .............................................................................................2-6
Figure 2 3-2 Geologic Map Around Survey Area ......................................................................................................2-7
Figure 2 4-1 Structure of GDP for Survey Area .........................................................................................................2-8
Figure 3-1-1 Groundwater Survey Area and Topography..........................................................................................3-2

Figure 3-1-2 Bird’s-Eye View of Groundwater Survey Area.....................................................................................3-3
Figure 3-1-3 Geological Map of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge......................................................................................3-4
Figure 3-2-1 Groundwater Survey Location and Area ...............................................................................................3-6
Figure 3-2-2 Scene of VES Work................................................................................................................................3-7
Figure 3-2-3 Example of Drilled Core Sample...........................................................................................................3-7
Figure 3-2-4 Test Well Drilling ....................................................................................................................................3-7
Figure 3-2-5 Schematic Profile of Test Well Allocation .............................................................................................3-8
Figure 3-2-6 Pumping Test Scene................................................................................................................................3-8
Figure 3-2-7 Water Quality Measurement ..................................................................................................................3-9
Figure 3-2-8 Example of Outcrop ...............................................................................................................................3-9
Figure 3-2-9 Automatic Water Level Meter Installed at Test Well ...........................................................................3-9
Figure 3-3-1 Schematic Profile of Aquifer Distribution, Nature and Water Use.....................................................3-10
Figure 3-3-2 Schematic Profile of Groundwater Head Distribution and Movement..............................................3-11
Figure 3-3-3 Lines of Aquifer Profile ........................................................................................................................3-11
Figure 3-3-4 Example of Aquifer Profile ..................................................................................................................3-12
Figure 3-3-5 Number of Wells and Total Discharge.................................................................................................3-13
Figure 3-3-6 Dug Well (Left) and Tube Well (Right) ...............................................................................................3-13
Figure 3-3-7 Installation Year of Tube Wells (As of Nov., 2012).............................................................................3-13
Figure 3-3-8 Distribution of Tube and Dug Wells ...................................................................................................3-14
Figure 3-3-9 Areal Density of Existing Wells and Their Discharge (for 500m Square) .........................................3-14
Figure 3-3-10 Inferred Salty Water Distribution by Aquifer (1).................................................................................3-18
Figure 3-3-11 Inferred Salty Water Distribution by Aquifer (2).................................................................................3-19
Figure 3-3-12 Aquifer Section and Salty Water Distribution under Thilawa SEZ....................................................3-20
Figure 3-3-13 Schematic Explanation of Relationship between Extraction Scale
and GW Head Drawdown Near Sea Water Intrusion River..............................................................3-21
Figure 3-3-14 Groundwater Level in Dug Well and Groundwater Table Contour Map
of Surface Aquifer.................................................................................................................................3-22
Figure 3-3-15 Groundwater Head Fluctuation at All Test Wells ...............................................................................3-23
Figure 3-3-16 Groundwater Head Fluctuation at Test Wells in The Plain/Lowland ................................................3-23
Figure 3-3-17 Estimated Gw Recharge Rate and Areal Division ..............................................................................3-24
Figure 3-3-18 Example of Tank Model Analysis Result ............................................................................................3-25
Figure 3-5-1 Target Area of 3-D Conceptual Aquifer Model...................................................................................3-27
Figure 3-5-2 Target Aquifers of 3-D Model..............................................................................................................3-27
Figure 3-5-3 Three-Dimensional Aquifer Model Mesh ...........................................................................................3-28
Figure 3-5-4 Cell Distribution Where Well Discharge Is Input................................................................................3-28
Figure 3-5-5 Comparison of Gw Level Distribution Between Calculated and Observed......................................3-29
Figure 3-5-6 Comparison of GW Head Fluctuation Between Calculated and Observed.......................................3-30
xi
Figure 3-5-7 Groundwater Extraction Plan in SEZ ..................................................................................................3-31
Figure 3-5-8 Groundwater Extraction Plan in East Plain .........................................................................................3-31
Figure 3-5-9 Assessment Criteria of Groundwater Environmental Impact.............................................................3-33
Figure 3-5-10 Water Depth in Dug Well at End of Dry Season (End of Apr., 2014) ...............................................3-34
Figure 3-5-11 Example of Model Output for SEZ Site – Drawdown and Head Contours
in 2nd Aquifer When Extracted in The Same Aquifer).......................................................................3-35
Figure 3-5-12 Example of Model Output for East Plain Site – Drawdown and
Head Contours in 2nd Aquifer When Extracted in the Same Aquifer ...............................................3-36
Figure 3-5-13 Example of Particle Tracking Result on Salty Water Front Movement.............................................3-37
Figure 3-7-1 Location of Monitoring Wells for Extraction in Thilawa SEZ ...........................................................3-41
Figure 3-7-2 Schematic Figure Showing How To Allocate Monitoring Wells in
Case of Extraction in Thilawa SEZ......................................................................................................3-42
Figure 4-1-1 Bago Basin ..............................................................................................................................................4-1

Figure 4-1-2 Longitudinal Profile Along Bago River Basin ......................................................................................4-2
Figure 4-2-1 Location Map of Meteorological and Hydrological Stations ...............................................................4-4
Figure 4-3-1 River Stage Hydrograph of Bago Bridge Station..................................................................................4-5
Figure 4-3- 2 River Discharge at Dhm Station ...........................................................................................................4-6
Figure 4-4-1 Water Quality Monitoring Location of Surface Water..........................................................................4-9
Figure 4-4-2 Electric Conductivity (Ec) and Chloride Ion (Cl-) Concentration......................................................4-10
Figure 4-5-1 Location of Reservoirs..........................................................................................................................4-14
Figure 4-5-2 Location Map of Drainage Canal.........................................................................................................4-16
Figure 4-5-3 Location Map of Water Gate................................................................................................................4-17
Figure 4-6-1 Location Map of SEZ Three (3) Reservoirs ........................................................................................4-18
Figure 4-6-2 Water Level of Khayan Chaung in 2013 .............................................................................................4-24
Figure 4-6-3 Water Level and Inflow of La Gun Byin Dam(2006-2012)...............................................................4-27
Figure 4-6-4 Location of Dawei Dam Basin.............................................................................................................4-28
Figure 4-6-5 Result of Reservoir Operating Simulation (Dam-3 Site) ....................................................................4-29
Figure 4-7-1 Potential Pathways of Water Movement Dealt in SWAT ...................................................................4-31
Figure 4-7-2 Area Rainfall .........................................................................................................................................4-32
Figure 4-7-3 Potential Evapotranspiration ................................................................................................................4-32
Figure 4-7-4 Actual Evapotranspiration ....................................................................................................................4-33
Figure 4-7-5 Percolation.............................................................................................................................................4-33
Figure 4-7-6 Surface Runoff ......................................................................................................................................4-34
Figure 4-7-7 Base Flow..............................................................................................................................................4-34
Figure 4-7-8 Water Yield............................................................................................................................................4-35
Figure 4-7-9 Basin Water Balance (Average of 1984-2013)....................................................................................4-37
Figure 4-8-1 Monitoring Points (Plan) ......................................................................................................................4-39
Figure 5-1-1 Water Resources Potential and Water Demand in Japan ......................................................................5-1
Figure 6-1-1 Location Map of Each Water Resource .................................................................................................6-2

Figure 6-3-1 Location Map..........................................................................................................................................6-5
Figure 6-3-2 Map of Reservoirs ..................................................................................................................................6-7
Figure 6-3-3 Location Map of Dam Proposed Sites...................................................................................................6-9
Figure 6-3-4 H~Q Curve............................................................................................................................................6-10
Figure 6-3-5 Typical Cross Section of Dawei Dam..................................................................................................6-10
xii
List of Tables
Table 2-1-1 Sharing Ratio by Item of Industries in GDP..........................................................................................2-3

Table 2-4-1 Area and Land Use in 2012/13 ..............................................................................................................2-7
Table 2-4-2 No. of House Hold and Population in 2012/13 .....................................................................................2-8
Table 2-4-3 Number of Workers, Number of Employed Person and
Unemployment Rate (2012/13） ..........................................................................................................2-9
Table 2-4-4 Number of Factories and Number of Labor (2013) ..............................................................................2-9
Table 2-5-1 Irrigation Water Demand Volume ........................................................................................................2-10
Table 2-6-1 Agricultural Land Use in the Project Area...........................................................................................2-10
Table 2-6-2 Harvested Area and Production by Crop in 2012/13 ..........................................................................2-10
Table 3-1-1 Stratigraphic Table of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge (Win Naing Et Al., 1991)......................................3-3
Table 3-2-1 Survey Items Related To Gw Potential and Methods Applied in This Survey....................................3-5
Table 3-2-2 Existing Hydrogeological Study Reports ..............................................................................................3-7
Table 3-2-3 List and Attributes of Test Wells.............................................................................................................3-8
Table 3-3-1 Groundwater Use by Aquifer ...............................................................................................................3-15
Table 3-3-2 Summary of Constant Discharge Test of Test Wells ...........................................................................3-16
Table 3-3-3 Specific Capacity (M3/D/M) in Survey Area......................................................................................3-16
Table 3-3-4 Summary of Water Quality of Test Wells ............................................................................................3-17
Table 3-3-5 Groundwater Recharge and Exploitation Rate....................................................................................3-25
Table 3-5-1 Simulated Cases (Basic Study) ............................................................................................................3-32
Table 3-5-2 Simulated Cases (Detail Study) ...........................................................................................................3-32
Table 3-5-3 Assessment Summary of Environmental Impact by
Extraction for Thilawa SEZ (Basic Study)..........................................................................................3-38
Table 3-5-4 Assessment Summary of Environmental Impact by
Extraction for Thilawa SEZ (Detailed Study) .....................................................................................3-38
Table 3-7-1 List of Monitoring Wells for Extraction in Thilawa SEZ ...................................................................3-41
Table 3-7-2 Location and Importance of Observation Wells Installed by
Present Survey and Wishes of Land Owner/Administrator of
Site for Future Utilization .....................................................................................................................3-44
Table 4-2-1 List of Meteorological and Hydrological Stations ................................................................................4-3

Table 4-3-1 Estimated River Discharge at Bago Bridge Station (DMH,MOTC) ..................................................4-7
Table 4-5-1 Summary of Reservoirs........................................................................................................................4-13
Table 4-6-1 Salient Feature of 3 Reservoirs.............................................................................................................4-19
Table 4-6-2 Water Resources of 3 Reservoirs .........................................................................................................4-21
Table 4-6-3 Salient Future of Khayan Water Gate ..................................................................................................4-23
Table 4-6-4 Salient Feature of The La Gun Byin Reservoir ...................................................................................4-25
Table 4-6-5 Annual Water Balance of La Gun Byin Dam(2006-2012).................................................................4-26
Table 4-6-6 Water Allocation of La Gun Byin Dam Reservoir..............................................................................4-27
Table 4-6-7 Plan Salient Feature of Candidate Dam Axes .....................................................................................4-28
Table 4-6-8 Water Allocation Plan of Dawei Proposed Reservoir .........................................................................4-30
Table 4-7-1 Basin Water Balance (1984-2013) .......................................................................................................4-36
Table 4-8-1 Data Base Structure ..............................................................................................................................4-40
Table 5-2-1 Five-Year Plan of Department Agriculture............................................................................................5-3
xiii
Table 5-2-3 Forecasting of Irrigation Water Demand ...............................................................................................5-4
Table 5-3-1 Estimation of Amount of Groundwater for Industry Use .....................................................................5-5
Table 5-3-2 Estimation of Groundwater for Industry Use (In 2040)........................................................................5-6
Table 5-3-3 Total Required Water for Industrial Activities .......................................................................................5-6
Table 5-4-1 Estimated Population of Each Township (In 2040) ..............................................................................5-7
Table 5-4-2 Water Demand for Domestic Use in Target Area (1/2).........................................................................5-8
Table 5-4-3 Water Demand for Domestic Use in Target Area (2/2).........................................................................5-8
Table 5-5-1 Future Water Demand in Target Area (In 2040)....................................................................................5-9
Table 6-1-1 Water Resource Options.........................................................................................................................6-1

Table 6-2-1 Cost Evaluation.......................................................................................................................................6-4
Table 6-3-1 Specifications of Reservoirs ...................................................................................................................6-6
Table 6-3-2 Three Proposed Site of Dawei Dam ......................................................................................................6-9
Table 6-3-3 Specification of Dawei Dam ................................................................................................................6-11
Table 7-1-1 Water Resource Plans in The Project Area ............................................................................................7-1

Table 7-2-1 Number of Wells and Ponds...................................................................................................................7-3
Table 7-3-1 Examination of Altanative Plans in The Project Area...........................................................................7-4
Table 7-3-2 Result of Scoping：Reservoir (Surface Water) ....................................................................................7-4
Table 7-3-3 3 result of Scoping：Well (Ground Water)...........................................................................................7-6
Table 7-3-4 Tor for Environmental and Social Consideration..................................................................................7-8
Table 8-1 Candidates of The Surface Water Resources.........................................................................................8-2
xiv
Measures Unit
Measures Unit
cm centimeter ℃ centigrade
cu.m cubic meter cms (m3/sec) cubic meter per second
hr hour km2 square kilometer
km kilometer TCM thousand cubic meter
lit. liter MCM million cubic meter
m meter MGD million gallon per day
mg/lit. milligram per liter meq/lit. milli-equivalent per liter
m/s meter per second ppm parts per million
lit/sec liter per second % percent
m3/d, m3/day cubic meter per day
ton 1t = 1,000 kg
inch 1in. = 0.0254 m
mile 1mi. = 1,609 m
hectare 1ha = 10,000 m2
= 2.471 acres
acre feet 1acre-ft = 1,233 m3
gallon (UK) 1gal. = 4.546 liter (UK)
kilogram 1kg = 1,000 gram
viss 1viss = 1.64 kg
feet 1ft = 0.3048 m
acre 1ac = 4,048 m2
cubic feet 1cu-ft = 28.31 liter
cubic inch 1cu-in = 0.01638 liter
Currency Aug2014 1 Kyat = 0.107JPY

US$1.00 = 102.40JPY
xv
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ID Irrigation Department (Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation)

DA Department of Agriculture (Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation)
EC Electric Conductivity
FC Foreign Currency
FY Fiscal Year
GOM Government of Myanmar
HHWL Highest High Water Level
HWL High Water Level
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
Kyat Myanmar Kyat
LWL Low Water Level
MCTSEZ Managing Committee Thilawa Special Economic Zone
METI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Japan)
MOAI Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation
MOC Ministry of Construction
MOEC Ministry of Environment Conservation
MOEP Ministry of Electric Power
MOF Ministry of Forestry
MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MOFR Ministry of Finance and Revenue
MOI Ministry of Industry
MONPED Ministry of National Planning & Economic Development
MOPBANRD Ministry of Progress of Border Areas, National Races and Development
MOTC Ministry of Transpotation and Communication
MWL Mean Water Level
N/A Not Available
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
SCTSEZ Supporting Committee Thilawa Special Economic Zone
SEZ Special Economic Zone (Thilawa Special Economic Zone)
TDEM Time Domain Electro-magnetic Method
TS Town Ship (eg. Thanlyin TS: Thanlyin Town Ship)
VES Vertical Electric Sounding
YCDC Yangon City Development Committee
xvi
Chapter 1
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Potential
for Thilawa Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas
CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1-1 Background of the Study
In the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Myanmar), the political system led by military forces has
continued for a long period. After General Thein Sein from the military assumed the post of Prime
Minister in October, 2007, political reform began. Then, after H.E. U Thein Sein assumed the position
of President in March, 2011, the approach forward toward a democratic system and market-oriented
economic reform remarkably improved.
The corresponding change of the international community over the democratic political system and
market-oriented economic reform in Myanmar has changed rapidly, with a typical example being the
US government’s cancellation of the economic sanction in May, 2012 to forge ahead in the new
market under consideration of the “Last frontiers in the Asian Region”.
Myanmar President Honorable H.E. U Thein Sein, who officially visited Japan and its Prime
Minister, Mr. Yoshihiko Noda, signed the “Memorandum of Intent on the Cooperation for the
Development of the Master Plan for the THILAWA” on 21 April, 2012 to make a master plan together
for the THILAWA Special Economic Zone (Thilawa SEZ) which is located near Yangon City. The
memorandum, promoting the direct investment of Japan in Myanmar, can contribute to high economic
growth and provide job opportunities by developing industries in Myanmar and can contribute toward
shared benefits between the two countries.
Thilawa SEZ is located 23 (twenty three) km southeast of Yangon City. The Master Plan consists of
an industrial complex, commercial facilities, housing etc. in an area of 2,400 ha and can be called a
“Smart Community Development”. The Japanese Government intends to make this a joint project with
a large number of Japanese business groups having private capital and has pledged in the
memorandum to support the project financially. Consequently, the development of Thilawa SEZ is
expected to progress steadily as a future cornerstone for the two counties’ economic development.
Basic conditions required to effectively utilize the capital of the Japanese private sector include full
preparation for electrical energy, roads, port facilities, storage facilities, and especially, a safe water
supply system, including an intake facility, conveyance networks, and water supply networks, which
are essential to providing a sustainable water supply system for Thilawa SEZ. It is essential to deal
with the water resources development in a well-planned, under consideration for the harmony with
environment and evaluation for the water quality and cost-performance. For the sustainable water
supply to the Thilawa SEZ, in case of the utilization of the surface water, since existing reservoirs
have already set the water right, amount of the available water resources are not secured. In the
progress of the development of the Yangon urban area, the survey area also will be developed. The
future water requirement can be assumed to increase.
Here are the means of the data collection survey on the water resources potential for the Thilawa
Special Economic Zone and Adjoining Areas.
1-1
1-2 Objectives of the Study
The Data Collection Survey on the Water Resources Potential for the Thilawa Special Economic
Zone and Adjoining Area intends to collect basic information on water resources necessary for making
a future development plan of Thilawa SEZ and the surrounding areas.
Intended data are available surface water and groundwater. The water resources potential of those
resources should be assumed by scientific approach and should be examined for the cost of developing
the water resources to meet the required purpose individually.
The following are outcomes anticipated as a result of the Survey:
- Present and future potential of groundwater resources are assessed from a viewpoint of
utilization through 3D groundwater numerical modeling;
- Present and future potential of surface water resources are assessed from a viewpoint of
utilization after understanding abundance, quality and demand of surface waters;
- Based on the above two potentials of ground and surface water resources, concrete plans are
made for costs, amount of exploitable water resources, water quality, etc.; and
- A database for water resources development, which shows exploitable amount, quality and
developing costs, is created.
1-2
Chapter 2
BASIC DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 2 BASIC DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

2-1 Basic Data of Nature, Society and Economy
2-1-1 Target Area of the Study
The Yangon Region is composed of 45 townships. The study

area is located in Thilawa SEZ and adjoining areas and is
defined specifically as Thanlyin Township, Kyauktan Township,
Thongwa Township and Kayan Township as the target area of
the study for the potential of the groundwater resources. From
the aspect of the study for the surface water resources, the target
area of the study includes the Bago Region because the main
candidate for surface water resources was assumed to be the
Bago River.
2-1-2 Nature
The nation’s land has features ranging from a coastal line to

the highest mountain, Hkakabo Razi Mt (5,581m). It is changing
from flat ground to undulating ground. The climatic zone shows
as follow: Figure 2-1-1 Target Area of Study for
Surface Water
Thilawa SEZ
Surrounding Area of Thilawa SEZ

Target Area for the groundwater
Coastal zone
Figure 2-1-2 TargetTropical
Area of Monsoon
the Studyclimate zone (Am).
for the Groundwater
2-1
Central dry zone Savannah climate zone (Aw).

North mountainous zone Warm slight rain in winter climate zone (Cw).
The survey area belongs to the tropical monsoon climate zone.
The climatic classification shows as follows of the county has three (3) seasons, as follows:
Late October – May Dry Season

April and May Summer Season
June – Mid-October Monsoon Season
The characteristic feature of the monthly mean temperature is comparatively high in Yangon City;
on the other hand, rainfall morphology shows the feature of the concentrated rainfall wave. Ninety-six
percent (96%) of the annual rainfall in Yangon City falls in the rainy monsoon season. The annual
rainfall of the Bago city is greater of 15% than the amount of the Yangon city. The industrial
foundation of the survey area at the commencement of the survey was the agriculture and livestock
and fishery (refer to Figure 2-4-1). The Bago city is the central city of the Bago river basin, it is
located at north-north-east of 60 km distance from Yangon city. This area is situated in the second
place area of the grain-growing region, after Ayeyarwady region, and here is the center
administratively and economically.
Figure 2-1-3 Monthly Mean Temperature and Rainfall
2-1-3 Society
The society of Myanmar consists of eight (8) major tribes (Burma, Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Chin,
Mon, Rakhine and Shan), each name being used to name a corresponding state. The total number of
national races are 135. The population of the Burma tribe comprises about 70% of the total population
of the 62.42 million in Myanmar. Myanmar is a multiracial country. 90% of the population is Buddhist.
Furors resulting in deaths have occurred in the local areas sporadically.
To know the degree of social development from an international standpoint, the human
2-2
development index published by the UNDP in 2011 shows a low value, which situates Myanmar as
149th out of 187 countries. Myanmar is classified under the least developed country category.
The survey area which consist of four (4) township locate in south east with 23 km distance from
Yangon where it is the economical capital city in Myanmar. The survey area is situated as the suburbs
area of Yangon city, even it is separated by the Bago river. The economic foundation of the survey
area is the agriculture, fishery and livestock (refer to Figure 2-4-1). The Bago city is center of the
Bago river basin which is the main resource of the surface water. It is located at 60 km
north-north-east from the Yangon city. It is also situated in second place after the Ayeyarwady region
of the grain-growing region, and here is the center as administration and economy.
2-1-4 Economy
(1) Scale of the National economy
The Gross Domestic Production (GDP) was announced as 39,846,693,000,000 Kyat in the
Statistical Year Book 2011 which is a value equivalent to one hundred and thirty parts of the
Japanese GDP of 512 trillion Yen in 2010. It can be understood that the scale of Myanmar’s national
economy has one hundred and thirty parts of the Japanese national economy at this moment.
(2) Industrial Structure
According to the above-mentioned Statistical Year Book, the industrial scale in the GDP (2011) is
shown below:
Table 2-1-1 Sharing Ratio by Item of Industries in GDP

(Unit；million Kyat)
Industry Amount Ratio Industry Amount Ratio
Agriculture 11,082,206 27.8% Construction 1,839,334 4.6%
Livestock & Fishery 3,392,044 8.5 Transportation 4,837,735 12.1
Forestry 158,340 0.4 Communication 323,544 0.8
Energy 66,229 0.2 Financial Institution 37,715 0.1
Social &
Mining 303,517 0.8 Administarative 788,177 2.0
Services
Processing & Rental & Other
7,896,966 19.8 738,480 1.9
Manufac. Services
Electric Power 422,525 1.1 Trade 7,959,882 20.0

Total 39,846,693 100.0%
(Statistical Yearbook 2011)
2-3
2-2 Organization of the Administration and Legal Frame on the Water Utilization
2-2-1 Organization of the Administration on the Water Utilization
In Japan, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MOLTT) takes charge of
managing the Class A River, and the Regional Government takes charge of managing the Class B
River. In Myanmar, the Ministry of Transport takes charge of managing the shipping traffic under the
Department of Transport. It is a part of the function of the transportation system. In terms of the Water
Resources, the Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River System has the
responsibility for improving the river water way and improvement of the river bank regarding the
Ayeyarwady River, the Salween River, the Sittang River and the Chindwin River.
Accordingly, for making the real river development plan and irrigation development plan, the main
ministry has the responsibility of handling the project implementation by getting the budget of the
Union Government through reaching a consensus with the regional government related to the project.
Based on the above-mentioned definition by the Government of Japan, the leading Ministry for the
Administration of the Water Utilization can be assumed to be the Irrigation Department, Ministry of
Agriculture and Irrigation.
The project master plan, implementation and operation/maintenance are managed under each
ministry individually in case of the purpose. The management for the hydro-power generation belong
to the Ministry of the Electric Power. The management for the irrigation purpose belong to the
Irrigation Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation. The management body for the industrial
use and domestic use belong to the main ministry and the cooperative users join to the same body.
(refer to organization chart of the ministry) The small scale reservoirs, which have a beneficiary area
of less than 5,000 acres, are managed under the regional government. The Zarmani-Inn reservoir and
Ban Bwe Gon reservoir are managed under the Yangon Regional Government.
There are the law for the development and utilization of the groundwater under the Myanmar
government which was established in 1930. However, it can’t meet present requirement to manage the
groundwater resources. Present situation, the new developers register to the township office
individually as the fact of the drilling. The township offices have no records of the capacities of the
each well. It was first time for the inventory survey for the each wells, carried out by the JICA data
collection survey team.
2-2-2 Policy
The drafting of the Water Utilization Policy was made by the River Administration Policy of the
Directorate of the Water Resources and Improvement of the River System and the Water Development
and Water Utilization regarding the groundwater and surface water by the Irrigation Department. But
at present, there is no permanent committee formed from both ministries. There was no friction
2-4
between both ministries because the Ministry of Transport concentrated on the main river as already
mentioned. There is no five-year plan for the water utilization as a fundamental principle by both
ministries at this moment. The data collection survey team has already requested from the ministries
the annual budgetary plan. Unfortunately, the information has not yet been provided. According to
the information through the interview with the high-ranking officers of the Irrigation Department, the
National Five Year Plan is under discussion in the parliament.
2-2-3 Legal Framework
It is clear that the Law of the Water Right in Myanmar has not been established yet, according to an
interview with a high ranking officer from the Irrigation Department.
The data collection survey team has the intention to collect information via an interview with the
planning sector in the Irrigation Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation. An acceptance of
the water resources development by the ministry level, the National Water Resources Committee has a
right to conduct the acceptance. The Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River
System was appointed as the main agency, but it is not functionable. The National Water Resources
committee is discussing the Water Policy for making the law by end of 2015. According to the
interview from the high-ranked officer, the schedule for the discussion still was not determined.
The respective water right regarding the reservoirs, small reservoirs and groundwater development
are not managed based on the real law. For the transitional periods, the ministry of the electric power
or ministry of the agriculture and irrigation are managing under the cabinet meeting of the union
government. After development of the water resources, the operation and maintenance will be
transferred to the ministry level or regional government level. According to the interview with the
Irrigation Department, from making the project master plan to the implementation the project of the
surface water resource, the Irrigation department has responsibility. For the groundwater development,
the Water Resource Utilization Department has responsibility on this matter.
2-3 Topography and Geology of Survey Area
Figure 2-3-1 shows the topographic units in the southern Myanmar. Figure 2-3-2 show the
regional geology around the survey area.
The survey area for groundwater is located to the east and southeast of Yangon City beyond the
Bago River. The western part of the area is a low relief Tertiary hill 5m to 25m in elevation and called
“the Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge”. The eastern part is a Quaternary plain 1m to 5m in elevation. The
Thilawa SEZ is located on the western flank of the ridge along the Yangon River. The total is about
990km2.
2-5
Source：Excerpt from Bender(1983); retouched.
Figure 2-3-1 Topographic Units in Southern Myanmar
The survey area for surface water is the watershed of the Bago River and the Thanlyin-Kyauktan
Ridge around the SEZ. The catchment area is about 7,000km2.The Bogo River originates in the south
of Pegu Yoma. Pegu Yoma is a Tertiary hill 10m to 200 m in elevation which runs north to south
between the Irrawaddy and Sittang river basins. Yangon City is located in the southern hill of Pegu
Yoma called the “Yangon Ridge”.
Pegu Yoma and the Thanlyin Thauktan Ridge consist of Tertiary sedimentary layers called
“Irrawaddy” and “Pegu” Formations. They are so-called “Soft Rock” and weakly to half
consolidated. The Irrawaddy Formation is generally less consolidated and erodible. The plain is
underlain by unconsolidated alluvial deposits mainly consisting of silty materials.
In Pegu Yoma, some anticlines are identified. In the Yangon and Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridges, an
anticline is inferred. A famous active lateral fault called the Sagain Fault runs along the linear
boundary between Pegu Yoma and the Sittang plain. The linear fault scarp created by the Bago
earthquake in 1930 is traceable even at present along the eastern edge of the survey area.
2-6
Source：
Excerpt from Bender(1983); retouched.
Figure 2-3-2 Geologic Map around Survey Area
2-4 Socioeconomic Situation in the Project Area
2-4-1 Area
The total survey area of 4 townships is 266,526.4 ha of 1,027,938.0 ha in Yangon Region.
Table 2-4-1 Area and Land Use in 2012/13

Yangon Region
Township Name Thanlyin Kyautan Thongwa Kayan
(2009/10)*
Land Category Ha (%) Ha (%) Ha (%) Ha (%) Ha (%)
Agricultural Land 24,762.3 66.4 62,882.9 74.5 58,804.5 70.4 44,063.0 71.9 596,123.1 -
Forest & Natural Area 51.4 0.1 225.4 0.3 - - 308.8 0.5 109,673.7 -
Road & Railway 803.7 2.2 1,097.5 1.3 1,221.7 1.5 591.2 1.0 - -
Water Area 5,064.6 13.6 12,087.2 14.3 18,961.6 22.7 10,254.7 16.7 - -
Industrial Land 2,108.0 5.7 794.4 0.9 20.2 0.02 32.0 0.1 - -
Building Land 3,936.0 10.6 3,840.9 4.6 3,346.8 4.0 3,360.1 5.5 - -
Other 565.3 1.5 3,442.7 4.1 1,192.2 1.4 2,707.3 4.4 322,141.2 -
Total Area 37,291.3 100.0 84,371.0 100.0 83,547.0 100.0 61,317.1 100.0 1,027,938.0 -
Source: Yangon Southern District, Settlement and Land Record Department
* Myanmar Agricultural Statistics 2011
2-7
2-4-2 Population
The total population of 4 townships is 691,547 of 7,023,000 in Yangon Region.
Table 2-4-2 No. of House Hold and Population in 2012/13

No. of No. of Population No. of Population
Township No. of
Village House Member / Density
Ward Under 18 Over 18 Total
Name Tract Hold House Hold (Person/km2)
Thanlyin 17 28 45,143 53,903 154,532 208,435 4.6 558.9
Kyauktan 17 56 39,084 47,740 113,284 161,024 4.1 190.9
Thongwa 12 53 38,611 53,493 109,391 162,884 4.2 195.0
Khayan 12 64 36,478 46,825 112,379 159,204 4.4 259.6
Yangon Region
- - - - - 7,023,000 - 683.4
(2010)*
Source: Township General Administration Department
* Statistical Year Book 2011
2-4-3 Industry, Economy and Employment
(1) Structure of the Industry and Economy
Figure 2-4-1 shows the structure of the GDP of the survey area. The agriculture and fishery share
37.9%, even it is the primary industries.
Construction Others
2.9% 3.1%
Transportation
3.1%
Livestock & Trading

Fishery 26.9%
14.5%
Agriculture
23.4% Industry
26.1%
Source: Township General Administration Department
Figure 2-4-1 Structure of GDP for Survey Area
(2) Employed population
Table 2-4-3 shows the number of the workers, number of the employed person and unemployment
ratio. The unemployment ratio changes drastically from 31.5% to 2.4%, because of the different of
2-8
the survey time in busy farming season and off-season.
Table 2-4-3 Number of workers, Number of employed person and Unemployment rate (2012/13）
No. of No. of
Unemployment
Township Name No. of Workers Employed Unemployed
Rate (%)
Person Person
Thanlyin 139,440 115,420 24,020 17.2
Kyautan 113,459 77,694 35,765 31.5
Thongwa 110,882 107,533 2,649 2.4
Kayan 91,977 87,379 4,598 5.0
Total 455,758 388,026 67,032 14.7
Source: Yangon Southern District, General Administration Department
(3) Number of factory and Number of labor
Table 2-4-4 shows the number of factory and number of labor in the four townships. There is no
factory in the Thongwa and Khayan township. The thanlyin township locate at just beside of Yangon
city behind of the Bago river and Yangon river, it has advantage in comparison with other township
based on the condition of the site. The scale of the factory is the small scale of the average workers
of 130, and the principal products are the construction materials and the raw commodities.
Table 2-4-4 Number of Factories and Number of Labor (2013)

No. of No. of Labor
Township Name
Factories Male Female Total
Thanlyin 47 2,536 3,791 6,327
Kyautan 15 1,882 621 2,503
Thongwa - - - -
Kayan - - - -
Total 62 4,418 4,412 8,830
Source: Yangon Southern District, Department of Labor
2-5 Present Situation of the Water Utilization of the Survey Areas
The water requirement volume is dependent on the irrigation water requirement. The water
requirement for the monsoon season is satisfied by the rain-fed water requirement for the summer
paddy as the irrigation water requirement. Since the irrigation system in the survey areas is not
improved, the cultivable areas for the summer paddy is still 744 ha in the four townships. The
industrial activities are still at a low level. It is clear that a number of the employed workers are 9,000
out of 690,000 of the population. The data for the water utilization for the industry is not monitored.
The penetration ratio of the public water supply system is only five (5) percent, the inhabitants
dependent on the rain-fed and shallow wells. The present irrigation water requirement is estimated as
2-9
follows applying the equation of (cropped area)×(required irrigation water depth 6 feet)
Table 2-5-1 Irrigation Water Demand Volume

Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan Total
Cultivated area (ha) 24,762 62,883 58,805 44,063 190,513

Summer Paddy (ha) 641 21 0 81 744
Water demand volume (106 m3) 11.7 0.4 0 1.5 13.6
Source : Cultivated area, Summer Paddy area (Yangon South District, Settlement and Land Record Department)
2-6 Agriculture in the Project Area
2-6-1 Agricultural Land Use
The agricultural land use data for the four (4) townships and the Yangon Division are summarized
as follows. Almost of the land are used for the paddy fields of 96.6% to 99.0 %.
Table 2-6-1 Agricultural Land Use in the Project Area

Yangon Division*
Township Name Thanlyin Kyautan Thongwa Kayan
(2009/10)
Land Category Ha (%) Ha (%) Ha (%) Ha (%) Ha (%)
Lowland 23,917.8 96.6 62,131.0 98.8 58,181.3 98.9 43,615.4 99.0 - -
Shoal and Riverbank
Field - - - - - - - - - -
Garden 673.8 2.7 486.0 0.8 384.9 0.7 433.4 1.0 - -
Nipa Field 170.8 0.7 265.9 0.4 238.4 0.4 14.2 0.03 - -
Total Agricultural
Land 24,762.3 100.0 62,882.9 100.0 58,804.5 100.0 44,063.0 100.0 596,123.1 100.0
Source: Yangon Southern District, Settlement and Land Record Department
*Myanmar Agricultural Statistics (1997-98 to 2009-10)
2-6-2 Planted Area, Production and These Trend in Recent Years
The total harvested area of the project area and the amount of the production are shown as follows.
Table 2-6-2 Harvested Area and Production by Crop in 2012/13

Yangon District*
Township Name Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Khayan
(2009/10)
Crop Name (Ha) (MT) (Ha) (MT) (Ha) (MT) (Ha) (MT) (Ha) (MT)
Monsoon Paddy 24,802.0 86,077.8 63,144.0 222,323.1 59,782.6 219,348.4 44,824.6 162,096.8 485,640.0 1,709,000.0
Summer Paddy 642.2 2,558.7 20.6 91.7 - - 80.5 301.8 78,916.5 333,000.0
Groundnut 11.7 11.7 3.6 5.1 41.3 57.2 124.6 176.0 4,856.4 7,000.0
Sunflower 4.0 1.0 21.0 7.7 19.8 5.0 175.6 69.8 7,689.3 3,000.0
Black Gram - - - - - - 6.9 5.7 19,425.6 24,000.0
Green Gram 21,180.1 17,183.4 32,949.1 40,769.3 50,418.2 63,838.2 39,187.0 47,087.1 143,263.8 175,000.0
French Bean - - - - - - - - - -
Other Beans 11.7 9.4 765.7 60.8 134.0 150.2 149.7 116.9 - -
Source: DOA, Yangon Southern District
*Myanmar Agricultural Statistics (1997-98 to 2009-10)、 MT：Million Ton
2-10
2-7 Water Right and Organization of Water Utilization
2-7-1 Water Right
There is no Law of the Water Right in Myanmar therefore, there is no definition of the Water Right
not only for the surface water resouruce but also the groundwater. Since there is no Law of the water
resource development, the decision making and responsibility of the project plan and implementation
of the project belong to the ministry individually. The procedure for giving the permission regarding
the water utilization facilities, which are the bridge, dredging, river improvement, embankment of the
dike and construction of the weir, are not defined by the Law. The construction of those facilities are
implemented by the regional government with the budget given by the Union Government, the
implementation agencies asking the cabinet for the budget allocation of the each implementation plan
individually. Substantially, the Implementation Ministry has responsibility for the projects, the water
right also belonging to the Ministry individually.
The groundwater development consist of the shallow wells for personal use, public water
supply system and irrigation water resource development in the Central Dry Zone. Even
these development plan is not controlled by the any kinds of the law. The developer has to
register the basic data on the ledger at the township office without regard to the capacity of
the developed groundwater resource. It has no water right administratively.
2-7-2 Water Users Association
At the moment of the commencement of the data collection survey, there was no institution for the
collection of the water utilization fee due to the fact that the Water Users Association has not been
organized under the management by the ministry of agriculture and irrigation which is largest
organization for the water resource in Myanmar. The law of the utilization fee was implemented in
April, 2014. The authority was transferred to the state regional government from the Ministry of
Agriculture and Irrigation. There is the rationale on the present situation of the maintenance systems
for the main canals and the secondary canals by the Irrigation Department with enough annual
budgets.
But the maintenance fee for the tertiary canals and the terminal level canals are not collected from
the beneficiaries anymore; therefore, the maintenance fee is not enough to meet all requirements from
the annual budget and all facilities have become superannuated.
In a similar way, the City Ddevelopment Committee (CDC) has a responsibility to manage the
domestic water supply system instead of the Water Users Association. It mean that the domestic water
supply system is not managed by the self-support accounting.
2-11
Chapter 3
SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER

CHAPTER 3 SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER

3-1 Outline
3-1-1 Purpose
A survey and analysis of groundwater was carried out to estimate the groundwater development
potential in the area shown in Figure 3-1-1 for the Thilawa SEZ and the adjoining area.
3-1-2 Definition of Groundwater Development Potential
Here the “groundwater development potential” means a groundwater amount which can be
sustainably supplied for the Thilawa SEZ and the adjacent area without socially unallowable
environmental impact. Generally, to estimate the groundwater development potential, first the
following four items are assessed, and then, comprehensively considering the results, the amount is
fixed:
(1) Water Budget
A development amount must be lower than the groundwater recharge in a target area. If there is
existing groundwater use, the amount of the present usage must be withheld from the amount. In
addition, it must be considered that it is impossible to take all excess water in a water budget because
some parts of groundwater would flow out of the area. Therefore, a part of the groundwater recharge
could be developed.
(2) Water Quality
The water quality of the developed water must fit the purpose of usage, or the treatment cost of the
water for the water to be used must be economical enough to be acceptable.
(3) Hydraulic Ability
The hydraulic ability of the aquifer must be high so as to allow collecting water into intake
facilities effectively and economically
(4) Environmental Impact
The environmental impact of the water development must be as small as the negative impact to
make it negligible, or the negative impact must be reduced with a mitigation measure so as to be
acceptable.
Ordinarily small groundwater development is planned only with well capacity and water quality.
But the well capacity shows only the hydraulic ability of the aquifer. For a larger scale development,
the water budget and environmental impact must be considered as well.
3-1
3-1-3 Topography
As shown in Figure 3-1-1 and Figure 3-1-2, the target area consists of a low-relief hill and a flat
plain surrounded by the Bago, Yangon and Hmaw Wun Rivers, and Tan Bin Creek. The total area is
about 990 km2 including a related nearby area.
The hill occupies the western side of the area with the towns of Thanlyin and Khauktan on it. The
ground elevation ranges from about 5 m to 25 m. The Thilawa SEZ is located on the western flank.
The hill is sometimes called the “Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge”.
The plain covers most of the area extending to the east. The ground elevation ranges mainly from 1
m to 4 m. There are many creeks and canals connected to each other. Because sluice gates are installed
at the exit of the main creeks along the Bago River, and a main water divide of the plain runs along the
road which connects Thanlyin and Thongwa, the northern part of the plain is protected against saline
water intrusion into creeks in the dry season, though it is not perfect.
Along the eastern side of the survey area, the Sagain Fault, a famous active fault, runs.
Source: JICA Survey Team
Figure 3-1-1 Groundwater Survey Area and Topography
3-2
Source: Google Earth satellite image; retouched.

Figure 3-1-2 Bird’s-eye View of Groundwater Survey Area
3-1-4 Geology
Figure 3-1-3 and Table 3-1-1 show the geology of the Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge. The ridge consists
of Tertiary sediments. The northern part is occupied by the Irrawaddy Formation, which consists of
weakly consolidated sandstone intercalated with semi-consolidated mudstone. The southern part is
underlain by the Pegu Formation which consists mainly of an alternation of semi-consolidated
sandstone and mudstone. The layers are weakly folded in the north and more or less tilted east in the
south. A fault is inferred between the two formations and along the eastern side of the hill.
According to drilling results by the present survey, the sandstone in the ridge is less consolidated
and ferruginous within about 100 m below the ground.
The plain is underlain by unconsolidated Quaternary alluvial deposits. The thickness is 50m ~ 70m.
It consists mainly of fine alternation of very fine sand, silt and clay (clayey deposits) and a basal sand
layer with granules lies on the bottom. Less consolidated Tertiary deposits underlie the layer
unconformably.
Table 3-1-1 Stratigraphic Table of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge (Win Naing et al., 1991)
Geologic Age Geologic Units Symbol Lithology Lithology (detail)
Yellowish grey, bluish grey, brownish grey coloured
Recent Alluvium A Sands and Clays
sands and clays.
Irrawaddy Sand rocks interbedded with Medium to coarse grained sand rocks interbeded with
Pliocene I
Formation Clays and Mudstones clays and mudstones.
Alternation of shales and well consolidated
Alternationof Shale and
Oligocene ? to argillaceous, bluish grey to brownish grey coloured,
Pegu Group P Sandstone with ferrugenous
Miocene fine to medium grained micaceous sandstone with
bands
ferrugenous band.
3-3
Source: Compiled based on geological maps by Win Naing et al. (1991) and Aye Thanda Bo (2001),
topographical analysis of satellite image and outcrop reconnaissance. Inferred faults indicated only for
majors.
Figure 3-1-3 Geological Map of Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge
3-4
3-2 Groundwater Survey
3-2-1 Survey Items and Locations
To estimate the groundwater development potential of a region, we must survey he target items
shown in Table 3-2-1 . The following methods are applied for the present survey:
1) Review of Existing Reports
2) Well Inventory Survey
3) Geophysical Survey
4) Core Boring
5) Test Well
6) Pumping Test
7) Water Quality Survey and Test
8) Outcrop Reconnaissance
9) Groundwater Head Monitoring
Figure 3-2-1 shows the main locations and area of the survey.
Table 3-2-1 Survey Items Related to GW Potential and Methods Applied in this Survey
Target Item of Survey Explanation Method of Survey Applied
Well inventory suevey (14,691 facilities), geophysical survey (VES
Aquifer A place of movement and 43 points, TDEM 60 points), core boring (2 points), test well (5
distribution storage sites, 16 wells), outcrop recconnassance, topographic analysis with
sattelite image.
1) A result of water budget. Observation of GW level:
Groundwater
2) The gradient shows GW Automatically & hourly - 16 wells
Water Budget table
movement direction. GW level measurement at dug wells
Collection of metrological and hydrological data (rainfall,
Groundwater
Input of water budget evapotranspiration, tide level, etc.), confirmation of water body
recharge
location, creation of landcover map with sattellite image.
Groundwater
Output of water budget Estimation of GW use amount through well inventory survey.
runoff
Water quality measurement/analysis:
200 exhisting wells - Twice a year, in-situ measurement
Requirement from
Water Quality 16 test wells - sampled during pumping test and monthly, in-situ
development purpose
and in laboratory analysis.
13 test wells - Isotopic analysis
Controling rechrage and water
Pumping test at test well (16 wells) and existing wells (3 wells).
Hydraulic Ability moving rate. Affects economy
Well capacity data in existing reports
of development.
Impact provider Water development plan (Amount and facilities allocation to be assumed)
Environmental
Impact receiver Water use and land use Water use facilities inventory survey. Landuse survey.
Impact
Field of impact
Assessment Aquifer (See the methods for water budget and hydraulic ability)
transmissin
3-5

Figure 3-2-1 Groundwater Survey Location and Area
3-6
3-2-2 Outline of Surveys
(1) Review of Existing Reports
Two study reports shown in Table 3-2-2 were reviewed. The general geology, well logs and water
quality data on the reports are useful to understand the outline of hydrogeology in the area.
Table 3-2-2 Existing Hydrogeological Study Reports

Citation
Win Naing et al. (1991) Aye Thanda Bo (2001)
Abbreviated
Author Aung Aung Tin, Win Naing and Maung Maung Aye Thanda Bo
Year 1991 2001
Title Hydrogeology of Thanlyin - Kyauktan Area Urban Geology of Thanlyin Area
Diploma Article, Applied Geology Department, Diploma Article, Department of Engineering Geology,
Publication
Yangon University Yangon Technological University
Target Area Thanlyin-Kyauktan Ridge and nearby area Thanlyin
(2) Well Inventory Survey
Existing wells were visited based on the existing inventories by the township authority, and were
surveyed on location, dimension, installation year, capacity, discharge and how to use. About 12,300
wells were identified in 92 village groups in four townships. The field work was carried out mainly
in November, 2012.
(3) Geophysical Survey
To roughly grasp distribution of aquifers and salty groundwater,

TDEM (Time Domain Electromagnetic Exploration) and VES
(Vertical Electric Sounding) were carried out along the two main Figure 3-2-2 Scene of VES
lines and some independent points (shown in Figure 3-2-1). The Work
number of total survey points is 103. The probing depth is basically
400m for TDEM and between 150 m to 300 m for VES.
(4) Core Boring
To grasp the typical geology sequence in the hill and the plain,
the core boring was carried out at two sites (D-2 and D-4), as shown
Figure 3-2-3 Example of
in Figure 3-2-1. The drilled depths are 272 m (D-2) and 248 m (D-4). Drilled Core Sample
Figure 3-2-3 shows an example of a drilled core.
(5) Test Well
To grasp typical aquifer position and nature, 16 test wells were

installed at five (5) sites. At one site, two to four test wells with
different depth were installed as shown in Figure 3-2-5 and Table
3-2-3. In the Thilawa SEZ, another JICA survey team installed eight
Figure 3-2-4 Test Well Drilling
3-7
(8) pilot wells and four (4) test wells.

Figure 3-2-5 Schematic Profile of Test Well Allocation
Table 3-2-3 List and Attributes of Test Wells

Actual Casing
GPS POSITION (WGS84) Total Elevation (m) Target
Drilled Installation Screen Position
Site Well No. Screen Aquifer
Depth Depth (m) Top of Concrete
Latitude Longitude Length (m) Ground No.
(GL-m) (GL-m) Casing Basement
D-1-0 N 16º 40' 23.3" E 96º 16' 59.9" 52 52 36.7-48.0 11.30 6.767 6.015 5.249 1
D-1-1 N 16º 40' 23.5" E 96º 17' 00.2" 85 85 66.1-83.0 16.95 6.759 6.010 5.265 2
D-1 D-1-2 N 16º 40' 23.4" E 96º 16' 59.6" 150.0 140.0 109.8-138.0 28.25 6.784 5.979 5.264 3
187.0-199.0,
D-1-3 N 16º 40' 23.3" E 96º 16' 59.8" 330 285 211.0-232.0 60.00 6.779 6.015 5.294 4
256.0-283.0
31.4-37.1
D-2-0 N 16º 41' 12.5" E 96º 18' 27.5" 56 56 11.30 19.551 18.754 17.871 1
48.4-54.0
D-2-1 N 16º 41' 12.2" E 96º 18' 28.6" 97 97 66.8-95.0 28.25 19.459 18.608 17.654 2
D-2-2 N 16º 41' 12.7" E 96º 18' 28.3" 150 150 125.4-148.0 20.70 19.748 18.914 18.058 3
D-2 196.0-217.0
223.0-225.0
D-2-3 N 16º 41' 11.7" E 96º 18' 29.2" 330 303 241.0-250.0 69.00 19.019 18.147 17.414 4
268.0-277.0
283.0-301.0
D-3-1 N 16º 43' 01.7" E 96º 21' 10.6" 80 79 60.4-77.3 16.95 5.436 4.633 3.833 1
112.1-123.4
D-3 D-3-2 N 16º 43' 01.6" E 96º 21' 10.0" 180 151 132.1-137.7 22.60 5.278 4.491 3.764 2
143.4-149.0
244.0-274.0
D-3-3 N 16º 43' 01.6" E 96º 21' 09.5" 330 330 60.00 5.298 4.584 3.751 4
298.0-328.0
D-4-1 N 16º 44' 50.6" E 96º 26' 06.4" 85 85 66.1-83.0 16.95 5.125 4.290 3.667 1
110.1-132.7
D-4 D-4-2 N 16º 44' 50.7" E 96º 26' 06.4" 146 146 28.25 5.169 4.373 3.542 2
138.4-144.0
D-4-3 N 16º 44' 50.6" E 96º 26' 05.9" (330) Unable to complete
D-5-1 N 16º 46' 08.8" E 96º 14' 49.7" 65 65 46.1-63.0 16.95 25.848 25.114 24.238 1
D-5 D-5-2 N 16º 46' 08.8" E 96º 14' 49.2" 100 100 81.1-98.0 16.95 24.854 24.080 23.299 2
D-5-3 N 16º 46' 08.8" E 96º 14' 49.5" 350 240 180.0-240.0 60.00 25.502 24.736 23.929 3,4
(6) Pumping Test
To estimate the hydraulic ability of the aquifer, a pumping test was

carried out at the test wells mentioned above and three existing wells.
Figure 3-2-6 Pumping

Test Scene
3-8
(7) Water Quality Survey
To grasp the water quality of the groundwater, the following

measurement and test were carried out:
1) Physical water quality measurement at 200 existing

wells once each in the dry and wet seasons,
2) Physical and chemical water quality tests for pumped
water at the test wells,
3) Monthly physical and chemical water quality tests for
bailed water in the test wells, and Figure 3-2-7 Water Quality
4) Isotopic analysis for pumped water at the test wells. Measurement
(8) Outcrop Reconnaissance
Outcrops were visited to check geological condition like

structure and facies, though they are rarely found in the area.
Figure 3-2-8 Example of

(9) Groundwater Head Monitoring Outcrop
To grasp groundwater head fluctuation, the groundwater level in the 16 test wells was monitored
with the automatic meter shown in Figure 3-2-9. The observation period is about one year from July
of 2013.
Completion of Well Head for Observation Data Logger Water Level Sensor
Figure 3-2-9 Automatic Water Level Meter Installed at Test Well
3-9
3-3 Aquifer and Present Groundwater Condition
3-3-1 Outline
Considering all the hydrogeological investigation results, aquifer distribution, nature and water use
in the investigation area are summarized as shown in Figure 3-3-1. The water head distribution and
groundwater movement are inferred as shown in Figure 3-3-2. Hereunder, their conditions are outlined
briefly by item.
Figure 3-3-1 Schematic Profile of Aquifer Distribution, Nature and Water Use
Source: JICA survey team
3-10
Figure 3-3-2 Schematic Profile of Groundwater Head Distribution and Movement
3-3-2 Aquifer Distribution
As shown in Figure 3-3-1, the area is

hydrogeologically divided into two areas: the
hill and the plain as well as topographically.
The boundary between the areas is a fault
which supposedly runs along the eastern edge
of the hill. Judging from the core boring and
test well results, it is considered that an
unconfined surface aquifer and four (4)
semi-consolidated confined aquifers
distribute in the hill. They are slightly folded
or tilting to the east. Under the plain, four (4)
unconsolidated or weakly consolidated
confined aquifers may lie. The uppermost
confined aquifer is the basal coarse materials
of Quaternary deposits. The surface
unconfined aquifer does not develop well.
The layers lie mostly flat.
Figure 3-3-3 shows the lines along which

aquifer profiles are made considering all
geologic and geophysical logs and depth of
existing wells. Figure 3-3-4 shows an
Figure 3-3-3 Lines of Aquifer Profile
example of the profiles. All aquifer
boundaries on all profiles were digitized and the boundary contour maps were created to build a 3-D
aquifer conceptual model, which will be explained later. (See Figure 3-3-2-9 to Figure 3-3-2-20 of the
main report for the details of the figures).
3-11
Figure 3-3-4 Example of Aquifer Profile
3-12
3-3-3 Groundwater Use 9,000

8,028
8,000 7,256
According to the well inventory survey, there are about 7,000
Number of Wells
6,000
12,000 wells in the area and about 17,000 m3/day of 5,000

4,000
4,250
Tube Well
3,176
3,000 Dug Well
groundwater is extracted as shown in Figure 3-3-5. There are 2,000
1,073
1,000 630
two types of wells, the “dug well” and the “tube well” as shown 0
63 1 79 0
Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan Whole

in Figure 3-3-6. Figure 3-3-8 shows their distribution. Figure Area
3-3-9 shows the areal density of wells and discharge. Most 14,000
12,397
wells distribute and most extraction is made on the hill and 12,000
Estimated Discharge (m3/d)
10,447
10,000
nearby area. For the most part, only tube wells distribute in the 8,000
Tube Well
pain. Table 3-3-1 shows water use by aquifer. The extraction is 6,000
4363 Dug Well
4,000 3060
conducted mainly in the surface unconfined aquifer and the 2,000 1,148
586
1303 215 0 0
0
upper two confined aquifers. Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Kayan Whole
Area
As understood from Figure 3-3-7, wells are increasing in

Figure 3-3-5 Number of Wells and
these 20 years and about 700 wells (1,000 m3/day in total Total Discharge
discharge) were added every year during a few recent years.
Figure 3-3-6 Dug Well (left) and Tube Well (right)
Thanlyin Thongwa
2500 2331 25 22
20
2000 20
Earliest=1896 1545
Frequency
Frequency
1350 Earliest=1902
1500 1284 15
9
1000 10
468 5
4
500 5
154 1 1 1
4 3 3 1 6 7 10 24 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
～1945
>2010
～1945
>2010
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Installation Year of Tube Well Installation Year of Tube Well
Kyauktan Kayan
140 132 35
112 28 29
120 30
Earliest=1946 Earliest=1912
100 85 25
Frequency
Frequency
80 68 20
15
60 15
40 23 23 10
20 9 5 3 2
0 2 0 0 3 3 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0
>2010
>2010
～1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
～1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Installation Year of Tube Well Installation Year of Tube Well)
Figure 3-3-7 Installation Year of Tube Wells (as of Nov., 2012)
3-13
Tube Well Dug Well
Figure 3-3-8 Distribution of Tube and Dug Wells
Number of Wells Discharge

Figure 3-3-9 Areal Density of Existing Wells and their Discharge (for 500m square)
3-14
Table 3-3-1 Groundwater Use by Aquifer

Tube Wells Dug Wells All Wells
Aquifer Name Discharge Discharge Numer Discharge Discharge
Number 3 Number 3 Number 3
(m /day) (m /day) (%) (m /day) (%)
Surface Aquifer 176 242.7 4349 4442.8 4525 36.6 4685.5 27.1
1st Aquifer 6001 8568.0 21 23.3 6022 48.7 8591.3 49.6
2nd Aquifer 1630 3405.4 0 0.0 1630 13.2 3405.4 19.7
3rd Aquifer 181 619.6 0 0.0 181 1.5 619.6 3.6
4th Aquifer 3 3.6 0 0.0 3 0.0 3.6 0.02
Total 7991 12839.3 4370 4466.1 12361 100.0 17305.5 100.0
Note: Discharge of a well calculated by (hourly well capacity) x (daily pumping hours)
3 3
Unknown discharge of a well is assumed as the average 1.59 m /day for deep well and 1.01 m /day for dug well.
Some wells located in the margin unable to be classified.
3-3-4 Hydraulic Ability
Table 3-3-2 shows the constant pumping test result at the test wells. In addition to this, the pumping
test results at four test wells in the SEZ by another JICA team and at three existing wells by the
present survey team are available to grasp the hydraulic ability in the survey area as well as the well
data in the existing reports shown in the Table 3-2-2 (presented above; see the Main Report for the
details) .
Table 3-3-3 shows the specific capacity collected from those data. It is nearly equal to the
transmissivity and represents the hydraulic ability of the aquifer. The value is relatively large in the
plain and the western foot of the hill, but small in the hill ridge area. The average permeability
obtained by the pumping tests mainly ranges from n x 10-5 cm/s to 2 x 10-2 cm/s. The capacity of the
test well ranges from 20 m3/day to 890 m3/day. The maximum capacity of existing wells is 675 m3/day
on the hill and 346 m3/day on the plain. These values suggest that the aquifers are minor in hydraulic
ability, considering a good aquifer has a few hundred m3/day/m of specific capacity and a few
thousand m3/day of well capacity.
3-15
Table 3-3-2 Summary of Constant Discharge Test of Test Wells

Total
Pumping Draw- Trans- Perme-
Screen Discharge Srativity Specific Capacity Target
Test Well Screen Position S.W.L Duration D.W.L dowm missivity ability
Site Length T/Sc Aquifer
No. Sc
L Q s T k S No.
3 2 3 3
(m) (m) (GL-m) (L/min) (m /day) (hr) (GL-m) (m) (m /sec) (cm/sec) (m /sec/m) (m /day/m)
D-1-0 36.7-48.0 11.30 3.70 596 858 48 9.65 5.95 5.4E-03 3.4E-02 4.8E-13 1.7E-03 144 3.2 1
D-1-1 66.1-83.0 16.95 8.65 378 544 48 36.79 28.14 2.3E-04 1.4E-03 2.1E-04 2.2E-04 19 1.0 2
D-1
D-1-2 109.8-138.0 28.25 3.90 266 383 48 27.96 24.06 4.3E-04 1.6E-03 7.9E-03 1.8E-04 16 2.3 3
187.0-199.0
D-1-3 211.0-232.0 60.00 5.41 465 670 48 20.7 15.29 5.4E-04 9.0E-04 - 5.1E-04 44 1.1 4
256-283
31.4-37.1
D-2-0 11.30 6.83 13 19 2.3 26.02 19.19 1.1E-05 9.6E-05 7.7E-02 1.1E-05 1 1.0 1
48.4-54.0
D-2-1 66.8-95.00 28.25 7.96 27 39 48 34.54 26.58 2.4E-05 8.4E-05 2.6E-05 1.7E-05 1 1.4 2
D-2 D-2-2 125.4-148.0 20.70 10.08 20 29 0.4 49.80 39.72 6.0E-06 2.6E-05 1.2E-01 8.4E-06 1 0.7 3
196.0-217.0
223.0-225.0
D-2-3 241.0-250.0 69.00 12.96 153 220 48 44.24 31.28 8.8E-05 1.3E-04 8.3E-03 8.1E-05 7 1.1 4
268.0-277.0
283.0-301.0
D-3-1 60.4-77.3 16.95 1.60 564 812 48 12.45 10.85 9.7E-04 5.8E-03 3.5E-02 8.7E-04 75 1.1 1
112.1-123.4
D-3 D-3-2 132.1-137.7 22.60 1.85 266 383 48 18.90 17.05 3.1E-04 1.4E-03 1.9E-02 2.6E-04 22 1.2 2
143.4-149.0
244-274
D-3-3 60.00 1.40 564 812 48 11.74 10.34 1.3E-03 2.2E-03 1.3E-03 9.1E-04 79 1.5 4
298-328
D-4-1 66.1-83.0 16.95 2.09 564 812 48 7.59 5.50 3.8E-03 2.2E-02 1.6E-07 1.7E-03 148 2.2 1
D-4
110.1-132.7
D-4-2 28.25 1.35 618 890 48 5.65 4.30 6.5E-03 2.3E-02 2.3E-09 2.4E-03 207 2.7 2
138.4-144.0
D-5-1 46.1-63.0 16.95 17.00 13 19 26 36.90 19.90 7.3E-06 4.3E-05 7.4E-02 1.1E-05 1 0.7 1
D-5 D-5-2 81.1-98.0 16.95 28.01 47 68 48 43.09 15.08 7.8E-05 4.6E-04 3.0E-04 5.2E-05 4 1.5 2
D-5-3 180.0-240.0 60.00 35.96 109 157 48 48.51 12.55 7.1E-05 1.2E-04 2.0E-02 1.4.E-04 13 0.5 3,4
Table 3-3-3 Specific Capacity (m3/day/m) in Survey Area

Topographic Hill
Plain
Location Foot Ridge
East of
Location SEZ Thanlyin Kyauktan
SEZ
Wing Wing East
D-1 site D-2 site D-5 site Existing Existing D-3 site D-4 site
　　　　　　　　Well PW wells Naing et. Naing et. Yangon
wells wells wells Dug Well Dug Well wells wells
　　　Aquifer al (1991) al (1991) Univ.
-3 -3
(k=1x10 (k=3x10
Surface Aquifer - - - - - - - - -
cm/s) cm/s)
1st Aqiifer 146 1 1 - - 179 75 148
15, 20, 63, 11 ~ 150 2 ~31
2nd Aqiifer 19 1 4 - - - 22 207
70
3rd Aqiifer 16 - 1 - - - - - - -
13
4th Aqiifer 44 - 7 - - - - - 79 -
3-3-5 Water Quality
Table 3-3-4 summarizes results of the water quality test at the test wells. The following
characteristics are found:
1) The shallower aquifers in the ridge have less pH, EC and iron concentration. This
suggests that not much time has passed after the rain water infiltrated into the
3-16
aquifer.
2) Salty water distributes in the shallower aquifers under the plain.
3) Iron concentration is generally high and water taste is bad.
4) The deep aquifer (4th) has high pH and high zinc concentration.
5) Lead concentration exceeded the WHO drinking water guideline at three monthly
measurements or more in the shallower aquifers in the ridge.
Table 3-3-4 Summary of Water Quality of Test Wells

Topographic Hill
Plain Remarks
Location Foot Ridge
Test Well Name D-1-0 D-1-1 D-1-2 D-1-3 D-2-0 D-2-1 D-2-2 D-2-3 D-5-1 D-5-2 D-5-3 D-3-1 D-3-2 D-3-3 D-4-1 D-4-2
Screen Depth (m) 37-48 66-83 110-138 187-283 31-54 67-95 125-148 196-301 46-63 81-98 180-240 60-77 112-149 244-328 66-83 110-144
Target Aquifer No. 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3, 4 1 2 4 1 2
pH < 6.5 - - - - × × - - × × - - - - - -
pH > 8.5 - - - × - - - × - - × - - × - -
Very fresh water
EC < 150μS/cm - - - - ○ ○ - - ○ ○ - - - - - -
sign
Salty water sign;
EC > 750μS/cm
- - - - - - - - - - - × - - × × Correspond to Cl ion
>250mg/l)
General threshhold
of acceptability by
Fe ion > 0.3 mg/l × × × × - × × × × × × × - × × ×
WHO Guideline
p.228
Slightly A little Salty,
Taste Iron Iron ○ ○ ○ Iron Iron Iron Iron Salty Sulfuric Iron Salty
iron iron sulfuric
General threshhold
of acceptability by
Zinc > 3 mg/l - - - × - - - × - - × - - × - -
WHO Guideline
p.229
Exceeded WHO
Lead > 0.01 mg/l - - - - × × - - × × - - - - - - guideline three times
or more
Note: ○ Good quality sign, × Bad quality sign, -: Out of the specified range Source: JICA survey team.
Figure 3-3-10 and Figure 3-3-11 shows salty water distribution in each aquifer inferred from EC
measurement at the existing wells and the test wells. Here, salty water is defined as water with EC >
750μS/cm (equivalent to Cl- ion > 250 mg/l). The salty water may distribute widely under the plain
and the western lowland along the SEZ. The fresh water distributes mainly in the hill and its nearby
area. Under the plain, the second aquifer may have largest the amount of fresh water among the
aquifers.
3-17
Figure 3-3-10 Inferred Salty Water Distribution by Aquifer (1)
Sorce: JICA Sturvey Team
3-18
Figure 3-3-11 Inferred Salty Water Distribution by Aquifer (2)
Sorce: JICA Sturvey Team
3-19
In the central area of the Thilawa SEZ, salty water is confirmed to distribute in the western 2/3 of
the area as shown in Figure 3-3-12.
Figure 3-3-12 Aquifer Section and Salty Water Distribution under Thilawa SEZ
3-3-6 Water Head and Groundwater Movement
Figure 3-3-14 shows the groundwater table depth in dug wells and groundwater table contours
estimated with the depth and the ground elevation. From the contour map, it is inferred that the
groundwater moves from the hill center to both sides in the surface unconfined aquifer.
Figure 3-3-15 andFigure 3-3-16 show the groundwater head and its fluctuation in the confined
aquifer at the 16 test wells. At the D-2, D-5 and D-4 sites, a deeper aquifer has a lower head. They are
located on the hill ridge or the ridgy portion on the plain. On the contrary, at the D-1 and D-3 sites, a
deeper aquifer has a higher head. They are located at the foot of the hill or near a creek. This means
that the former sites are located in the recharging area and the latter ones in the discharging area, as
schematically shown in Figure 3-3-2 (presented above).
At the D-5 site, the groundwater head in D-5-2 (2nd confined aqifer) and D-5-3 (3rd&4th confined
aqifers) is kept mostly lower than EL. 0m througout the year. The Thanlyin area where the D-5 site is
located is near the Bago and Yangon Rivers in which the sea water comes up. In such a circumstance,
it is hydraulically possible for the salty water to intrude into the aquifers as schmatically shown in
3-20
Figure 3-3-13. Even if the head of aquifer is lower than EL. 0 m, if the minus value is small, the
intrusion may not occur because the head may remain higher than EL.0 m in between the extraction
area and the river as shown in the middle figure. However, the intrusion likely occurs in this area
because the head value of minus is large, as shown in the lower figure. Threfore, the aquifers are
considred to be in an “overdraft” condition.
At the D-1 site, it is notable that the head in D-1-0 (1st confined aquifer) fluctuates diffrently from
that in the other three deeper wells. The first aquifer is probably connected to the surface unconfined
aqifer near the site.
Small‐Scale Extraction
Infiltration of Rainfall
2
.
Sea Water Intrusion River Groundwater Level - Upper Aquifer

(Bago and Yangon Rivers)
Groundwater Level
EL. - Lower Aquifer
Salty Water
Upper Aquifer (Unconfined)
Upper Aquifer (Confined)
Middle‐Scale Extraction
EL.
Large‐Scale Extraction
EL.
Figure 3-3-13 Schematic Explanation of Relationship between Extraction Scale and GW

Head Drawdown near Sea Water Intrusion River
3-21
3-22
Figure 3-3-14 Groundwater Level in Dug Well and Groundwater Table Contour Map of Surface Aquifer Source: JICA survey team
20 Ground EL. ( m)
Pumping Test at D‐2‐3 D‐2‐2 & D‐2‐3：About 3 months required to recover D‐1‐n 5.3
D‐2‐n 17.4‐18.1
D‐5‐2 & D‐5‐1: Base head level changed; Daily fluctuation 30% increased D‐3‐n 3.8
15
D‐5‐2 & D‐5‐1: After this time, head depleted linearly D‐2‐0 D‐4‐n 3.6
D‐5‐n 23.3‐24.3
D‐2‐1
D‐1‐0
D‐5‐1 D‐1‐1
10 D‐1‐2
D‐2‐2
D‐1‐3
D‐2‐0
GW Elevation in Well (m)
D‐2‐3 D‐2‐1
5
D‐2‐2
D‐1‐n
D‐3‐n D‐2‐3
D‐4‐n D‐3‐1
0 D‐5‐2 150 D‐3‐2
D‐5‐2：Head kept below EL. 0 except in Aug. to Oct.
D‐3‐3
D‐5‐2：1m ‐ 2m daily flucuation clearly
found; supposed to be by pumping D‐4‐1
D‐4‐2
‐5 100
D‐5‐1
D‐5‐2
Daily Rainfall (mm)

D‐5‐3
‐10 50
D‐5‐3：Head kept below EL.0 D‐5‐3
‐15 0
7/1/13
7/1/13 7/31/13
8/1/13 8/31/13
9/1/13 9/30/13
10/1/13 10/31/13
11/1/13 11/30/13
12/1/13 12/31/13
1/1/14 1/30/14
2/1/14 3/2/14
3/1/14 4/1/14 5/2/14
5/1/14 6/1/14
6/1/14 7/2/14
7/1/14 8/1/14
8/1/14 9/1/14

Figure 3-3-15 Groundwater Head Fluctuation at All Test Wells
3.5
D‐4: Head higher at shallower aquifer D‐3: Head higher at deeper aquifer Ground EL. (m)
D‐1‐n 5.3
D‐1: Head higher at deeper aquifer D‐3‐n 3.8
D‐4‐n 3.6
3 D‐4‐1: Head level, approx. 0.3m higher than D‐3‐1
D‐1‐1, D‐1‐2, D‐1‐3：About 3 months required to recover
2.5 D‐4‐2 D‐1‐3

D‐1‐0
D‐4‐1 D‐1‐2
GW Elevation in Well (m)
D‐1‐1
D‐1‐1
D‐1‐2
D‐3‐3 D‐1‐3
2 150
D‐3‐1
D‐3‐2
D‐3‐1 D‐3‐2
D‐3‐3
D‐4‐1
1.5 D‐1‐0 100
D‐4‐2
Daily Rainfall (mm)
1 50
0.5 0
7/1/13
7/1/13 8/1/13 8/31/13
7/31/13 9/1/13 9/30/13
10/1/13 10/31/13
11/1/13 11/30/13
12/1/13 12/31/13
1/1/14 1/30/14
2/1/14 3/1/14
3/2/14 4/1/14 5/1/14
5/2/14 6/1/14 7/1/14
7/2/14 8/1/14
8/1/14 9/1/14

Figure 3-3-16 Groundwater Head Fluctuation at Test Wells in the Plain/Lowland
3-23
3-3-7 Recharge and Groundwater Exploitation Rate
The main groundwater recharge source is

undoubtedly the rainfall. As understood from
Figure 3-3-15 and Figure 3-3-16, the annual
groundwater head change is about 5 m ~ 10 m in
the hill (D-2 and D-5 site) and from 0.2 m to 0.7 m
in the plain (D-3, D-4 sites) and the western
lowland (D-1 site). This head change means that
the seasonal water stock is large in the hill and
small under the plain/lowland.
To estimate the groundwater recharge in the area,

a tank model analysis was carried out based on the
observed groundwater head at the test wells and the
rainfall data at Yangon. The head fluctuation in the
uppermost confined aquifer is assumed to be nearly
the same as in the surface unconfined aquifer. The
effective porosity which largely affects the
recharge value is assumed to be 4% for the D-5 site
located in the Irrawaddy formation and 3% for the
other sites in the Pegu formation and the
Quaternary. For the D-5 site, an extraction rate Figure 3-3-17 Estimated GW Recharge Rate
and Areal Division
estimated from the well inventory survey (1.0
mm/day in the wet season and 1.4 mm/day in the dry season) was input to the model. Figure 3-3-18
shows examples of the result output by the finally-fixed model, comparing the calculated and observed
heads. The calculated head nearly simulates the observed one. (See the Main Report for the detail of
analysis)
According to the result of the tank model analysis, the annual and average daily recharges from
rainfall are estimated as shown in Figure 3-3-17 and Table 3-1-1. The recharge rate is high on the hill
and very small on the plain/lowland. The total recharge amount looks very large in the plain, but, in
reality, most infiltrated water is probably drained out to a densely-developed waterway network of
creeks, canals and ditches. In addition, the plain is mostly covered with a thick Quaternary layer
containing salty water. This means that the infiltrated water cannot be used even if enforced
groundwater movement would occur by pumping in the lower aquifers. Therefore only the recharge on
the hill can be counted as an effective source for exploitation. The amount averages about
47,000m3/day and about 30% is already developed. The exploitation rate is about 50% on the northern
hill where the overdraft condition is found.
3-24
Table 3-3-5 Groundwater Recharge and Exploitation Rate

Annul GW extraction
Annulal Recharge Avearge daily Effective Recharge for through well in
Region Area
rainfall estimated by recharge GW Exploitation Thanlyin & Exploitation Ratio
Tnak Model Kyauktan
2
(km ) (mm) (mm) (mm) (m3/day) 3
(m /day)
3
(m /day)
Northern Hill 14.4 624.2 1.71 24,625 24,625 11,489 47%
31%
Southern Hill 24.7 326.2 0.89 22,077 22,077 3,005 14%
2,780
West Lowland 92.0 60.7 0.17 15,292 Mostly discharged out 942 - -
East Plain 796.8 63.8 0.17 139,281 to the nearby ground 1,851 - -
Total 927.9 46,702 17,287
Source: JICA survey team；Result by the Tank Model Analysis.
D-4 (East Plain)
D-5 (North Hill)
Figure 3-3-18 Example of Tank Model Analysis Result
3-25
3-4 Estimation of Groundwater Development Potential
3-4-1 Assessment of Key Items on Groundwater Development Potential
Considering the survey results explained above, the key items on the groundwater development
potential are assessed as follows:
(1) Water Budget
The effective groundwater recharge is produced on the hill from rainfall. It is estimated to average
about 47,000 m3/day and already about 30% is used. On the northern hill (around Thanlyin town),
about 50% is used and in overdraft condition. On the southern hill, the exploitation rate is about 14%
and may have a little space to develop in and around the area.
(2) Water Quality
Fresh water distributes mostly in the hill and nearby area. It generally contains much iron ion.
Zinc ion also is found much in the deep aquifer (4th aquifer). Treatment is required to reduce these
ions for drinking and other specific purposes.
(3) Hydraulic Ability
The hydraulic ability of the aquifer is not so large. Expectable well capacity is a few hundred
m /day (average of 300 m3/day).
3
(4) Environmental Impact
The following three things must be considered for every development site:
1) Impact on water use at existing wells, because there are many wells in the area,
2) Induction of salty water intrusion, because salty water already distributes under
the plain and nearby rivers, and
3) Land subsidence in the plain, because thick unconsolidated clayey layers cover
the area.
3-4-2 Basic Figure of Groundwater Development Potential in the Survey Area
The estimated effective groundwater recharge for development is averagely about 47,000 m3/day
and some proportion of it could be developed. Considering 17,000 m3/day is already used and about
50% exploitation has brought overdraft in the northern hill, a further developable amount would be
about a few thousands m3/day in the whole area. This amount is apparently small for the mid-term
demand of the Thilawa SEZ, 42,000 m3/day. Therefore, groundwater development is possible only for
the short term demand or for emergency use. Considering that groundwater is an essential water
resource for the region and wells are increasing year by year, groundwater should not be used for
Thilawa SEZ whenever possible.
3-26
3-5 Environmental Impact Assessment on Short-Term Groundwater Development for

Thilawa SEZ with 3-D Aquifer Conceptual Model
3-5-1 Purpose
To estimate the groundwater development potential for the short-term demand of the Thilawa SEZ
in view of the environmental impact assessment, a development simulation was carried out with a 3-D
conceptual model of the aquifer. The candidate development sites are shown in Figure 3-5-7 and
Figure 3-5-8. They are selected considering the sparseness of existing wells, distance to existing salty
water and convenience to convey water to SEZ.
3-5-2 Model Target
The model target area is shown in Figure 3-5-1. The target aquifers are the surface unconfined one
and the four confined ones shown in Figure 3-5-2.
Source:
JICA survey team
Figure 3-5-1 Target Area of 3-D Conceptual Aquifer Model

Figure 3-5-2 Target Aquifers of 3-D Model
3-27
3-5-3 Three-Dimensional Model
Figure 3-5-3 shows a created 3-D model mesh. Discharge of the existing wells are input to
the model as shown in Figure 3-5-4.
Bird’s-eyeView
Side View
Note: Vertical length 20 times magnified. Source: JICA survey team
Figure 3-5-3 Three-Dimensional Aquifer Model Mesh
Side View
Figure 3-5-4 Cell Distribution where Well Discharge is Input
3-28
The other detail of the model like contour maps of the aquifer boundaries, boundary conditions,
finally-input hydraulic parameters and the verification detail are shown in the Main Report.
Verification Grade of Model
Figure 3-5-5 and Figure 3-5-6 shows examples of model output for the model verification. The
model output nearly simulated the distribution, value level and fluctuation of the observed head, but
did not match well about the details. For example, the calculated head at the D-1 site in the SEZ is
about 1 m higher than the observed. At the sites in the plain, the quick response of head in deep
aquifers to rainfall is not well simulated within parameters ordinary used (Such response may be
related to an elastic deformation mechanism of aquifers). As a whole, the verification grade of the
model is of “not good, but not bad”. Therefore, the model should be considered to be the first
approximation of aquifers in the area. Accordingly, we must keep it in mind in making a decision with
the model output that the prediction made by the model is more or less different from the real,
Figure 3-5-5 Comparison of GW Level Distribution between Calculated and Observed
3-29
5 160
4th Aquifer ‐ Calculated 4th Aquifer ‐ Observed

4.5
140
3rd Aquifer ‐ Calculated 3rd Aquifer ‐ Observed
4
2nd Aquifer ‐ Calculated 2nd Aquifer ‐ Observed
120
1st Aquifer ‐
3.5 Calculated 1st Aquifer ‐ Observed
D‐1‐0 (O)
Groundwater Head (EL., m)
100
3 D‐1‐1 (O)
D‐1‐2 (O)
2.5 80 D‐1‐3 (O)
D‐1‐Srf (C)
2 D‐1‐0 (C)
60 D‐1‐1 (C)
D‐1‐2 (C)
1.5
D‐1‐3 (C)
40
rain
1
20
0.5
One gradudation=0.5m Daily Rainfall
0 0
2012/12/01
2012/12/31
2013/01/31
2013/03/02
2013/04/02
2013/05/02
2013/06/02
2013/07/02
2013/08/02
2013/09/01
2013/10/02
2013/11/01
2013/12/02
2014/01/01
2014/02/01
2014/03/03
2014/04/03
2014/05/03
2014/06/03
2014/07/03
D1
20 160
Thick Line: Oberved Surface Aquifer ‐ Calculated

140
15 Thin Line: Calculated
1st Aquifer ‐ Calculated
120
10 1st Aquifer ‐ Observed
Groundwater Head (EL., m)
100
D‐5‐1 (O)
5
D‐5‐2 (O)
80 D‐5‐3 (O)
3rd Aquifer ‐ Calculated D‐5‐Srf (C)
0
D‐5‐1 (C)
60
2nd Aquifer ‐ Observed D‐5‐2 (C)
D‐5‐3 (C)
‐5 rain
40
‐10 2nd Aquifer 20‐ Calculated

One gradudation=5.0m 3rd Aquifer ‐ Observed
Daily Rainfall
‐15 0
12/01/12
12/31/12
01/31/13
03/02/13
04/02/13
05/02/13
06/02/13
07/02/13
08/02/13
09/01/13
10/02/13
11/01/13
12/02/13
01/01/14
02/01/14
03/03/14
04/03/14
05/03/14
06/03/14
07/03/14
D5
Figure 3-5-6 Comparison of GW Head Fluctuation between Calculated and Observed
3-5-4 Groundwater Development Plan
(1) Development in SEZ
Figure 3-5-7 shows the plan of well locations where groundwater is assumed to be pumped up in
the SEZ. A well line with 9 wells at 500 m intervals was set along the eastern border of the SEZ
because it runs at almost the center between the salty water front and the western edge of the area
where the existing wells distribute. The four confined aquifers are targeted to extract.
(2) Development in East Plain
Figure 3-5-8 shows the plan of well locations where groundwater is assumed to be pumped up in
the east plain. A well line with 10 wells at 500 m intervals was set along the main road because the
road is convenient to install a conveyance pipe along it, and no wells exist near the line. Only the 2nd
confined aquifer is targeted, because fresh water supposedly distributes to the largest extent among
aquifers.
3-30

Figure 3-5-7 Groundwater Extraction Plan in SEZ

Figure 3-5-8 Groundwater Extraction Plan in East Plain
3-31
(3) Simulated Cases
Table 3-5-1 shows simulated cases with the 3-D model. They extract water at 1,000, 1,666 or
3,000 m3/day from a target aquifer for one year or a half year (dry season).
In addition, some additional cases shown in Table 3-5-2 were simulated where 1,200 m3/day of
water is extracted from every two aquifers in the class “A” zone (first developed area) at two or three
points for a detailed study (see the Main Report for the detailed locations).
Table 3-5-1 Simulated Cases (Basic Study)

Total Calculation of
No. of Discharge per
Site Target Aquifer Discharge Pumping Period Extraction Points 3 Moving Distance of
3 Wells Well (m /day)
(m /day) Salty Water Front
1
1,000 a year 3 A1, A5, A9 *
1
1,666 a half year (dry seazon) *
5 A1,A3,A5,A7,A9
First Aquifer 1,666 a year *
1
1
9 A1~A9
3,000 a year ○
1,000 a year 3 A1, A5, A9 ○
2
5 A1,A3,A5,A7,A9 2
2nd Aquifer 1,666 a year *
2
SEZ 9 A1~A9 2
3,000 a year *
1,000 a year 3 A1, A5, A9 333 *
3
3
3rd Aquifer 1,666 a year 5 A1,A3,A5,A7,A9 *
3
3,000 a year 9 A1~A9 *
3
1,000 a year 3 A1, A5, A9 *
3
4th Aquifer 1,666 a year 5 A1,A3,A5,A7,A9 *
3
3,000 a year 9 A1~A9 *
2nd, 3rd &4th 3000 9 4
a year A1~A9 *
Aquifers （each 1,000) （each 3）
5
1,000 a year 3 B2,B6, B10 *
East Plain 2nd Aquifer 1,666 a year 5 B2, B4, B8, B10 *
5
3,000 a year 9 B2~B10 ○

3
Note:*1 The moving speed can be estimated from the 3,000 m /day discharge case result.
3
*2 The moving speed can be estimated from the 1,000 m /day discharge case result.
*3 Salty water icntrusion not confirmed. .
*4 No need to calculate, because the other environmental impacts are large and apparently infeasible.
3
*5 The moving speed can be estimated from the 3,000 m /day discharge case result.
Table 3-5-2 Simulated Cases (Detail Study)

Target Aquifer Discharge per Well Total Discharge Calculation of
Extraction No, of
3 3 Moving Distance
Points Upper Layer Lower Layer Wells (m /day) (m /day)
of Salty Water
2nd Aquifer ○
1
1st Aquifer 3rd Aquifer *
4 1
4th Aquifer *
FW1, FW2 (2 for each 300 1,200
3rd Aquifer ○
2nd Aquifer aquifer) 1
4th Aquifer *
2
3rd Aquifer 4th Aquifer *
3
2nd Aquifer *
3
1st Aquifer 3rd Aquifer *
4th Aquifer 6 3
FW1, *
(3 for each 200 1,200 3
FW2, FW3 3rd Aquifer *
2nd Aquifer aquifer)
3
4th Aquifer *
3
3rd Aquifer 4th Aquifer *
Note:*1 The moving speed can be estimated from the upper case.
*2 Salty water icntrusion not confirmed in the both aquifers.
*5 The moving speed apparently smaller than the cases extracted at two places and can be estimated from them.
3-32
3-5-5 Assessment Criteria of Environmental Impact
The criteria shown in Figure 3-5-9 were applied to the model output to access the groundwater
environmental impact. Concerning induction of salty water inland, it should be generally avoided.
However, considering the importance of the Thilawa SEZ development and that its groundwater use
will be limited in amount and duration, it should be allowed to the extent that it does not sustain
substantial damage to the aquifer or negatively affect groundwater use by existing wells.
Figure 3-5-9 Assessment Criteria of Groundwater Environmental Impact
3-33
Figure 3-5-10 shows a result of groundwater level survey at dug wells on the whole hill at the end
of the dry season in 2014 (the end of April). The water depth in a well was less than 1 m at 27 wells
(55%) and less than 0.5 m at 14 wells (29%) among 49. This reveals that a considerable number of
dug wells have no sufficient depth at the end of the dry season. Considering this, the allowable
drawdown for dug well - 0.2 m is appropriate not to dry up a well or not to stop water extraction by a
suction type of pump at most wells.
As shown in Figure 3-3-15 (presented above), a daily fluctuation, about 1.0 m in the wet season and
1.4 m in the dry season, is found constantly at the D-5-2 well in the Thanlyin town where groundwater
is intensively extracted. The fluctuation must be generated affected by many wells around. This means
that groundwater is used allowing such a degree of interference of wells. Considering this, the
allowable drawdown for tube well - 1.0 m could be acceptable.
Figure 3-5-10 Water Depth in Dug Well at End of Dry Season (End of Apr., 2014)
3-34
3-5-6 Predicted Environmental Impact and Development Potential
(1) Example of Model Output
Figure 3-5-11 and Figure 3-5-12 show examples of the model output on drawdown and head
distribution. Figure 3-5-13 shows an example of the particle tracking to grasp the salty water
movement speed.
Note: The black
which contains
the existing
Figure 3-5-11 Example of Model Output for SEZ Site – Drawdown and Head Contours in 2nd Aquifer when
dot show a
model cell
well(s).
Head
Extracted in the Same Aquifer)

lower than El. 0
Note: The area
painted yellow
shows where
the head is
m.
Drawdown
of 1 m drawdown.
shows a contour
Note: The thick
light blue line
3-35
Drawdown Head
3-36
Note: The black

Note: The area dot show a
painted yellow model cell
Note: The thick shows where which contains
light blue line the head is the existing
shows a contour lower than El. 0 well(s).
of 1 m drawdown. m.
Figure 3-5-12 Example of Model Output for East Plain Site Drawdown and Head Contours in 2nd Aquifer when
Extracted in the Same Aquifer
Figure 3-5-13 Example of Particle Tracking Result on Salty Water Front Movement
(2) Allowable Development Case
The model output for all the simulated cases were accessed with the criteria shown above. Table
3-5-3 and Table 3-5-4 summarize the result.
Development in SEZ
As shown in Table 3-5-3, among the basic study cases, only two cases, where 1,000 m3/day of
water is extracted from the 1st or 2nd aquifer, passed the criteria. However, extraction from the 1st
aquifer in not recommended because the extraction would induce leakage from the Thilawa
reservoir, and a poor quality of water might be supplied from the surface aquifer, which is probably
connected to the 1st aquifer (see Figure 3-3-12).
As shown in Table 3-5-4, among the detailed study cases where 1,200 m3/day of water is
extracted from two aquifers at two or three points, all cases did not pass the criteria. However, three
cases which include the 1st aquifer for an extraction target were about to pass it.
Development in East Plain
As shown in Table 3-5-3, any cases did not pass the criteria. However, a case where 1,000
3
m /day of water is extracted showed a relatively small impact.
3-37
Table 3-5-3 Assessment Summary of Environmental Impact by Extraction for Thilawa SEZ
(Basic Study)
Drawdown at Existing Wells
Drawdown Allowable drawdown 0.2m in Unconfined Aquifer (Dug Well) Extent of Less-EL.0m Area
Total
Target at Pumping 1.0m in Confined Aquifer (tube Well) Move Rate of Salty
Site Discharge Orther Factors to Consider Evaluation
Aquifer 3 Wells Surface 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Surface 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Water Front
(m /day)
(m) Unconfined Confined Confined Confined Confined Unconfined Confined Confined Confined Confined
Aquifer Aquifer Aquifer Aquifer Aquifer Aquifer Aquifer Aquifer Aquifer Aquifer
1,000 1.2～2.3 ○ ○ ○ ○ - ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ・May force leakage from △
1,666 Thllawa Reservoir.
(in Dry season)
1.3～2.5 ○ △ ○ ○ - ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
・Probably connected to △
1st
Confined 1,666 1.4～2.6 ○ △ ○ ○ - ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ × Surface Aquifer, so that ×
Aquifer 3,000 vulnerable to contamination
(in Dry season)
2.0～4.0 ○ × ○ ○ - ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ × from ground. ×
3,000 2.0～4.1 × × ○ ○ - ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ × ×
1,000 15～23 ○ ○ ○ ○ - ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
1,666
2nd (in Dry season)
16～25 ○ △ × - ○ ○ △ △ ○ ×
○
Confined 1,666 17～25 ○ △ × - ○ ○ △ △ ○ ○ ×
Aquifer 3,000
SEZ (in Dry season)
20～33 × × × × - ○ ○ × × △ ×
3,000 21～34 × × × × - ○ ○ × × × ○ ×
3rd
1,000 30～48 ○ ○ ○ × - ○ ○ ○ △ ○
・Iron concentration and
△
Confined 1,666 32～52 ○ ○ × × - ○ ○ △ × × dissolved solids are smaller. ×

Aquifer ・Permeability is smaller.
3,000 39～63 × × × × - ○ ○ × × × ×
1,000 10～11 ○ ○ ○ × - ○ ○ ○ ○ × △
4th
Confined 1,666 13～15 ○ ○ ○ × - ○ ○ × × × ×
Aquifer
3,000 19～25 ○ ○ × × - ○ ○ × × × ×
15～34
2nd, 3rd & 3000
4th Aquifer （each 1,000)
36～52 × × × × - ○ ○ × × × ×
11～12
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Land subsidence by △
1,000 12.5～13 × -
consolidation of the soft
2nd
1,666 14～15 ○ ○ × × - ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ claeyey layer between Surafce ×
・Less than 1.5～3.0m Aquifer and 1st Auifer
East Plain Confined
in the exracting aquifer negligible, because drawdown
Aquifer
3,000 17～21 ○ ○ × × - ○ ○ △ × △ ・Max.0.1m/year in adjacent aquifers ranges only ×
through the upper 0.1～0.5m.
confining layer.
Table 3-5-4 Assessment Summary of Environmental Impact by Extraction for Thilawa SEZ
(Detailed Study)
Maximum Drawdown at Existing Wells
Discharge Drawdown at Allowable drawdown 0.2m in Unconfined Aquifer (Dug
3 Target Aquifer Extent of Less-EL.0m Area Move Rate
(m /day) Pumping Wells Well)
Extraction of Salty Case
(m) 1.0m in Confined Aquifer (Tube Evaluation Name
Points Water
Surface 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Surface 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Upper Lower Upper Lower Front
per Well Total Unconfine Confined Confined Confined Confined Unconfine Confined Confined Confined Confined
Layer Layer Layer Layer
d Aquifer Aquifer Aquifer Aquifer Aquifer d Aquifer Aquifer Aquifer Aquifer Aquifer
2nd
Aquifer
2, 4 17, 23 ○ △ × △ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ × DA1
1st
3rd ○
Aquifer
Aquifer
2, 4 38, 48 ○ ○ × × ○ ○ ○ ○ △ ○ × DA2
4th
4
Aquifer
2 10 ○ ○ ○ × ○ ○ ○ ○ △ ○ × DA3
(2 for each 300 1,200
aquifer) 3rd
2nd Aquifer
20, 27 42, 52 ○ ○ × × ○ ○ ○ △ △ ○ × DA4
○
Aquifer
4th
Aquifer
17, 24 10 ○ ○ × × ○ ○ ○ ○ △ × × DA5
3rd 4th
Aquifer Aquifer
40, 50 12 ○ ○ ○ × ○ ○ ○ ○ △ × - × DA6
2nd
2～4 11～16 ○ ○ △ △ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ △ DB1
Aquifer
1st
3rd ○
Aquifer 3～4 20～32 ○ ○ △ △ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ △ DB2
Aquifer
6 4th
2 7 ○ ○ ○ △ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ △ △ DB3
(3 for each 200 1,200 Aquifer
aquifer) 3rd
2nd Aquifer
14～19 23～35 ○ ○ × × ○ ○ ○ △ △ ○ × DB4
○
Aquifer 4th
Aquifer
17 8～10 ○ ○ ○ × ○ ○ ○ ○ △ △ × DB5
3rd 4th
Aquifer Aquifer
22～34 8～9 ○ ○ ○ × ○ ○ ○ ○ △ × - × DB6
3-38
3-6 Conclusion on Short-Term Groundwater Development for Thilawa SEZ
3-6-1 Status of Conclusion
This conclusion stands on the following status:
1) The conclusion on the short-term groundwater development for Thilawa SEZ has been
obtained through simulation with a conceptual model created based on the collected data
through the present survey.
2) Though the data is rather huge in amount, the distribution and the quality are not enough to
figure the aquifer with accuracy. The model should be considered to be a first approximate one
(see “Verification Grade of Model” in “3-5-3 Three Dimensional Model”) .
3) The real aquifer response to an extraction may differ more or less from the predicted. The
response also may differ affected by the metrological variation.
4) Therefore the conclusion obtained should be considered as a guideline to start the work. The
real allowable discharge should be adjusted and fixed as monitoring the groundwater
environment.
3-6-2 Groundwater Development in Thilawa SEZ
The groundwater development in the Thilawa SEZ is concluded as follows:
1) According to the prediction analysis results shown above, 1,000 m3/day could be developed
at least for a few years.
2) Even if the pumping duration is limited, say, a half year, the maximum discharge rate is not
recommended to exceed 1,000 m3/day, considering that there is no large difference in the
prediction analysis results between the one-year and a-half-year extraction cases.
3) Even if the extraction is made from different aquifers, the total discharge is recommended not
to exceed 1,000 m3/day, considering the result of the detailed study cases which treated
extraction from every two aquifers.
4) According to the prediction analysis, two cases where 1,000 m3/day of water is extracted
from the 1st or the 2nd aquifer passed the criteria. The 1st aquifer may have a high hydraulic
ability as understood from Table 3-3-3. However, the extraction would induce leakage from
the Thilawa reservoir, and a poor quality of water might be supplied from the surface aquifer,
which is probably connected to the 1st aquifer as shown in Figure 3-3-12. Therefore, the 1st
aquifer is not recommended to extract and the 2nd aquifer is recommended for the target
aquifer.
3-39
5) Monitoring is essential to extract groundwater, considering the accuracy of the prediction

model and possible increase of groundwater use around.
6) The allowable discharge would be reduced even before 2018, if the monitoring detects an
unfavorable sign. Extraction could continue even after 2018, if no unfavorable sign is found.
3-6-3 Groundwater Development in the East Plain
The groundwater development in the East Plain is concluded as follows:
1) Considering the inferred salty water distribution in aquifers shown in Figure 3-3-10 and
Figure 3-3-11 , the 2nd aquifer is recommended as an extraction target. According to the
prediction analysis result, the allowable discharge is about 1,000 m3/day.
2) This allowable amount is comparatively uneconomical to convey to SEZ over a long way as
understood from ”6-2-2 Cost Comparison”.
3) Land subsidence should be cared, because thick clayey deposits underlie the area (maybe not
serious if extracted from the second aquifer)
4) Even if the extraction is around 1,000 m3/day, the amount is not small for the region because,
according to the well inventory survey, the people in the plain are struggling for quality
groundwater and the present discharge in the whole plain is about 1,800 m3/day.
5) Considering such an economic and social situation, extraction in the east plain for SEZ has
not enough significance.
3-7 Recommendation on Groundwater Monitoring and Aquifer Management
3-7-1 Monitoring on Groundwater Extraction in Thilawa SEZ
(1) Monitoring Well (Minimal Plan)
To monitor drawdown which will be made around the groundwater extraction wells and to
monitor degree of the salty water movement, monitoring wells are required. Their allocation and
quantity must be appropriate for the site condition and the purpose to monitor as shown in Figure
3-7-2. Table 3-7-1 and Figure 3-7-1 shows the minimal plan for the site.
3-40
Table 3-7-1 List of Monitoring Wells for Extraction in Thilawa SEZ

Screen Depth Dia. Head Measurement EC Measurement Well
Clasification Purpose Well Name Target Aquifer
(m) (inch) Meathod Frequency Meathod Frequency Status
ME-1 Surface Aquifer 10 daily
Manual (manual)
To monitor drawdown given
ME ME-2 1st Aquifer (30 - 50) or or Manual Monthly
to existing wells
Automatic hourly To be
Main Well 4
ME-3 2nd Aquifer (65 - 85) (automatic) installed
Aquifer targeted
To monitor move of salty
MS by nearby Manual Weekly Manual Weekly
water front
exractinn well
D1-0 1st Aquifer 37 - 48
Supplement To monitor head and salinity D1-1 2nd Aquifer 66 - 83
D1
Well in aquifers in SEZ D1-2 3rd Aquifer 110 - 138 Hourly
D1-3 4th Aquifer 187 - 283(p) （records to
6 Automatic Manual Monthly Existing
D2-0 1st Aquifer 31 - 54(p) be extracted
Supplement
To monitor head in aquifers D2-1 2nd Aquifer 67 - 95 monthly）
Well D2
in the hill to the east D2-2 3rd Aquifer 125 - 148
(referrence)
D2-3 4th Aquifer 196 - 301(p)
Supplement To monitor head and salinity PW2 2nd Aquifer 36 - 70(p)
Well in the adjacent area to Class 10 Manual Monthly Manual Monthly Existing
(optional) "A" zone to the south PW3 2nd Aquifer 27 - 66
Note: (p) - plural screens
Figure 3-7-1 Location of Monitoring Wells for Extraction in Thilawa SEZ
3-41
Hydraulically, Legend of Monitoring Well

the maximum
drawdown occurs Minamal Plan
along this line, if
the field is nearly
+ Medium Plan
homogenoeous
and discharge is
the same at every + + Detailed Plan
extraction well.
Distribution
< Monitoring Well Area of < Monitoring Well
Allocation Plan Allocation Plan
Existing
to Monitor Move of Salty to Monitor Drawdown onto
Water Front >
Wells
the Existing Wells around >
Minimal Plan: Allocates a Minimal Plan: Allocates a well
well on the allowable limit Extraction Well on the center line of the central
line of salty front move to the extraction well at the point as
the west of the center point of much distant from the well line
the well line where the as to the nearest existing well,
maximum drawdown and because the maximum
maximum seepage velocity drawdown probably occurs
Present
probably occurs. along the center line .
Medium Plan: Additionally Salty
Medium Plan: Additionally
allocates wells on the Water allocates wells beside the typical
allowable limit line on the Zone existing wells near to the
both sides of the minimal-plan extraction well line, considering
well, considering possible possible inhomegeneity of the
GW Head Contour
inhomegeneity of the field. field.
Detailed Plan: Additionally Deatiled Plan: Additionally
allocates wells between the allocates wells between the
salty water front and the extraction well line and the
medium-plan wells to grasp medium-plan wells to grasp the
the speed of salty water move spreading speed of drawdown
before reaching the limit line. < How to Sellect before the unallowable drawdon
Appriproate Allocation and Quantity of Monitoring Wells > will be observed at the existing
In case of ground water exraction, if a substantial environmental impact wells.
is predicted to occur, an appropriate allocation and quantity of monitoring
wells are required. The allocation and quantity are setected considering the
following items:
1) Importance of affecting targets of impact

2) Predicted durtion of Impact affection
3) Predicted magnitude of impact
4) Accuracy of monitoring
5) How to cope aganist the unallowable impact generation - absolute
prevention or allowing such generation to some extent considering
compensation (by replacing for a new well, by deeping a well, by money
etc,)
6) Balance of cost and effect.
The selection should be done by the developer with the prediction of

environmental impact based on the retlated in-situ data on the impact-
affeting and -affected sides, considering the items above and consulting
with the authority of supervion and assessment of environmental impact.
Figure 3-7-2 Schematic Figure Showing How to Allocate Monitoring Wells in Case of
Extraction in Thilawa SEZ
3-42
(2) Organization
An appropriate organization for monitoring should be determined by the Myanmar side. The
groundwater environmental impact should be judged by an appropriate independent authority with
administrative power and fairness.
(3) Report on Extracted Water
The discharge, water level and EC of extracted water should be reported monthly to the
organization.
3-7-2 Monitoring and Aquifer Management in Thanlyin Town
In the Thanlyin town, the aquifers are in overdraft condition and wells are increasing year by year.
If this condition continues, soon or later salt water will intrude into the aquifers and groundwater use
will be seriously damaged. To prevent it, the following countermeasures should be adopted:
1) Alternative water source should be found to reduce the groundwater extraction.
2) Monitoring at the wells of D-5 wells should be kept in order to grasp the long-term
fluctuation of groundwater head and to confirm the overdraft condition.
3) More monitoring wells should be installed to grasp the overdraft condition spatially.
4) New installation of wells should be checked with the township inventory periodically and
should be controlled.
5) Water level and water quality at typical existing wells should be measured periodically.
6) An effective powerful organization for monitoring and aquifer management should be

established.
3-7-3 Effective Use of Installed Observation Wells and Performer of Aquifer Monitoring and
Management
(1) Utilization of Installed Observation Wells in Future
In the present survey, 16 observation wells are installed at five sites in different aquifers, and a
groundwater head monitoring had been carried out for about one year with an automatic water level
sensor equipped on the wells. As explained above, the groundwater use in the area increases highly
in recent years and the northern part of the hill is considered to be in a overdraft condition.
Accordingly aquifer monitoring and management are essential in the area. Though the owner or the
3-43
administrator of the land in which the observation wells are located has wishes for utilization of the
wells in future as shown in Table 3-7-2, the wells should be used as an observation well even in
future considering there are no observation well other than them in the area. The wishes to use the
wells for production can be understood in the circumstances that water is demanded to supply but it
takes much cost to install a new well. However, if they are converted for production, this means that
we lose the eyes to monitor aquifers and the loss is serious for the society. Especially the wells at the
D-1, D-2 and D-5 sites are important and are cared to keep them as an observation well because they
are located on the hill which is the main field of groundwater use in the area.
Table 3-7-2 Location and Importance of Observation Wells Installed by the Present Survey
and Wishes of Land Owner/Administrator of the Site for Future Utilization
Wishes of Present Land
Site Number Topographic Authority which permitted Present Land Owener/Administrator on
Location Importance as Monitoring Well
Name of Wells Location Installation of Well Owener/Administrator Utilization of the Obervation
Wells in Future
1) Useful to monitor environmental
Myanmar Japan One well with better water
Western foot of Chairman of Thilawa SEZ impact by extraction in SEZ
D1 4 Thilawa SEZ Thilawa Development quality migh be used as a
the hill Supporting Committee 2) Useful to monitor salty water
Ltd. (MJTD) production well.
intrusion from the Yangon River.
Compuond of
Ridge of the Useful for aquifer monitoring in the
Thilawa SEZ Chairman of Thilawa SEZ SEZ Supporting A well would be used as a
D2 4 central part of central part of the hill where GW is
Supporting Supporting Committee Committee pruduction on demand.
the hill mainly extracted.
Committee
Wants to use a well to supply
Village leaser of Chaung water in dry season in Uasful to monitor GW condition in
Side of Chaung Village leader of
D3 3 East plain Zauk vullage, Thanlyin shortage. (One well cannot be the plain, though water is not used so
Zauk village Chaung Zauk village
Township utilized because of salinized much.
water)
Chairman of SEZ (Both wells difficult to be
Side of public Supporting Committee utilized because of salinized
D4 2 East plain Thongwa Township ditto.
road (Cconsulted with Thongwa water; one well with less
Township in drilling work) salinity might be used)
Essential for aquifer management,
Ridge of the Public land of
Wants to use a well for water because no other observation well is
D5 3 northern part of Pagod in Tanlyin Tanlyin Township Tanlyin Township
supply to the nearby area. in the area where the aquifer is
the hill Town Center
already in overdraft condition.
(2) Groundwater Experts and Sectors in Myanmar
For the aquifer monitoring and management, participation of the groundwater engineers and
experts is necessary. At present among governmental organizations in Myanmar, the Water
Resources Utilization Department (WRUD) of MOAI has incomparably many groundwater
engineers. It has an independent groundwater sector under a director and has been engaged in
groundwater utilization in the rural area with wells installed by own drilling rigs. Among the other
organizations, it is very difficult to find such an engineer who works only for groundwater, though
some organization like the Department of Human Settlement and Housing Development of MOC,
which needs well installation for housing development in the urban area, may has. The WRUD is
considered to be the main engineering sector treating groundwater in Myanmar. Unfortunately the
present survey team could not have a good contact with WRUD due to some unavoidable reasons.
The township authority has an engineering sector caring water supply facilities including wells,
but has no groundwater engineer. In addition, because engineers are often replaced, it is difficult to
3-44
keep a technique.
Concerning an academic expert, Dr. Win Naing occupies the leading position in the
hydrogeological field in Myanmar, who is the professor and head of the geology department of
Sittwe University (the former associate professor of Hlaing College in Yangon). The survey area is
one of his study fields and the survey team got his advice in the survey and the workshop. He works
cooperatively with WRUD.
(3) Performer of Aquifer Monitoring and Management
Considering such situations, the groundwater engineers of WRUD and Dr. Win Naing are strongly
expected to participate in the technical part of work for the aquifer monitoring and management.
An administrative organization also must participate in the aquifer monitoring and management,
because maintenance of a well inventory and water use control are required for the aquifer
management. At present, the township authority holds a well inventory and an installation of a well
must be reported to the township. Since the township works under the Yangon Regional Government,
participation of the Yangon Regional Government in the management is essential to make any
administrative decision including usage of the observation wells in future.
The aquifer monitoring in SEZ should be treated based on the SEZ Law. However since the
development in SEZ relates to the aquifer management in the region, the developer requires a
coordination with the aquifer manager of the region.
The survey team requested to the Secretary of Thilawa SEZ Management Committee and
Irrigation Department, which are the substantial counterparts of the team, to assign the successor of
the observation wells and to establish an organization to monitor and manage aquifers using the
wells effectively. However they were not fixed before the preparation of the draft final report
because the Myanmar side has little experience in this field. As the survey came near to the end, it
was decided that the test wells and the automatic water level meters were presented to the Tilawa
SEZ Managing Committee for D1 and D2 sites and to the Yangon Regional Government (Southern
District) for the other three sites. The latter wells and meters will be maintained by the Thanlyin and
Thongwa townships. The township authority people and engineers have much interest in the
groundwater in their own regions and show wishes to utilize them effectively.
It is obvious that the aquifer monitoring and management must be carried out by the groundwater
experts, engineers and administrators of Myanmar. They have much experience of groundwater use
with wells, but little of the aquifer monitoring and management. Therefore it is expected that Japan
cooperates on this matter if required.
3-45
3-8 Conclusion and Recommendation on Groundwater Development in Future for the Region
Considering the all survey and analysis, the followings are concluded and recommended on the
groundwater development in the future for the region.
1) The Main groundwater recharge which is the source for groundwater development is the
infiltrated rainfall on the hill and is estimated to be averagely about 47,000 m3/day. 20% to
40%(*) of the recharge could be developed. The present exploitation rate on the hill is already
as high as about 30% and the northern area shows overdraft condition with the rate about 50%.
Therefore further large-scale development is not expected.
2) Groundwater is essential for the society as a water resource. A water supply for industrial
purposes should be planned considering the water supply for domestic use.
3) The environmental impact by overdraft is apprehended in the Thanlyin town. The overdraft
condition must be cancelled and an alternative water source to reduce groundwater extraction
must be found.
4) The groundwater development potential in the plain area (including the lowland around the
Thilawa SEZ and the east plain) is about 1,000 m3/day at maximum. Large-scale development
is not expected because of insufficient storage for seasonal fluctuation, a very small rate of
water circulation, and coverage of salty water at the surface. The development in this area
should be purposed for a limited short term, because, even if the amount is about 1,000 m3/day,
a long-term extraction provably induces the salt water intrusion.
(*) The allowable exploitation rate depends on many factors like hydraulic ability of aquifer
(easiness to collect water into an intake facility), extent and boundary conditions of aquifer, water
quality and environmental impact. Therefore it differs at places. In this area, no adverse
environmental impact is detected in the southern hill with the rate about 14%, but overdraft is
confirmed in the northern hill with the rate about 50%. This suggests the allowable exploitation
rate in this area drops between 20% and 40%. The allowable rate in the southern hill might be
smaller than in the northern hill, because the underlying aquifer formation ”Pegu Group” is
poorer in hydraulic ability than the Irrawaddy Formation in the north.
3-46
Chapter 4
SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WATER

CHAPTER 4 SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WATER

4-1 Bago River Basin
The Bago River is confluent with

the Yangon River at Thilawa SEZ
(survey area) and reaches the
coastal water body. Its head is
found 190 km from Yangon, lying
on Pegu Yoma (mountain) at an
elevation of 630 m. The length of
the river-channel reaches, due to
including complex meandering
sections, over 360 km. However, its
tributaries are not broadly
developed, so the basin area is
relatively small at 5,400 km2 1.
The hinterland of the Bago basin

is Pegu Yama, mainly consisting of
Tertiary layers with a linear
structure of NNW-SSE. At the
downward reach of the basin, its
western side is bordered by the
Yangon River basin through the
intermediary with Na Moe Yeik
Chaung, while at the eastern side, it
is restricted by the Sittang River
basin, and consequently, the shape
of the basin shows a stretching form
in a N-S trend (refer to Figure
4-1-1).
In view of fluvial geomorphology,

the Upper Reach (Upper Bago
Basin) is characterized by “Valley
Figure 4-1-1 Bago Basin
Bottom Plain” and Lower Reach
1
In comparison with the scale of Japan's rivers, the Bago River’s length of 360 km is almost the same as the longest river, the
“Shinano River”, in Japan. However, its catchment area of 5400km2 is correlative with the 10th largest, the "Abukuma River" in
Japan.
4-1
(Lower Bago Basin) and is dominated by a “Low-lying Area”. The geographical features of the Upper
and Lower Basins are respectively described in the following sub-sections.
1) Upper Reach (Upper Bago Basin): This section is upstream from the Bago bridge (Bago
city), and has 2,610 km2 of catchment. The section between the Bago Bridge and the
Zaungtu dam is inlaid with sandy sediments with a highly dissected terrain. The river
channel is meandering and is 10 m below the surrounding terraces with 1:5,000 to
1:1,500 of slope as shown in Figure 4-1-2.
2) Lower Reach (Lower Bago Basin): This section is located between the Bago bridge and
the Thanlyin bridge, covering low land less than 10 m m.s.l. in elevation. Along the river
channel, natural levees develop and a flood plain extends behind it. The elevation of the
riverbed is lower than the mean sea water level, and seawater intrudes during the dry
season. In this section, old canal systems built since the 18th century are used for
navigation and irrigation. During flooding and due to the tidal condition, the floodwater
comes into the canals from the Sittaung river basin.
800 800
600 600
400 400
200 200
0 0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320
Source: JICA Study Team: Figure is made based on SRTM topo-data taken from USGS( http://dds.cr.usgs.gov/srtm/ )
Figure 4-1-2 Longitudinal Profile along Bago River Basin
4-2 Hydrological Stations in Bago Basin
In the Bago basin, although the temporal observations were made downstream of Bago (10 km
section from Bago to Tawa), seven (7) stations were built for the river stage measurement as shown in
Table 4-2-1. Among them, two (2) stations have been operated by the Department of Meteorology and
the Hydrology Ministry of Transport and Communication (DMH, MOTC). As for the observation
period, the Bago bridge station has been operated for 41 years, since 1972, and the Zaungtu station has
been run for 26 years, from 1987. However, at the Bago bridge station, the low water level cannot be
measured due to the blockage of intake pipes by the river sediment. Due to the automated (float-type)
recorder not being functional, manual reading alone has continued four times a day. The other five (5)
stations were constructed by ID or ID/the Survey team. Out of those, four (4) stations were constructed
in the main channel, respectively at Dawei Dam, Tama Byin, Bago Old Bridge and Lower Se Tee in
4-2
order from upstream, while one (1) is set at La Gun Byin Dam, located in the tributary. Water level
measurement is made by the automated recorders at four (4) stations excluding the Lower Se Tee
station, which has a temporary measurement by a gauge reading.
As for the discharge survey, DMH carried it out in 1987 for the Bago Old Bridge, and ID made it in
2011 and 2012 for around the Bago Bridge. However, the routine river survey at a fixed baseline with
the continuous river stage measurement is only for one site, the Bago Old Bridge station, which is
currently being observed by the Survey team. List of meteorological and hydrological stations is
shown in Table 4-2-1 and Location map of meteorological and hydrological stations is shown in
Figure 4-2-1.
Table 4-2-1 List of Meteorological and Hydrological Stations

Record
N Station Lat Lon
Type Status Available Owner
o Name (DD) (DD)
since
1 Bago Bridge Met/Hydro_M Ext 1965/1972 17.33 96.50 DMH
2 Zaungtu Met/Hydro_M Ext 1987/1987 17.63 96.23 DMH
3 Kabaaye Met Ext 1901 16.87 96.18 DMH
4 Zaungtu Dam RG_M Ext 1993 17.76 96.20 DHPI
5 La Gunbyin Dam RG_M/RG_A/WL_A Ext/Const 2001 17.25 96.31 ID/JICA
6 Alaingni Dam RG_M Ext 2003 17.26 96.35 ID
7 Mazin Dam RG_M Ext 2000 17.34 96.44 ID
8 Zalataw Dam RG_M Ext 1999 17.30 96.42 ID
9 Pyi Pon Gyi Dam RG_M Ext 1988 17.64 96.50 ID
10 Baw Ni Dam RG_M Ext 1999 17.73 96.49 ID
11 Wa Ga Dok Dam RG_M Ext 2008 17.58 96.45 ID
12 Kodugwe Dam RG_M/RG_A Ext/Plan 2012 17.72 96.29 ID
13 Salu Dam RG_M Ext 2012 17.54 96.37 ID
14 Shewlaung Dam RG_M Ext 2012 17.65 96.35 ID
15 Daik-U RG_M Ext - 17.80 96.67 ID
16 Waw RG_M Ext - 17.47 96.68 ID
17 Tha Na Pin RG_M Ext - 17.29 96.58 ID
18 Tawa RG_M Ext - 17.23 96.50 ID
19 Kawa RG_M Ext - 17.85 96.46 ID
20 NyauglayByin RG_M Ext - 17.95 96.73 ID
21 Myit Kyo RG_M Ext - 17.59 96.82 ID
22 Min Ywa RG_M Ext - 17.35 96.64 ID
23 Shwe Hla RG_M Ext - 17.00 96.41 ID
24 Bago Old Bridge Hydro(_M/_A) Const 2013 17.34 96.48 ID/JICA
25 Tama Bin Hydro Const 2013 17.58 96.29 JICA/ID
26 Dawei Hydro Const 2013 17.75 96.23 JICA/ID
27 Shan Kine Sluice Gate RG_A Plan 2013 17.41 96.86 ID
28 Pine Kyone Sluice Gate RG_A Plan 2013 17.12 96.49 ID
29 Lower Se-Tee Hydro（_M） Const 2012 17.28 96.50 ID
Met: Meteorological Station for the measurement of climatic items including Rain, Temperature, Wind, Humidity, and
Pan-Evaporation.
Hydro: Hydrological Station for the measurement of both River Stage and Discharge Rate.
WL_A: Water Level Station for the (automatic) measurement of River Stage or Reservoir WL.
RG_M: Rain Gauge Station (Manual Measurement),RG_A: Rain Gauge Station(Automatic Measurement)
Ext: Existing Station, Const: Constructed by May 2013, Plan: Plan to Construct by May 2014
DMH: Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, ID: Irrigation Department, JICA: Japan International Cooperation Agency,
DHPI: Department of Hydropower Implementation, the Ministry of Electric Power No .(1)
DD: Decimal Degree
4-3
Figure 4-2-1 Location map of meteorological and hydrological stations
4-4
4-3 Hydrological Survey Records
In the Bago River Basin, two (2) long-term records are available from the middle and upper reach.
As the base station of the middle reach, DMH had installed the Bago Bridge Station in 1972. In the
upper-middle reach, the Zaungtu Station was constructed in 1989 and has been operated until the
present time.
4-3-1 River Stage
The river stage observed at the Bago Bridge Station shows that the water level has seasonal changes
with the range of 7 meters from 2 meters (Minimum) to 9 meters (Maximum). Ordinarily at the end of
May, the water level begins to rise and reach peaks in July and August. By September, coming close
to the end of the rainy season, the water level decreases abruptly and reaches the lowest level of 2 to 3
meters as shown in Figure 4-3-1.
Figure 4-3-1 River Stage Hydrograph of Bago Bridge Station
At the Bago Bridge Station, the flood danger level (bank-full stage) is 910 cm by the gage reading.
During the last four (4) years, three (3) floods exceeding bank-full stage (910cm) had been observed at
926cm (31 August 2011), 914m (24 July 2011) and 960cm (10 August 2011). However, since three
irrigation dams (the Kodugwe, Shwelaung, and Salu dams) had been operated in 2012, the water level
does not exceed the flood danger level.
4-3-2 River Discharge
The lower reach of the Bago River is affected by tidal changes and is a capable point to apply the
‘Rating Curve Method’ on river discharge measurement at the Bago Bridge Station (Catchment Area
2,610 km2) as is the lowest point in the basin. As for the river discharge survey, it was solely made in
1980 and at a different section far from the current observation line. Although it might be taken during
different conditions of the channel, this old rating curve is still used up to the present. In this situation,
4-5
the river discharge is calculated and distributed, as shown in Figure 4-3-2.
Figure 4-3-2 River Discharge at DHM Station

(Monthly Discharge of Bago Bridge and Zaungtu Station)
According to the DMH estimation made from 2002 to 2010, the average discharge is accounted to
have been 4,050MCM/year2, converted to 1,490 mm/year with the quotient divided by the catchment
area (2,610 km2). If it compares to 2,860 mm/year of area rainfall at Zaungtu, located in the catchment,
half of the rainwater (52%) becomes runoff water and discharges downstream.
However, due to old discharge survey, the river channels may differ from the current and estimation
may contain an error. The estimation data is summarized in Table 4-3-1.
The Zaungtu Station's average annual discharge from 1998 to 2001was recorded at 3,680
MCM/year. It can convert to 2,080 mm/year and is relevant to 72% for area rainfall. It may be an
unrealistically high level, and the rating curve should no longer be used for the calculation of current
river discharge.
2
In the case of re-calculation using ID and JICA survey data, average discharge (1972-2012) is 3950 MCM/year
4-6
Table 4-3-1 Estimated River Discharge at Bago Bridge Station (DMH,MOTC)
UNIT : MCM
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
2002 0 0 0 1 248 610 1,288 1,194 878 80 130 3 4,430
2003 0 0 4 0 187 586 775 1,194 866 185 2 0 3,798
2004 0 0 0 1 247 664 807 1,449 928 181 0 0 4,276
2005 0 0 0 2 116 497 584 1,242 1,187 168 88 40 3,923
2006 0 0 0 12 161 491 1,419 1,256 893 281 42 0 4,554
2007 0 0 2 5 447 439 1,290 1,423 544 285 15 0 4,450
2008 0 1 13 351 478 1,157 1,197 783 210 83 0 0 4,273
2009 0 0 0 8 115 561 920 1,028 684 286 0 0 3,600
2010 0 0 0 0 125 406 614 1,194 282 462 52 46 3,180
2011 - - - - - 761 1,251 1,465 1,130 647 - - (5,254)
2012 - - - - - 401 1,037 1,455 754 230 - - (3,877)
Avg*1 0 0 2 42 236 601 988 1,196 719 224 37 10 4,054
Avg*1:Average is calculated by 2002 to 2010, 2011 and 2012 is excluded.
4-3-3 Maximum River Discharge
According to existing record measured by DMH, the maximum annual discharge at the Bago Bridge
Station stayed around 1,200m3/sec by1980, but it turned to an increasing trend since 1980. In the last
10 years, it increased to 1,400m3/sec and more. In particular in 2011, the historical maximum rate of
1,530 m3/sec (water level: 960cm) was recorded. At the Zaungtu station, the river discharge behaves
with a different tendency from that of the Bago station due to the Zaungtu dam’s operation. The
Zaungtu dam has been operated with the aims of hydropower and flood mitigation. Actually, at the
flooding stage, the effect of “peak-cut of discharge” was found on the hydrograph and subsequently
the annual maximum discharge shows a decrease trend.
4-3-4 Flood (High Water) Records in 2013
The new river gauge stations were installed at the three (3) sites of the Bago Old Bridge, Tamabin
and Dawei, and have started observation before 2013’s rainy season. Their processed discharge3
hydrograph and rainfall are shown in Figure 4-3-3.
In 2013, Yangon (Kabaaye) and Bago had normal rainfall, respectively 2,774 mm/year and 3,242
mm/year (average annual rainfall: 2,780 mm/year of Kabaaye, 3,260mm/year of Bago) while the
Zaungtu Station has a heavy rainfall of 3,008 mm/year (average annual rainfall: 2,860mm at the
Zaungtu station). The climaxes of rainfall are observed since August. As well, the river stage also
moved and the two particular peaks of river stages were observed in August and October.
At peaks, the maximum discharges were respectively observed as 202 m3/sec at Dawei (daily mean
3
River stage was observed at three (3) newly installed stations from January- May 2013, and a river discharge survey was also
conducted in 2013 near each respective station.
4-7
of 28/October), 707m3/sec at Tamabin (daily mean of 22/August) and 1,005m3 /sec at Bago old Bridge
(07:00 of 23/August). If these values compare with 10minutes’ discharge, 10 minutes’ discharge is
30% larger than daily discharge. The changes of river stage and daily rainfall are shown.
Figure 4-3-3 River Stage Hydrographs
4-4 Water Quality
In the Survey area, general filed parameters (EC, Cl, Turbidity, Color, pH, DO, BOD and etc.) and
pesticide concentration were tested at 15 stations as shown in Figure 4-4-1. In terms of pesticide, the
test items were selected based on a list of imported pesticide amounts during 2011-2012.
4-4-1 Time-series Water Quality Monitoring on the Bago River and its Tributaries
An outline of the survey results during Nov. 2012 to Jul. 2013 is shown in the following
subsections.
4-8
(1) Electric Conductivity (EC) and Chloride Ion (Cl-) Concentration (refer to Figure 4-4-2)
In November 2012, during a

transition period from the wet
season to the dry season, values
corresponding to fresh water
were obtained at all points
(max. EC - 549μS/cm, max. Cl-
concentration – 56 mg/l).
During the dry season, after the
middle of January, EC and
chloride concentration
increased and saline water
intrusion was confirmed at
points on the Bago River
downstream of the Tawa (S-5,
S-8, S-11 and S-12) and
Khayan Rivers (S-10). From
May 2013, during the wet
season, the values decreased,
and after late June, the values
returned to ones like those for
the fresh water.
(2) Turbidity
High turbidity beyond 250

KTU was measured every time
at points on the Bago River
Figure 4-4-1 Water Quality Monitoring Location of downstream from Tawa (S-5,
Surface Water
S-8, S-11 and S-12). In the
Khayan River, turbidity was 50
to 150 KTU until December, but 10 to 20 KTU during the dry season from January to May. At a
point of the Bago River in Bago city (S-4), it mostly ranges from 20 to 35 KTU during the dry
season. Turbidity less than 10 KTU was almost kept at points along the upstream portion of the Bago
River (S-1 ~ S-3), the La Gun Byin reservoir (S-6) and the upstream side of the Ngamoyeik sluice
gate (S-9). The water of the La Gun Byin reservoir was always clean in turbidity, staying around 5
KTU4. During the wet season after June 2013, turbidity increased at all points.
4
KTU: turbidity unit based on kaolin standard solution; NTU or FTU: ditto based on formazin standard solution, NTU is used
only when a specified turbidity meter is applied
4-9
(3) Color Index
The color index varies in a similar manner to the turbidity. At the La Gun Byin reservoir, it mostly
ranged from 10 to 25 degrees during the dry season but increased to around 50 degrees during the
wet season.
Figure 4-4-2 Electric Conductivity (EC) and Chloride Ion (Cl-) Concentration
4-10
(4) Water Temperature
Water temperature ranges from 24 to 30degrees. Its change is shown as a one (1) month delay
from air-temperature. Lowest temperature is observed in January while the highest is observed in
May.
(5) pH
Most of the values show neutral water5 ranging from a pH of 6.5 to 8.5. Only at S-1, located
furthest upstream in the Bago River, the measured value fell out of the range. It was smaller at the La
Gunbyin reservoir (S-6), the upstream side of the Ngamoyeik sluice gate (S-9) and the Khayan River
(S10).
(6) DO
Dissolved oxygen (DO) mostly shows a good value, ranging from 6 to 8 mg/l. At Tawa,
midstream in the Bago River (S-5) and at the end of the La Gunbyin River (S-8), the DO at the
middle and lower depths shows a low value, like 1 ~ 3 ppm.
(7) BOD
BOD mostly ranges from 1 to 2 mg/l. In the Tawa on Bago Rivers (S-5), upstream from the
Ngamoyeik sluice gate (S-9) and the Khayan River (S-10), it sometimes increased to between 4 and
7. At the La Gunbyin reservoir, the BOD increased when the water level lowered.
(8) Pesticide
Pesticide concentration is checked for the six items of 2.4D, Atrazine, Carbofuran, Chlorpyrifos
Dimethoate and Pandimethalin. The concentrations of these pesticides were all below the detection
limit during test period of November 2012 to July 20136.
4-4-2 Seasonal Water Quality Monitoring on the Three Reservoirs near SEZ
The water quality test was made with the eight (8) items of Turbidity, Color Index, EC, pH, DO,
BOD, and Chloride (Cl-) for three (3) reservoirs in 2013, as shown below.
Turbidity 0 KTU (Beginning of dry season)

3 ~ 13 KTU (Late dry and wet seasons)
Color Index 11~43
EC 25~56μS
pH 7.2~8.0
5
WHO does not have a pH value guideline for drinking water, but ordinarily drinking water is supplied with a pH of 6.5 to 8.5.
6
Samples for the pesticide were all brought to Japanese Laboratory and tested
4-11
DO 7 mg/l
BOD 0.0~1.0 mg/l (Beginning of dry season and Ban Bwe Gon
reservoir)
3.0~5.0 mg/l (Zarmaninn and Thilawa reservoirs in late dry and
wet seasons)
Chloride (Cl-) 2~12 mg/l
Pesticide (6 items) not detected (less than 1/10 of WHO guideline value)
The water quality is good except for a slightly high color index, a slightly high Turbidity and BOD
in a specific season and reservoir. The Ban Bwe Gon reservoir has better water quality than the others.
4-5 Water Facilities
4-5-1 Reservoirs
In the Bago River Basin and adjacent area, including the eastern bank of the Sittang River, there are
various scales of reservoirs and 13 large reservoirs, two of which are located at the Zaungtu dam and
the Zaungtu weir exit in the main channel with the other 11 being located in the tributaries of the Bago
River, three (3) of which are in the east bank, four (4) in the west bank, and the other four (4) are
located in the bordering basin of the Sittang River as shown in Table 4-5-1 and Figure 4-5-1.
Most of the dams have been constructed for irrigation purposes with the exception of the Zaungtu
dam which is for hydropower. In the catchment of the Bago Bridge Station, there are five (5) water
facilities: the Zaungtu dam, the Kodukwe dam, the Shwelaung dam, the Salu dam and the Zaungtu
weir. These are expected to act as flood regulation dams together with the ponding of irrigation water
in the rainy season. The total storage capacity of five (5) reservoirs is accounted as 836 MCM (or the
effective storage of 708 MCM) and is correlative with 18%7of the total discharge at the Bago Bridge
station (3,950 MCM/year).
As well as this, four (4) facilities are located in the western bank of the Bago River: the La Gun
Byin dam, the Alingni dam, the Magin dam and the Zalataw dam. These are constructed for irrigation
purposes. However, the Magin dam currently has turned its purpose to drinking water. As the Magin
dam, the La Gun Byin dam is also used as a water source of the Thilawa SEZ and the Yangon Water
Supply, together with proper irrigation use.
Other dams of Pyi Pon Gyi, Bawni and Wagadok are located in the neighboring area of the Sittang
basin. They were also constructed for supplying irrigation water, and their developing water is planned
for use as the water source of a 30-mile greening project.
7
The effective storage (708MCM/Year) is calculated as 18% for the total discharge amount at the Bago Bridge Station
(3,950MCM/Year).
4-12
Table 4-5-1 Summary of Reservoirs
- 2012 2012 2012

4-13
- -

- - - - - - - - - - - - -
5: Reservoirs are owned by irrigation department except Zaungtu managed by DHPI

Figure 4-5-1 Location of Reservoirs
4-14
4-5-2 Irrigation Canals/Drainages and Water Gates
Waterways running in the Bago basin and the east bank of the Sittaung River start from the Zaungtu
weir located in the middle course of the Bago River diverting at 10 km downstream and continuing to
the Moe Yin Gyi reservoir (Zaungtu-Meo Yin Gyi Canal). Downstream, the canal is divided into
Tu-kyite point and Sun Pi, both being connected to the Bago-Sittaung (Bago-Sittaung Drainage/Feeder
Canal8) Canal. In the same way, water temporarily stored in the Moe Yin Gyi reservoir is also flowing
in the Bago-Sittaung Canal at Waw. In the Bago-Sittaung Canal, drainage weirs exist at three
locations: Aphyar weir, Min Ywar weir and Bagan Nyaung Pin weir. They function as drainages of the
flood water downstream, but in the dry-season, the diverted water at the Bagan Nyaung Pin weir is
confluent with the 30-mile canal. As described below, a 30-mile waterway is built by the ID, but its
end is reached at Khayan creek in the Yangon district located 45 kilometers south from the Bagan
Nyaung Pin weir.
Sittaung Bago and the 30-mile canal is a large-scale canal and have been used for water conveyance
and navigation but is also serving as flood water drainages. As main drainage systems, seven (7)
canals have been built on the Sittaung river side with the other four (4) constructed on the Bago river
side as a dewatering path for the flood water during the rainy season. At the end of each drainage canal,
water gates are provided in order to prevent the inundation of salt water. Out of the four (4) drainages
of the Bago river side, three (3), Tawa, Pine Kyone and Khayan, were already constructed. The
remaining one (1), the Shwe Hla weir, is in the planning stage. On the other hand, on the Sittaung river
side, the facility development has been delayed so far. Out of seven (7) drainages, only two (2), Shan
Kine and Kim Mon Chone, were constructed. However, five (5), Winkadat, Kalatsu, Kokko, Mamaul
and Tan Din, are still in the planning stage due to technical issues such as a weak foundation and
heavy sedimentation.
The Estuary of Sittaung is famous as “the place of tidal bore” in the world. The sites of water gates
located there also have the problems of being flooded by salt water inundation, storm surge damage
and soil salt damage, as well. Figure 4-5-2 and Figure 4-5-3 show the location of the drainage canal
and water gates, respectively.
8
The river mouth of the Bago River is known as ‘the laces of tidal bore”, frequently causing the distress of ships and rafts.
Aiming to maintain safe and economical transportation, especially for the timber exports, the Bago-Sittaung Canal was
constructed in 1878.
4-15
Figure 4-5-2 Location map of Drainage Canal
4-16
Figure 4-5-3 Location map of Water Gate
4-17
4-6 Available Water Resources for Thilawa SEZ
4-6-1 Reservoirs and water sources around Thilawa SEZ
There are three reservoirs around Thilawa SEZ; the three (3) reservoirs which were constructed as
the main surface water resources are enumerated as follows.
Zarmani-Inn Reservoir : It is a reservoir for agricultural purposes, and the reservoir

serves for irrigation mainly. In addition, the reservoir water is
sold as drinking and domestic water to the nearby industry area
and port.
Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir : It is a reservoir for agricultural purposes. The reservoir water is
supplied for irrigation and sold to the Kyauktan Township. A
small portion is sold as drinking and domestic water to a nearby
port.
Thilawa Reservoir : This reservoir’s water is supplied to nearby factories, is used for
irrigation, and is sold to a nearby port.
The Zarmani-Inn Reservoir is located beside the north-east of SEZ, the Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir is
located 3km east of SEZ, and the Thilawa Reservoir lies in SEZ, as shown in Figure 4-6-1.
These are agricultural water

facilities which are all constructed
Zarmani-Inn by the Ministry of Agriculture and
Reservoir
Irrigation. The Thilawa Reservoir
(completed in 1985) which is the
oldest of the three reservoirs has
Thilawa already transferred to the Ministry
Reservoir
Ban Bwe Gon

of Industry 1. The Ban Bwe Gon
Reservoir
Reservoir (completed in 1994) and
the Zarmani-Inn Reservoir
(completed in 1995) are managed
daily by ID at present. On the other
hand, the water rights were
transferred from ID to the Yangon
Regional Government due to
legislative revision (for small and
medium-sized irrigation facilities of
a less than 5,000-acre irrigation
Figure 4-6-1 Location Map of SEZ three (3) reservoirs area). Salient feature of three (3)
4-18
reservoirs are shown in Table 4-6-1.
Table 4-6-1 Salient Feature of 3 reservoirs*1

Salient feature Zarmani-Inn Ban Bwe Gon Thilawa
Gross Storage Capacity (1000m3) 6,616 2,140 1,363
Dead Water Storage
(1000m3) 402 185 14
Capacity
Effective Storage
(1000m3) 6,217 1,955 1,349
Capacity
Full Water Level (EL m) 7.01 7.92 9.75
Dead Water Level (EL m) 3.96 4.72 4.88(7.62) *2
Catchment Area (km2) 7.25 2.25 0.93
Ability of Water Facility (m3/sec) 0.765 0.765 -
Water Spread Area (ha) 281 86 49
Construction Period (Year Month） 1994-1995(JUN) 1993-1994(JUN) 1984-1985
Project Cost (106 Kyats) 448 199 47
*1 : It is culled from the document of ID, and added by the result of a site survey.
*2 : In the Thilawa Reservoir, the dead water level is 16 feet, but it is muddy water less than 25 feet deep.
Therefore, the lowest water level for taking water is 25 feet.
(1) Reservoir Operation
1) Zarmani-Inn Reservoir
The change in the reservoir storage and level after operating the Zarmani-Inn Reservoir is shown
as follows: the maximum water level in the 14 years after starting operation was recorded during
the rainy season of 2008 when Cyclone Nargis landed in the area. In that year, the water level was
exceeded by about 1 meter from the full water level during the 4 months till the end of the rainy
season. Because damage to the reservoir itself was also sustained, the reservoir was repaired (bank
body protection) during the period when the water level was lowered, from May 2009 to July 2010.
This last year was a drought year (2010), and the reservoir emptied completely in March 2010.
Except for the artificial operating period of the reservoir, the management water level (full water
level) was from 23 feet to 26 feet during the normal operation period of fourteen years, and the
minimum water level was 14.5 feet. The reservoir storage at this point was 775 acre-feet
(955×103m3).
The rehabilitation was made for spillway and embankment from March to April, 2014. A new
gate was installed on an ex-spillway to raise the full water level by 26.5ft（8.08m）. As well, dam
embankment was also raised from 27ft (8.23m) to29ft (8.82 m).
2) Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir
The Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir has been operated since 1996. The management water level is set
4-19
from 26 feet to 28 feet in the normal operation except for one year after construction and for
emergency operation such as a dam repair in 2011. The minimum water level in the past sixteen
years is 17.7 feet, and the reservoir storage is 371 acre-feet (457×103m3).
In April 2014 a new gate was installed on an ex-spillway to raise the full water level form 26 ft
(7.92m) to 28ft（8.53m）.
3) Thilawa Reservoir
The Thilawa Reservoir has been operated since 1985; the collected operational record at present
is for the past five years. According to the record of the past five years, the reservoir has never been
at full water level from 2010 to the present in relation to the management water level (full water
level, 32 feet). Moreover, in May and June 2012, the water intake trouble (muddy water was mixed
in the water) occurred. The minimum water level of the past five and a half years according to the
operational record is 25 feet; the reservoir storage is equivalent to 411 acre-feet (507×103m3).
(2) Simulation of Potential Water Resources
It was judged that it was difficult to get a surplus of water from the Thilawa Reservoir because the
water level didn’t reach the full water level during the past three years after 2010 and water intake
trouble (muddy water was mixed in the water) occurred at the end of the dry season in 2011. On the
other hand, the Zarmani-Inn and Ban Bwe Gon Reservoirs were judged as being possible to allot the
surplus water to new use, because their capacity remained at 553×103m3 (955×103m3 of reservoir
storage – 402×103m3 of dead storage capacity) and 272×103m3 (457×103m3 of reservoir storage –
185×103m3 of dead storage capacity) at the end of the dry season during the dry year (probability
1/15 years). To clear the amount of surplus water from their reservoirs and figure out the limit of the
amount, a reservoir operating simulation was carried out.
1) Operating Simulation
The operating simulation of the reservoirs was carried out using the monthly balance of fourteen
years from 1998 to 2011, except for the unexpected value from 2002 to 2003. As a resource, the
inflow into the reservoir during the same period for irrigation, drinking and domestic water of
existing water rights was deducted at first, and by increasing the amount of newly used water on
this value sequentially, it was traced how the water level of the reservoir decreased.
Here, the value at the point when the water level of the reservoir exceeds the dead water level
due to adding new usable water is defined as “Newly available water”. In other words, in the
simulation of the past 14 years, newly available water indicates the amount of water that can be
4-20
taken continuously according to the calculation from the reservoir.
The result of simulation of Zarmani-Inn and Ban Bwe Gon Reservoirs are summarized in Table
4-6-2.
Table 4-6-2 Water resources of 3 reservoirs

(unit: 1000m3/year, figure in parentheses is m3 / day)
Contents Zarmani-Inn Ban Bwe Gon Thilawa Total
① Vested water right (for Irrigation) 2,455 1,299 921 4,675
(6,730) (3,560) (2,520) (12,810)
② Vested water right (Industry, Drinking 9 37 450 496
and Domestic) (20) (100) (1,230) (1,360)
③ Total of vested water right 2,464 1,336 1,371 5,171
(①+②) (6,750) (3,660) (3,750) (14,170)
④ Surplus water resources in current use 876 511 0 1,387
(2,400) (1,400) (0) (3,800)
⑤ Newly developed water resources 960 548 0 1,508
(2,630) (1,500) (0) (4,130)
⑥ Available water resources without 1,834 2,395 1,371 8,066
re-allocation from vested water
(5,030) (2,900) (0) (7,930)
(④+⑤)
Note: As for the vested water right, it refers the operation records of Irrigation Department. Surplus water source amount,
Newly developed water resources amount was estimated by reservoir simulation made by Study Team on the basis of the
Irrigation Department survey data. the Details of each items (①~⑥) are as follows.
① Vested water right (irrigation water): Quantity of irrigation water used in/around SEZ, supplied from
Zarmani-Inn reservoir based on the reservoir operation record of 1996- 2010.
② Vested water right (industrial and domestic water): Quantity of industrial and domestic water used outside SEZ,
supplied from Zarmani-Inn reservoir based on t the reservoir operation record of 1996- 2010.
③ Total of vested water right: Total amount of ①Vested water right (irrigation) and ②Vested water right
(industrial and domestic water).
④ Surplus water source amount: The amount of water left in the Zarmani-Inn reservoir in the current utilization of
1996 -2010.
⑤ Newly developed water resources: The amount of water newly developed by the rehabilitation of reservoir.
⑥ Available water resources without re-allocation form vested water: Total amount of ④Surplus water source
amount: and ⑤Available water resources without re-allocation from vested water.
The estimation was made based on existing operation record and with a consideration of current
dam rehabilitation, which is increasing dam reservoir volume. As the result of the simulation, 5,030
m3/day from the Zarmani-Inn and 2,900 m3/day from the Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir were obtained
and their total is 7,930 m3/day of available water. However, water supply from Ban Bwe Gon
Reservoir to SEZ is thought to be difficult because there is strong demand of vested water right for
existing irrigation land.
According to the information in the site, irrigation water will be reduced by 78,900m3/year as an
upland farming used only in dry season from October to April. If this water will be changed to an
industrial use, the 15,700 m3/day of water can supply to SEZ.
4-21
(3) New Reservoir Construction in the Thilawa SEZ area
In the adjoining are of SEZ, a roof rainwater catchment system has become one of supplemental
water sources for a main water source of water supply system, ground water and pond use. In order
to examine a possibility of rainwater utilization in the SEZ, the possibility of a new reservoir in the
Thilawa SEZ is considered. Facility scale (reservoir) is also examined from the climate records such
as rainfall, evapotranspiration. In the following sub-sections, applied method and input data,
calculation condition and results are described.
1) Calculation method
The calculation was begun with the separation of the runoff, which is subtracting the loss
(Evaporation loss + Initial loss of rainfall) from the rainfall. This remaining amount is added to
reservoir storage, and is subtracted by the consuming amount on a daily basis. This daily
calculation is repeatedly made over the years, and the necessary catchment area and facility scale
are obtained.
2) Condition of Calculation
The calculation period, types of inputting data and other conditions are as follows:
The calculation period: 32 years of 1980 to 2012

Rainfall: Daily rainfall at Kabaaye Station(Yangon)
Evapotranspiration: Monthly Potential Evapotranspiration (FAO ClimWAT database9)
Water use: 4000m3/day (every day through year)
leakage loss:0.3 mm/day (assumed value for SEZ low plain area)
3) Result of Calculation
The effective rainfall, which is deducted a reservoir loss from rainfall, is 2,350 mm/year as an
annual average for 30 years. However, in the draught year of 1991 for 30 years, the effective
rainfall remains in 1,750 mm/year. In the case of utilizing 4,000m3/day from this rain water, the
necessary reservoir scale is 70 ha (area) x 2.5 m (depth). This scale is large as those of Ban Bwe
Gon (reservoir area 86 ha). As well, the ponding time is expected to be several years up to full
water level and at least the stable operation cannot be done for one year after completion of
construction. The plan therefore involves two risks, of which are its large scale of facility and a
preparation time for operation.
9
http://www.fao.org/nr/water/infores_databases_climwat.html
4-22
(4) Khayan Tributary
1) Khayan Water Gate
The Khayan water gate (sluice gate) was constructed at the confluence between the Bago River
and Khayan chaung aiming for the storage of river water (expected as 2MCM ) in the dry season as
well as the protection of flood tide. The water conveyed from upstream is once stored in the
Khayan Chaung then pumped up to supply the Thongwa, Kyauktan and Thanlyin area. The
objectives of Khayan water gate is summarized as follow.
Enhancement of drainage capacity in rainy season

Provision of supplemental irrigation water at late rainy season
Provision of irrigation and domestic water using diversion water form 30 mile canals
Protection of seawater intrusion and sediments caused by tidal change
The Salient feature of Khayan water gate is as shown in Table 4-6-3.
Table 4-6-3 Salient Future of Khayan Water Gate

Items Description
Location Near of Thongwa old village, Thanlyin Tsp;, Yangon
Division
Map/Scale (94D/5 – 715425), 1inch : 1mile(1:633,583)
Stream of Name Khayan Chaung
Drainage Area 142 sq.miles (368km2)
Type of Sluice Gate Concrete Sluice gate
Size of Sluice Gate 40gates 6’ x 6’ (1.83 x 1.83 m)
Upstream Length 4,000 ft. (1289 m)
Downstream Length 2,500 ft. (762m)
Contribution Area 30,000 acres (12,141 km2)
Project Cost 1247.28 million kyat (1.27 million dollar)
Project Period April/2004 – June/2005
Source: Irrigation department
At north of Thongwa township, the end of 30 mile canal connects to upstream of Khayan chaung
and its water flows down to Khayan water gate. In the dry season, Khayan water gate is closed then
river channel is fully ponded and the water is utilized as a local water resource (supposed to be 2
MCM of capacity) for irrigation and domestic supply. The gate is ordinary closed in the third (3rd)
week of October and opened again in the first (1st) week of May.
4-23
‐1
‐2
2013/5/1
2013/5/11
2013/5/21
2013/5/31
2013/6/10
2013/6/20
2013/6/30
2013/7/10
2013/7/20
2013/7/30
2013/8/9
2013/8/19
2013/8/29
2013/9/8
2013/9/18
2013/9/28
2013/10/8
2013/10/18
2013/10/28
2013/11/7
2013/11/17
2013/11/27
Downstream_High(m) Downstream_Low(m) Upstream_High(m) UPstream_Low(m)

Figure 4-6-2 Water level of Khayan Chaung in 2013
In operation of 2013, the gate was open on 25th May and closed 5th November during rainy
season. In rainy season after May, the gate was operating to control the tidal invasion and sediment
deposition and enhance a dewatering. While in the dry season since November by May, river water
was stored at WL 2 m (RL 9ft) in maximum and used for irrigation and domestic water by WL
0.35(RL 4 ft.) as shown in Figure 4-6-2.
2) Water Quality
In the Khayan chaung, the water quality measurement was done for 1 year from November 2012
to October 2013 with 7 items of filed-test parameters (Turbidity, Color, EC, pH. BOD, Cl) and
agricultural chemicals (4 items: 2.4D, Atrazine, Carbofuran, Chlopyrifos, Dimethoate,
Pandimethalin). As for agricultural chemicals, the content is less than limit of analysis at 2 times (4
items). However, for filed-test parameters, the seasonal change is observed in dry season. In
particular EC (Electric Conductivity) and Chloride content, they show a drastic seasonal change
between dry season and wet season. 100μS/cm of EC in wet season (October) had increased up to
6,000μS/cm in the end of dry season(May). Chloride content was also indicated as same manner.
The factors to cause a salinization of Khayan river are supposed to be 1) Natural river discharge
is interrupted in the dry season, 2) Leakage of seawater from Khayan water gate and 3) Seepage
from saline soil and shallow aquifer. At the present, the ID has plans for repairing water gates and
investigating saline soil distribution beside river channel to improve a salinization of Khayan river.
In addition, the fresh water diverted from 30 mile canal, which test operation has been made since
December 2013, is expected to dilute a ponded the saline water in river channel.
3) Water Resource
The water resources of the Khayan tributary involves both of a stored water in the channel of
200 MCM and the conveyance water from 30 mile canal of 100 ft3/sec (2.7m3/sec). The in-take is
planned near the Khayan Pumping station (WDUD), located at four (4) km upstream of confluence
point to Bago River. At the proposed in-take, water quality is a semi-saline water indicating more
2,000μS/cm (Max.6,610 μS/cm at April) in the end of dry season (March-April), and is fresh water
4-24
showing a less than 1500 μS/cm in rainy season to early dry season (May to February).
4-6-2 La Gun Byin and Aligni Reservoir
The La Gun Byin Reservoir was constructed by ID in 2000, and it is located 70 km north of Thilawa
SEZ. The reservoir is for irrigation, with 18.9m of dam height and 1578.8m of crest length, and with
183.5MCM of gross storage capacity (177.0 MCM of effective storage capacity). It is expected to be
used for 3,560 ha (8,800 acre) of irrigation by the plan (2002), but the current irrigated area is 1,780 ha
(4,000 acre) ha. It is estimated by ID that there is a considerable amount of surplus water in the
reservoir, because water consumption is smaller than the effective storage capacity and the inflow.
The Salient feature specifications of the La Gun Byin Reservoir are shown in Table 4-6-3.
To the east of the reservoir, the Aline Nee Reservoir adjoins it, and both reservoirs are connected by
an opened link canal, and the stored water comes and goes. On the other hand, there is no spillway in
the Aline Nee Reservoir, and a spillway in the La Gun Byin Reservoir is responsible for the drainage
of both reservoirs.
Table 4-6-4 Salient Feature of the La Gun Byin Reservoir

No. Subject La Gun Byin
Border of Yangon Division and Bago Division, Near
1. Location
Tha me ka lay Village
2. Map Reference 94 C/7 L 718932
3. Name of Chaung La Gun byin chaung
4. Catchment area 42 Square-mile (108.78 km2)
5. Average annual rain fall 100 inch (2,500 mm)
6. Average Annual Inflow (Ac-ft.) 126,000 Ac-ft. (155.418 MCM)
7. Type of Dam Earth Dam
8. Height of Dam 62 ft. (18.89m)
9. Length of Dam 5,180 ft. (1578.8m)
10. Storage Capacity of Full Tank (Ac-ft.) 148,800 Ac-ft. (183.512 MCM)
11. Dead Storage Capacity (Ac-ft.) 5,250 Ac-ft. (6.476 MCM)
12. Water Spread Area of F.T.L (Acre) 6,700 Acre (27km2)
13. Type of Conduit Reinforce Cement Concrete
14. Size of Conduit 4 ft. x 6 ft. (2) hole (1,219 x 1,829 mm)
15. Length of Conduit (Ft) 244 ft. (74.37m)
16. Conduit Design Discharge(Cu.ft./sec) 500 Cu.ft./sec
17. Type of Spillway Reinforce Cement Concrete(Broad Crest)
18. Width of Spillway (Ft) 50 ft. (15.24 m)
Spillway Design Discharge
19. 900 Cu.ft./sec (25m3/sec)
(Cu.ft./sec)
8,800Acre (3,560 ha) – Plan in 2002
20. Irrigable Area (Acre)
4,000 Acre (1,618 ha) – in 2012
4-25
(1) Reservoir Balance
The water balance consisting of inflow, domestic supply, irrigation water, evaporation loss and
released water is estimated by ID based on dam operation records since 2006 as shown in Table
4-6-4 and Figure 4-6-3. Total inflow is 285 MCM. Among 285 MCM of inflow, 103 MCM is lost by
evapotranspiration and 71 MCM is uncontrolled floodwater as it is spilled over the dam. The
remaining 111 MCM is utilizable water. As for environmental flow, it cannot be decided with
reasonable considerations due to lack of environmental information on water quality, sediment,
saline intrusion, habitat of aquatic spices, groundwater recharge, riverine and riparian, and culture of
this tributary and so on. However, it does not require much quantity in view of a natural river
condition as well as the minimum flow level. The river flow is often dried-up even for two (2) to
three (3) months in the dry season. In consideration of this river resume and discharge records, the
value of monthly mean minimum discharge for 10 years may be sufficient for an environmental flow.
In the dam operation records for 7 years, 14 MCM/year is recorded as a monthly mean minimum
discharge. However, a spill over occurs in four (4) months of a year and this can replace an
environmental flow. An environmental flow in turn is required for eight (8) months in a year. Taking
a total amount of as much as 8 MCM/year as necessary environmental flow into account, 103 MCM
(111 MCM: Utilizable water – 8MCM :Environmental flow10) is obtained as Allocable water for
irrigation, industry and water supply and other demands.
Table 4-6-5 Annual Water balance of La Gun Byin Dam(2006-2012)

OUT(MCM)
① ② ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥Total Storage
Year
Inflow Domestic Irrigation Evaporation Spilled Released (②+③+ Carry-over
Supply Water Loss Water Water ④+⑤）
2006 320 112 0 75 136 0 323 -3
2007 330 151 0 123 69 0 343 -13
2008 230 127 0 90 8 0 225 4
2009 249 0 0 130 40 85 254 -5
2010 227 0 78 76 16 43 213 14
2011 357 0 93 135 150 0 377 -20
2012 284 0 52 95 77 44 268 16
Avg. 285 56 32 103 71 25 286 -8
In the ID irrigation plan (La Gun Byin Irrigation Project), 3,560ha of irrigation area was planned
and 64MCM of irrigation water is required for maintaining the service area. The water thus allocable
to other users remains at 39 MCM (103MCM - 64MCM = 39MCM). However, the actual use of
water (as of 2012) for irrigation, accounting for 36 MCM (2,000 ha) and 28 MCM is abundant
10
8MCM/year of environmental flow is correlative to 11% ( = 0.23m3/100km2) of the annual average of flowing rate of La
Gun Byin river and is within the rage of Japanese Guideline of 0.1～0.3 m3/100 km2.
4-26
without use. Totaling 39 MCM of allocable water and 28 MCM of abundant water, 67 MCM
(40MGD) can be used for other purpose. By the adjustment consultation made between relevant
organizations, the allocation plan, which supplies 17 MCM (10 MGD) to SEZ and 50 MCM (30
MGD) to YCDC, had been confirmed. Water allocation of the La Gun Byin dam reservoir is show in
Table 4-6-5.
Table 4-6-6 Water Allocation of La Gun Byin Dam Reservoir

Water recourses / Utilizable water / Allocable water
Water Resources MCM
MGD Remarks
/a
①Total Surface Water Resource 285 172 Total inflow to reservoir
Evaporation and seepage,
②Loss 103 62
3.8m/sq.km(reservoir area)
③Utilizable Water 111 67 ③=①-④
④Uncontrolled Flooding 71 43 Spilled water from dam spill way
⑤Allocable Water Resource 103 62 ⑤=③-⑥
⑥Environmental Flow 8 5 Equivalent to 9mm/sq.km(catchment area)
Irrigation Area 2,000ha, Water allocation is 56% for
⑦Irrigation Use 36 22
original Plan(3,560ha)
⑧Industry Use 17 10 Thilawa SEZ
⑨Electricity Generation 0 0 None
⑩Domestic Supply 50 30 Yangon Water Supply
Figure 4-6-3 Water Level and Inflow of La Gun Byin Dam(2006-2012)
4-27
(2) Water Quality
The water sample was taken from the outlet of the La Gun Byin reservoir at the beginning and end
of the dry season of 2013/14. Items of water quality test were 24, selected from the drinking water
standard in Japan. Water quality is indicated as adoptable as raw water although Odor, Color,
Turbidity, Manganese and Iron are deflected from the Japanese drinking water standards.
4-6-3 Dawei Dam Plan
The Dawei Reservoir is planned for the

Dawei Branch River meeting downstream
from the existing Zaungtu Reservoir. At this
time, there are three candidates for the
construction site, which are located on a
narrow section of the Branch River as shown
in Figure 4-6-4.
The possible sites are located 9km (dam-1

site), 13km (dam-2site) and 16km (dam-3
site) from the meeting point on the river.
The plan salient data for the candidate

dam axes is shown in Table 4-6-6. The total
storage capacity is a large amount of
reservoir storage, which is from 130 MCM
to 170 MCM, and the dam height is assumed
to be from 23m to 28m.
Figure 4-6-4 Location of Dawei Dam Basin
Table 4-6-7 Plan Salient Feature of candidate dam axes

in Dawei Reservoir (source : ID,MOAI)
Plan Salient Data

Plan Catchment Estimated Inflow Total Storage Capacity Dam Height
2
Area(km ) (MCM) (MCM) (m)
Dam-1 89.7 128.2 133.2 22.6
Dam-2 112.8 161.1 167.2 25.3
Dam-3 117.3 167.6 173.9 27.4
4-28
(1) Potential Water Resource for SEZ
As the result of simulation with the SWAT basin model (SWAT model) made for 30 years from
1984 to 2013, 200 MCM/year of mean discharge is estimated as Dawei dam inflow. However,
annual variation is also large as is the minimum at 122MCM and maximum at 277 MCM/year. The
1/10’s (10 years return period) in exceedance probability is calculated as 257 MCM/year, while in
non-exceedence probability147 MCM/year is obtained.
The allocation of developing water is evaluated by operating simulation with giving reservoir
inflow11. Taking the condition that provides the priority to industrial (78,000m3/day) and domestic
use (100,000@100lit./person), remaining amount for irrigation is calculated as 99 MCM/year at
1/10's drought year for summer paddy. In Figure 4-6-5 the result of reservoir operating simulation is
shown.
Figure 4-6-5 Result of Reservoir Operating Simulation (Dam-3 Site)
Reservoir operation was made with 30 years and monthly reservoir balance is estimated. A water
allocation, which fulfills the SEZ demand, is shown in Table 4-6-8.
11
Effective storage of Dawei Reservoir is 130 MCM (full tank level capacity:150 MCM, dead water level capacity: 20
MCM). In order to confirm availability of developing reservoir capacity, estimation was made using with reservoir operating
simulation. In the estimation, industrial demand is expected in SEZ’s full development stage and domestic use is assumed for
rural people living nearby irrigable area as simulation condition.
4-29
Table 4-6-8 Water Allocation Plan of Dawei Proposed Reservoir

Water recourses/utilizable/allocable water
Water Resources MCM
MGD Remarks
/a
①Total Surface
200 121 Total inflow to reservoir
Water Resource
Evapotranspiration and seepage,
②Loss 17 10
2.4mm(0.7 - 3.5mm/day, based on Kodugwe Reservoir)
③Utilizable Water 131 79 ③=①-④
④Uncontrolled
69 42 Spilled water from dam spill way
Flooding
⑤Allocable Water
130 79 ⑤=③-⑥
Resource
⑥Environmental
1 0 Equivalent to base flow in the dry season
Flow
⑦Irrigation Use 99 60 Irrigation Area 5,400ha (13,500 acre)
Thilawa SEZ - excluded Class A (78,000m3/day since
⑧Industry Use 29 17
2025)
⑨Electricity
0 0 None
Generation
⑩Domestic Supply 4 2 Pop 100,000(unit of supply amoumt: 100lit/day/person)
4-7 Model Outputs
For the evaluation of basin water balance, SWAT12 was used and replenishment water amount and
related balance items were estimated for the Bago basin. The model outputs are briefly summarized in
the following sub-section13.
12
SWAT, the acronym for ‘Soil and Water Assessment Tool’, a river basin, or watershed, scale model developed for USDA
Agricultural Research Service. It has been properly developed to predict impact of land management practices on water,
sediment and agricultural chemical yields in large complex watersheds with varying soils, land use and management conditions
over long periods of time. No matter what type of problem studied, in particular surface discharge or groundwater discharge,
with SWAT, water balance is the driving force behind everything that happens in the watershed. To accurately predict even the
groundwater recharge, the hydrologic cycle as simulated by the model must conform to what is happening in the watershed.
Simulation of the hydrologic cycle of a watershed can be separated into two major divisions. The first division is the land phase
of the hydrologic cycle. The land phase of the hydrologic cycle controls the amount of water to the main channel in each
catchment. The second division is the water or routing phase of the hydrologic cycle which can be defined as the movement of
water through the channel network of the watershed to the outlet.
13
SWAT 7's parameter and verification results are described in Appendix III. Verification was made in 6 sub-basins with
total 54 months. In the verification period, a matching between calculation and observation value is good enough to use
successive analysis and in particular monthly calculations was judged to evaluate a water allocation plan with satisfactory
accuracy.
4-30
4-7-1 Model Outputs
The potential pathways of water movement dealt by SWAT are shown in Figure 4-7-1. The flowing
outputs: Area Rainfall, Potential Evapotranspiration, Actual Evapotranspiration, Peculation, Surface
Runoff, Base flow and Water Yield are selected and post-processed.
Figure 4-7-1 Potential pathways of water movement dealt in SWAT
(1) Area Rainfall
Area rainfall was calculated based on observation records of 6 stations located in the Bago Basin.
As a result, the maximum is 3,202 mm/year, the minimum is 2,787 mm/year and the average of
2,880 mm/year for 30 years (1984-2013). The area rainfall for respective sub-basins is shown in
Figure 4-7-2.
(2) Potential Evapotranspiration
Potential evapotranspiration is the rate at which evapotranspiration would occur from a large area
covered with growing vegetation which has access to an unlimited supply of soil water. The
calculation was made with the Penman-Monteith method and had a range of 1,422 to 2,668 mm/year
with an average of 1,541 mm/year, as shown in Figure 4-7-3.
4-31
Figure 4-7-2 Area Rainfall Figure 4-7-3 Potential Evapotranspiration
(3) Actual Evapotranspiration
The calculated value of evapotranspiration includes evaporation from rivers and lakes, bare soil,
and vegetative surfaces; evaporation from within the leaves of plants (transpiration). The model
computed evaporation from soils and plants separately. Actual soil water evaporation was estimated
by using exponential functions of soil depth and water content. Plant transpiration was simulated as a
linear function of potential evapotranspiration and leaf area index. As the result of the calculations
for 30 years, the actual evapotranspiration of 765 to 1,868 mm/year was calculated as shown in
Figure 4-7-4.
(4) Percolation
Percolation was calculated for a soil layer in the profile. Water is allowed to percolate if the water
content exceeds the field capacity water contents for that layer. Water that moves past the lowest
depth of the soil profile by percolation enters and flows through the vadose zone into the shallow
aquifer. The lag between the time that water exits the soil profile and enters the shallow aquifer will
depend on the depth to the water table and the hydraulic properties of the geologic formations in the
vadose zone and groundwater zones. In the calculation, the percolation amount was obtained as 476
4-32
to 1,653 mm/year with an average of 977 mm/year in 30 years since 1984, as shown in Figure 4-7-5.
Figure 4-7-4 Actual Evapotranspiration Figure 4-7-5 Percolation
(5) Runoff Volume
Surface runoff occurs whenever the rate of rainwater to the ground surface exceeds the rate of
infiltration. When rain is initially applied to a dry soil, the infiltration rate is usually very high.
However, it will decrease as the soil become wetter. When the rainwater is higher than infiltration
rate, surface depressions begin to fill. If the rain continues to be higher than the infiltration rate once
all surface depressions have filled, surface runoff will begin. In the analysis, surface runoff was
calculated with SCS Curve Number method and resulted in 271 mm/year to 1730 mm/year with an
average of 1,029 mm/year for 30 years as shown in Figure 4-7-6.
(6) Base flow
Depending on topography, the infiltration/percolation water is moved upward from the water table
into the capillary fringe, a zone above the groundwater table that is saturated. In the analysis, the
water amount from the shallow aquifer that returns to the reach during one year was calculated as
4-33
base flow. It takes 195 mm/year to 1,091 mm/year with an average of 597 mm/year14, as shown in
Figure 4-7-7.
Figure 4-7-6 Surface Runoff Figure 4-7-7 Base Flow
(7) Water yield
Flow in a basin is classified as overland and channelized. The primary difference between the two
flow processes is that water storage and its influence on flow rates is considered in channelized flow.
Therefore, the main channel processes modeled by SWAT include the movement of water in the
stream network. SWAT treats the volume of out flow calculated with the valuable storage routing
method as the net amount of water removed from the reach15. As transmission losses, evaporation,
and other water losses for the reach segment are calculated, the amount of outflow to the next reach
segment is reduced by the amount of the loss. When outflow and all losses are summed, the total
amount (called the Water yield in SWAT) will equal the value obtained from the valuable storage
14
Unit of runoff and base flow is indicated as height, as is 'runoff height(mm)' and 'base flow height(mm)', which divided
by catchment area in order to comparison with rainfall and evapotranspiration.
15
River flow is defined as channel flow with a free surface. Thus, SWAT uses Manning's equation to define the rate and
velocity of flow. Water is then routed through the channel network using the valuable storage routing method.
4-34
routine method. Maximum rate is shown in the

downstream of Bago city of 2,163mm/year while
the minimum rate is found near Zaungtu Village of
1,150mm/year. The basin average is 1,710mm/year.
In Figure 4-7-8, the distribution of water yield is
shown.
4-7-2 Basin Water Balance
The water balance calculated for 30 years from

1984 to 2013 is shown in Table 4-7-1 and an
average value is summarized in Figure 4-7-9. At an
average for 30 years, rainfall is 2,880 mm/year, and
797 mm/year is lost by evapotranspiration and 1,685
mm/year flows into channels. The remaining 398
mm is recharged into the aquifer and
re-evapotranspiration from groundwater through
deep-rooted plant. In the case of a dry year, (2010
was the 3rd driest year in 30 years, which is regarded
as 1/10 years’ dry year), its rainfall is 2,595
mm/year, and out of this, 824 mm/year and 1,394
mm/year are respectively allocated to
Figure 4-7-8 Water Yield
evapotranspiration and surface water discharge
(water yield). Others of 377 mm/year turn into subsurface system and are lost by re-evapotranspiration
directly from aquifer.
In the basin water balance, a runoff coefficient of the whole Bago Basin is calculated as 58%, which
is 1,685mm/year of river inflow (surface runoff 963mm+lateral flow 159 mm+baseflow 563 mm)
divided by 2,880mm/year of rainfall. This rate can compare to observation records (52% of Bago
Bridge Station in the mid-stream,60% of Dawei Station in the up-stream) as same level. As well, the
ID’s design guideline (60%: slightly permeable and bare land, 50%: slightly permeable and partly
cultivated or covered with vegetation) is also set as same level. As for 797 mm/year of
Evapotranspiration, its value is not far from other analysis based on satellite information16 (750mm in
the mid-stream). The groundwater recharge, obtained as 281mm by SWAT, is also same level as result
of Tank model analysis made in a similar condition of soil and geology17. In comparison with other
16
MODIS Global Evapotranspiration Project (MOD16) http://www.ntsg.umt.edu/project/mod16
17
In tank model analysis in the Study, the height of groundwater recharge was calculated as wide range of 60 mm/year to
600 mm/year. In the case of Pegu formation, which is same condition as a hilly area of the Bago basin, 320mm/year of
groundwater recharge is obtained.
4-35
results of analysis, this SWAT result is judged as enough accuracy to understand the water balance of
the Bago Basin.
Table 4-7-1 Basin Water Balance (1984-2013)

Order of
Area Surface Lateral Base Percola Water GW.
ET*1 PET*2 Water
Year Rainfall Runoff Flow Flow -tion Yield Recharge*3
Yield
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) -
1984 3,102 1,015 184 639 1,089 815 1,495 1,837 450 24
1985 2,718 959 140 487 849 778 1,531 1,586 354 8
1986 2,456 677 132 462 805 814 1,492 1,272 371 2
1987 2,183 585 114 375 693 803 1,469 1,074 307 1
1988 2,873 1,006 153 510 904 810 1,482 1,670 394 16
1989 2,812 910 165 569 967 775 1,467 1,643 393 13
1990 3,159 1,066 196 636 1,093 799 1,504 1,898 462 25
1991 2,528 762 134 513 858 771 1,483 1,409 348 4
1992 2,622 806 147 524 898 775 1,479 1,478 370 7
1993 2,649 940 123 525 858 737 1,481 1,587 325 9
1994 2,969 1,043 144 613 994 778 1,469 1,800 392 23
1995 2,874 969 157 566 950 792 1,470 1,691 391 18
1996 2,824 969 141 527 900 810 1,478 1,637 377 12
1997 2,806 963 161 545 935 759 1,504 1,669 379 15
1998 2,534 802 114 515 836 768 1,508 1,430 336 6
1999 3,653 1,379 206 772 1,270 793 1,437 2,358 502 30
2000 2,906 962 162 595 1,007 780 1,461 1,720 406 20
2001 2,905 879 167 601 1,022 835 1,532 1,647 423 14
2002 3,282 1,244 161 610 1,029 832 1,555 2,015 436 28
2003 2,755 912 149 537 915 798 1,530 1,598 359 10
2004 2,940 973 192 568 1,003 773 1,562 1,733 434 21
2005 2,613 818 148 449 797 808 1,544 1,414 391 5
2006 2,859 906 158 626 1,044 786 1,480 1,690 382 17
2007 3,038 1,061 177 551 977 813 1,566 1,790 435 22
2008 3,285 1,101 193 666 1,139 844 1,529 1,960 481 27
2009 2,883 1,021 138 543 904 819 1,551 1,702 362 19
2010 2,595 794 155 445 811 824 1,615 1,394 377 3
2011 3,618 1,379 206 745 1,241 810 1,539 2,329 479 29
2012 3,152 1,121 181 600 1,015 819 1,559 1,902 431 26
2013 2,801 873 163 580 974 784 1,471 1,615 402 11
Average 2,880 963 159 563 959 797 1,508 1,685 398 -
ET*1: Actual Evapo-transpiration
PET*2: Potential Evapo-transpiration
GW. Recharge*3: Groundwater Recharge and Evapo-transpiration from Ground water
4-36
Figure 4-7-9 Basin Water Balance (average of 1984-2013)
4-8 Monitoring system and database
4-8-1 Monitoring items
The water resources monitoring and its database establishment is made for SEZ and the adjoining
area (Thanlyin, Kyauktan, Thongwa and Khayan Townships), the Bago basin, the bordering area
between and Bago River (eastern bank) and Sittaung River (western bank of River Mouse). The
monitoring items are of rainfall, water level, river discharge, water quality, riverbed sediment,
operation and management record of dams, weirs, gates and sea phenomena (refer to Figure4-8-1) in
order to utilize for a future plan and management on the Bago basin. Standing on this view, the
necessary number of observatories (and an observation framework) is described below.
Rainfall: Due to the scale of the observing area covered by the Bago basin (5,350 km2) and to
maintain the necessary accuracy for area rainfall(average rainfall) as basic information of basin
4-37
water resources, the density of rain gauges are ideally desired to be 50km2/site18, which is
corresponding to at least 107 sites for the area. But, actually in the Bago basin, its half is in the
inaccessible area laid by the mountainous to hilly forest without any roads. Consequently, half of
the ideal number of 50 sites is considered as the monitoring plan, while in plain areas, the existing
rain gauges have been installed along with 23 sites of dams and weirs and are functioning as
manual stations with the graduated cylinders. In the plan, these 23 stations are to be changed to
the automated tipping bucket rain gauge and new stations are also made in between the existing
stations. In addition, the telemeter system is also considered, especially in hilly to mountainous
areas.
River Discharge: The Bago River, regarded as the main subject for monitoring, is deeply intruded
by tide. It can be traced over 80 km inland from the River Mouse, and the applied method for
river discharge is also different due to whether or not the tide affects the river flow. For the
un-tidal section, the Rating Curve Method can be applied, the same as for existing stations. So,
the monitoring points follow those of existing stations, adding the improvement of accuracy with
frequent observation. As for the tidal section, there is none of the existing station due to the
burden of high cost19. New monitoring point(s) therefore shall be established. In conjunction with
the change of the water use situation in the future, the adequate location of an observatory is
selected in the section of SEZ to Bago city. For the flow rate of the tributaries, many dams and
weirs exist, enabling measurements using those water facilities.
Water Level: The water level is observed at the river discharge points. Furthermore, at facilities
such as dams and weirs, of which are available points for estimating river discharge (≒outflow),
the water level is also monitored. The measurement devices are planned to use the pressure type
water level logger.
Water Quality (surface water): Water quality points are considered, giving future water use and
including the existing 12 points made by the Survey (refer to Figure4-4-1) and the new points
locating the border area between the Bago and Sittaung Rivers as well as the diversion route from
the water source to the beneficiary (SEZ and adjoining area).
River Bed Sediment: Sediment monitoring sites are installed respectively for the river sections
(hill, alluvial, and river-mouth) and the River Discharge stations are used in combination with the
sediment monitoring points.
18
The Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Technical Criteria for River Works: Practical Guide
for Survey, Chapter 2 hydrology and hydraulic observation, Sub-section 2 rainfall observation (2.3.1) /
Hashimoto T. (1977), Study on the estimation of the accuracy and reliability of area rainfalls by sample design method,
Report No. 149 of Public Works Research Institute, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.
19
The Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Technical Criteria for River Works: Practical Guide
for Survey, Chapter 2 hydrology and hydraulic observation, Sub-section4 river discharge survey (4.11.1).
4-38
Figure 4-8-1 Monitoring Points (plan)
4-39
Dam/Weir: The monitoring is subjected to the management and operation records of dams, weirs,
gates, etc. constructed by MEPE and ID.
Sea Phenomena: The seawater levels (the water level at River Mouse), interfered by tidal changes
and waves, and is measured, as it is closely related to river flow upstream. In particular, the
monitoring point is to be planned at the estuary of the Sittaung River known as “a place of tidal
bore”, resulting in large tidal changes.
4-8-2 Data Base
(1) Data Base Structure
In the Survey, information and data accumulated in ID was not fully surveyed and the detail of
their data modeling cannot be described. The collected data are classified as three (3) types:
1) Existing data collected from relevant sections of respective organizations and agencies
2) Observation data surveyed in the Study (data is used for groundwater/hydrological analysis)
3) Processed tables and figures and secondary data arranged from 1) and 2) data.
As for 1) and 3) data, the data type and format are not unified and various data are mixed together
and stored in different ID sections and branches respectively. In current situation ID has an obstacle
on data and document management. Therefore, ID expects to introduce new data
collection/management/shearing system capable to easy access and browse various data. In the Study,
as preparation for future data management plan, the collected data were grouped into three (3)
categories of (a) Hydrological survey/Water source, (b) Water supply/Water use and (c) Water
facility with 22 sub-areas as a recommended database structure, as shown in Table 4-8-1.
Table 4-8-1 Data base Structure

Sub-areas
Categories of Data Modeling Sub-areas
Symbol
HO-00 Water Point (or Water measure Point)
HO-01 Meteorological Observation (or Meteorology)
HO-02 River Discharge(or River)
HO-03 Spring Discharge(or Spring)
HO-04 Observation Well
Hydrological Observation
HO-05 Ground Water Level survey (or Ground Water Level)
And Water points
HO-06 Geophysical Survey (or Geophysics)
HO-07 Water Chemistry survey
HO-08 Chemical analysis (or Chemistry)
HO-09 Well construction
HO-10 Pumping Test
Water Supply And Water WS-00 Water Supply Point
4-40
Demand WS-01 Water Service

WS-02 Water Production
WS-03 Well Inventory Survey
WS-04 Irrigation Survey
WS-05 Agricultural Survey (or Village Survey)
WS-06 Environmental and Social Survey
WF-00 Water Facility Project
WF-01 Water Facility Point
WF-02 Dam
Water Facility WF-03 Pump Station (or Pipe line)
WF-04 Irrigation Network
WF-05 Drainage Network
WF-06 Sub Basin
3 Areas 22 sub-subject
In the future database establishment in the ID, the database structure is recommended to be
applied for data classification, and various data is to be stored and registered in certain rule (i.e.
Database structure).In conjunction with the rule, the collected data in the Study were also arranged in
to 22 sub-areas for a future implementation of data base (refer to Appendix Supporting data).
(2) Observation and Operation Framework
The operation and management of hydrological monitoring and database are expected to manage
by the present framework of ID. At the present time, hydrological measurement and facility
maintenance are conducted by related organizations in ID; Hydrology Branch, Investigation Branch,
Construction Circles, Region/States Maintenance Office, Design Branch and Planning and Works
Branch. The manual measurements for rainfall and river stage are carried out by construction circle
and maintenance office due to the most of station is installed in existing water facility. In the
construction duration, construction circle has responsible to install the rain gauge and successive
measurement. After construction, maintenance office has role to follow measurement of rainfall and
river stage. In the most of major water facility, the O/M staffs are engaged full time in the field and
has task for daily maintenance and necessary observation (in daily or hourly reading in flood period).
All the measurement data are then sending to planning and works branch and feedback to related
organizations. While for river discharge survey and auto-mated measurements, which requires a skill
and knowledge to operate the equipment, hydrology branch is exclusively in-charged. The water
quality survey is done by plural organizations of Hydrology Branch, Investigation Branch and
Irrigation Technology Center. As for river bottom sediment, its survey is carried out by Investigation
branch. Further for leveling survey necessary to station's installation, it was done by topo-survey
team under the Design branch. At the current measurement works, these ID’s framework for
hydrological measurement is well functioned without any serious problems as far. The future
monitoring plan in Bago basin is also recommended to manage by existing ID’s framework.
4-41
As for the database management system, ID has keen to intention to introduce the system. However,
there are basic obstacles on the network condition within ID, communication lines to outside and
experience of ID staff, and it must be required a long term plan to clear those for actual
implementation. Due to the current situation, the data collected in the Study was not structuralized for
data base and only classified into sub-areas with keeping original data formats and types.
4-42
Chapter 5
THE WATER DEMAND FORECASTING

CHAPTER 5 THE WATER DEMAND FORECASTING

5-1 Precondition of the Forecasting on the Water Demand
5-1-1 Industry Targeted
On the occasion of the forecasting of the water demand from the survey area, the composition
element of the amount of the water demand is defined. According to the Water Resources White Paper
compiled by the Ministry of the Land Infrastructure and Transportation of Government of Japan in
2012, the relationship between the water resources potential and the water demand are shown below as
a pattern diagram:
Figure 5-1-1 Water Resources Potential and Water Demand in Japan
According to the result of an analysis based on the statistical data in the last thirty (30) years, on the
occasion of the water demand forecasting, the following three (3) items of the water demand should be
considered for rationale estimation of the forecasting:
- Water for Agriculture

- Water for Industry
- Water for Domestic use
5-1
Nowadays Japan is not an agrarian country, but the water for agriculture still shares the biggest
water user at 67%.
Therefore in this paper, three items (mentioned above) shall be considered for the forecasting.
5-2 Forecasting on the Water Demand for Agriculture
5-2-1 Present Situation of the Agriculture in the Target Area
Agriculture shares the first priority in the structure of the GDP of 27.8% in Myanmar, and even as it
is going toward a manufacturing industry nation in the future, agriculture is the main industry at this
moment. Since the natural resources of the Earth and the Water are essential components for
agriculture, an agricultural field is the biggest user of the water resource.
From the “Five-Year Plan of Action from 2011-2012 to 2015-2016 of the Department Agriculture”
the target is mentioned in the paragraph below.
- Increasing the crop yield per acre

- Expanding sown area
- Systematically applying quality seeds, chemical fertilizers and pesticides
- Educating for Good Agriculture Practices
- Conducting the agricultural research and development
- Training and educating for human resource development
To realize the expanding sown area, the application of quality seeds and increasing the crop yield
per acre, the water demand will certainly be increased. To keep a sustainable water supply for an
agricultural activity, additional water resource development will be a major issue.
5-2-2 Future Agriculture in the Target Area
(1) Present irrigated ratio
Considering the population movement, requiring the increase of food production and promotion of
the policy of the rice export for obtaining foreign currency, the promotion of agriculture is
exceedingly a priority political issue. Consequently, it can be said that the biggest user of the water
resources will still be an agricultural field in the future. And the water resources demand depends on
the implementation ratio of the irrigation system for sustainable agriculture in Myanmar.
According to “Myanmar Agriculture in Brief (Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, August 2012,
P37)”, the Irrigation ratio in Myanmar is reported at 16.7% throughout the country. The irrigation
ratio in the target area is reported below as a result of interviews conducted.
5-2
Yangon District Survey Area (4 Township)
Administrative Area (km2) 5,030.9 2,665.3

Cultivate Area (ha) 357,337 190,513
Irrigated Area (ha) 0
Irrigated Ratio (%) 0
(2) Implementation ratio of the irrigation system in 2040
The “Five-Year Plan of the Department Agriculture” couldn’t be found through the survey
activities in the Headquarters. The “Agriculture Sector Development Objectives”, which is a part of
the “National Comprehensive Development Plan (2011-2031) compiled by the Ministry of National
Planning and Economic Development”, mentioned the numerical target for a five year period as
shown below.
Table 5-2-1 Five-Year Plan of Department Agriculture

Beneficiary Area Irrigated Area
Year Dam/Reservoirs
(million acre) (million acre)
2011/12 415 33.93 5.65
2012/13 421 33.94 5.72
2013/14 424 33.52 5.76
2014/15 433 33.85 5.80
2015/16 443 36.67 5.82
The implementation ratio of the irrigation system in 2011/12 is estimated as shown below.
5.65 (million acre) / 33.93 (million acre) = 16.65 (%)
The target ratio of the irrigation system in 2015/16 is estimated as shown below.
5.82 (million acre) / 36.67 (million acre) = 17.29 (%)
Following this implementation plan until target year of the plan in 2040, during thirty years (30)
from 2011 to 2040, an increase of the irrigation ratio can be estimated as shown below.
(17.29 – 16.65)×(2040 – 2010) / 5 = 3.84 (%)
Consequently, the mean implementation ratio of the irrigation system in 2040 will be assumed as
shown below.
16.65 + 3.84 = 20.49 (%)
(3) Cultivated area
Since there is no the agricultural development plan, the cultivated area in 2040 can’t assumed
5-3
based on the official materials. It can be assumed as follows:
- Tanlyin township and Kyauktan township has possibility and potential of the regional
development. The cultivated area in 2040 will be decreased around 30%,
- Thongwa township and Kyauktan township will be same compare with present situation.
Table 5-2-2 Transition of Cultivated Area (in 2040)

Unit; ha
Thanlyin Kyauktan Thongwa Khayan
Cultivating area 24,762 62,883 58,805 44,063

Decreasing ratio 30% 30% 0% 0%
Cultivating area in 2040 17,333 44,018 58,805 44,063
5-2-3 Forecasting of the Irrigation Water Demand
On the forecasting of the irrigation water demand, the following model shall be assumed based on
the national agricultural policy and improvement policy of the irrigation system.
- The cultivated area in the survey area has possibility to be increased by following the
population growth in the survey area, based on the self-sufficiency of the rice. The other side,
it has possibility of the progress of urbanization for Thanlyin and Thauktan township. The
cultivated area in 2040 is obtained as mention in Table 5-2-2.
- Since one of the political targets of the Government is stated as an increase of agricultural
production, the implementation of an irrigation system is set at 20.49 (%).
- The sown area of the paddy will be increased in order to correspond with an increase of the
population of the cultivated area in Thongwa and Khayan township. Thanlyin and Kyauktan
township will be developed in progress of urbanization.
- The required water resources in 2040 shall be estimated by applying the above-mentioned
formula based on the sown area assumed for the summer paddy.
Table 5-2-3 Forecasting of Irrigation Water Demand
Cultivated area (ha) 17,333 44,018 58,805 44,063 164,219
Summer paddy (ha) 3,552 9,019 12,049 9,029 33,649
Required water demand (106m3) 64.9 164.9 220.4 165.2 615.4
Summer paddy area = (cultivated area) × (Implementation ratio of Irrigation system 20.49%)
5-4
According to the estimation shown above, the water demand for agriculture in 2040 can be
forecasted at 615,400,000 m3. The additional water resource development should be considered to
cover the survey area by irrigation system to meet the national plan.
The Irrigation Department has an aggressive water resources development plan in the Bago river
basin. It had no reply to the survey team regarding the question for the possibility of the
above-mentioned value of the water requirement in their development plan.
It should be considered that the study for the future water requirement on the irrigation field will be
done with higher accurate improvement plan of the irrigation system by the Irrigation Department.
5-3 Forecasting on the Water Demand for Industry
5-3-1 Present Situation of Water Utilization of Industy in the Target Area
(1) Existing small scale reservoir
Thilawa reservoir is only using for the industry use. There is no reservoir operation record under
management of the Irrigation Department. According to the interview at the site, the total amount of
the supply water is 450,000 m3/year for the factory located at nearby the Thilawa reservoir.
(2) Groundwater
According to the result of the inventory survey of the existing wells, it can find the big user of the
groundwater of 12m3/day or more to meet the number of the factories in the Thanlyin township of 47,
compare with normal user of 1 m3/day larger of smaller. The big users in the four township can be
summarized as follows based on the existing wells of 12,409.
Table 5-3-1 Estimation of Amount of Groundwater for Industry Use

Number of well 10,563 1,703 64 79 12.409

Yield of ground water (m3/day) 13,639 2,451 215 586 16,891
3
Number > 12m /day 56 11 5 20 92
3
Max. Yield (m /day) 72.0 35.0 40.8 35.7 -
Average Yield (m3/day) 42.0 29.7 26.4 23.9 -
Number of factories 47 15 0 0 62
Total amount of Yield
1,974 446 - - 2,420
(m3/day)
5-5
Total amount of the present groundwater for industrial use in Thanlyin and Kyauktan township for
the industry use is estimated 2,420 m3/day.
5-3-2 Required Water Demand of Industry use for the Four Township in 2040
(1) Small scale reservoir
The JICA survey team inquired to the Irrigation Department, which is in charge of the daily
maintenance of the Thilawa reservoir, regarding the reservoir operation, the Irrigation Department
has no future plan on this mater. Therefore, the industrial use of the small scale reservoir in 2040 will
be kept of 450,000 m3/year.
(2) Groundwater
In case of the estimation of the future water demand for the industrial use of the gourndwater, the
number of factory in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan township will be doble based on the present
situation and the Thongwa and Khayan township will be same number of Kyauktan of the present
situation.
Table 5-3-2 Estimation of Groundwater for Industry Use (in 2040)

Estimated number of factories 94 30 15 15 154

Required demand (m3/day) 3,948 892 446 446 5,732
Annual demand (m3/year) 1,441,020 325,580 162,790 162,790 2,092,180
5-3-3 Required Water Demand from the Thilawa SEZ
The water demand volume for the industrial activities in the Thilawa SEZ in the future developing
stage are mentioned in the report of the JICA study on the Infrastructural Improvement for the Thilawa
SEZ as follows.
The Thilawa SEZ consists of the total areas of 2,400 (ha). The Japanese investors will share the area
of 420 (ha) classified as class-A, and the remaining 1,980 (ha) will be shared by local investors. The
total required water for the industrial activities is summarized as follows.
Table 5-3-3 Total Required Water for Industrial Activities

Stage of the
Class-A Others Total
Development
2015 6,000 – 10,000 m3/year - 6,000 – 10,000 m3/year
2018 42,000 m3/year - 42,000 m3/year
2025 42,000 m3/year 78,000 m3/year 120,000 m3/year
5-6
The annual water demand of the Thilawa SEZ in 2040 will be estimated as shown below.
120,000 (m3/day) × 365 (day) ＝ 43,800,000 m3
5-3-4 Required Water Demand for Industry
The required water demand for industry is summarized below.
Water utilization of small scale reservoir 450,000 m3/year

Water demand for Industry in the target area 2,092,000 m3/year
Water demand for Thilawa SEZ 43,800,000 m3/year
Total 46,342,,000 m3/year
5-4 Forecasting on the Water Demand for Domestic Use
5-4-1 Present Situation and Future image of the Domestic Use in the Target Area
According to the report of “The master plan study for The Project for the Improvement of Water
Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Yangon City (JICA)” (May, 2013), the target ratio of the
diffusion rate of the public water supply system in the Thanlyin and Kyauktan township were set at
40%. There was no mention for the Thongwa and Khayan township. For the estimation of the future
water demand of two township, the diffusion rate are set at 10%.
Estimation of the domestic use water in the target area of four (4) townships will be carried out by
applying the target ratio to the diffusion rate of the public water supply system and the prospect of the
future population movement.
5-4-2 Population Movement in the Target Area
According to the above-mentioned report, the water supplied population of the Thalyin and
Kyauktan township in 2040 was estimated as bellows. The water supplied population of the Thongwa
and Khayan township are estimated based on the national growth ratio of population of 1.1% in reset
year. (Statistical Yearbook (2011))
Concerning the population of the target area in 2012, the following data was reported by the
administrative office for each township. The estimated population of each township in 2040 can be
shown as follows by applying the annual population ratio of 1.1%.
5-7
Table 5-4-1 Estimated Population of Each Township (in 2040)

Population (2011) 181,959 48,473 162,884 159,204 552,520
40% Water supplied
497,508 61,382 - - 558,890
Population (2040)
Gross Population
1,243,770 153,455 - - 1,397,225
(2040)
10% Water supplied
746,262 92,073 221,264 216,265 1,275,864
Population (2040)
Source; The master plan study for The Project for the Improvement of Water Supply,
Sewerage and Drainage System in Yangon City (JICA) 2013
5-4-3 Forecasting on the Water Demand for Domestic Use
The following formula will be applied to estimate the forecasting for the water demand for domestic
use.
Water Demand = (Population)×(Water Service Coverage Rate)
×(Unit Water Supply Volume) / (1 - leakage ratio of water)
The water demand for the domestic use in the target area will be estimated as follows.
Table 5-4-2 Water Demand for Domestic Use in Target Area (1/2)
Items Thanlyin Kyauktan Sub-total
Population (2040) 1,243,770 153,455 1,397,225
Water service coverage (%) 40 10 40 10 -
Water supply service population 497, 746,262 61,382 92,073 1,397,225
Unit water supply volume（） 150 150 150 150 -
Leakage ratio（10%） 10 10 10 10 -
3
Daily water demand (m /day) 33,1 12,438 4,092 1,535 51,232
Annual water demand（m3/year） 12,1 4,539,870 1,493,580 560,275 18,699,680
Table 5-4-3 Water Demand for Domestic Use in Target Area (2/2)
Items Tongwa Khayan Sub-total
Population (2040) 221,264 216,265 437,529
Water service coverage (%) 10 10 -
Water supply service population 22,126 21,627 43,753
Unit water supply volume（） 150 150 -
Leakage ratio（10%） 10 10 -
3
Daily water demand (m /day) 369 360 729
3
Annual water demand（m /year） 134,685 131,400 266,085
Note:Water service coverage and Unit water supply volume are shown in the report of the “Preparatory Survey
Report on the Project for the Improvement of Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage System in Yangon City (JICA)”
(May, 2013)
5-8
The gross annual water demand is 18,965,765 m3.
The gross annual water demand for the domestic use in the survey area can be estimated 19.0×106 m3.
5-5 Future Water Demand in the Target Area
The future water demand in the target area for 2040 shall be summarized as follows based on the
estimations above.
Table 5-5-1 Future Water Demand in Target Area (in 2040)

Agriculture(106 m3) 64.9 164.9 220.4 165.2 615.4
Industry (106 m3) - - - - 46.3
Domestic Use (106 m3) 16.7 2.1 0.1 0.1 19.0
Total (106 m3) - - - - 680.7
Accordingly, the annual water demand for the target area for 2040 is estimated to be 680 million m3
(680 MCM).
The various kinds of preconditions were set for the estimation of the water demand for the
agriculture, industry and domestic use. For the making of the future regional water resource
development plan, it should be collect more accurate estimation of the water demand.
5-6 Consideration from View Point of the Water Resources Potential
5-6-1 Groundwater Resource Potential
According to the evaluation on the analysis for the possibility of the groundwater development,
following items were summarized as metioned in chapter 5-2.
- Daily average recharged volume of the groundwater is estimated of 47,000 m3/day.

Annual volume can be estimated of 17,155,000 m3/year. It can’t meet to the required
capacity of 680,000,000 m3/year, which was estimated in chapter 5.5. It shares only
2.5% of the required capacity.
Moreover,
- According to the result of the inventory survey of the exsisting wells, groundwater
resource of 17,000 m3/day are developed already in the survey area.
5-9
- The ridge which is located between Thanlyin and Kyauktan is taking the groundwater
with over pumping phenomenon.
Consequently, some possibility of the groundwater development in the survey area can be estimated
as below with condition of prohibit strong pumping up of the groundwater at specific area.
47,000 (m3/day) – 17,000 (m3/day) = 30,000 (m3/day)
The annual water demand for the irrigation purpose is estimated of 615.4 million m3. It is equivalent
to 1,686,000 m3/day. It is 562 times of 30,000 m3/day, which is available groundwater. The
groundwater can’t be main water resource for the future water demand.
The groundwater development is not suit for the future main water resource in the survey area,
based on the above-mentioned considerations.
5-6-2 Surface Water Resource Potential
The basin water balance study was carried out by the analysis system of the SWAT simulation model.
The detailed study was shown in section 4-6 of chapter 4 in the main report. According to the result of
the analysis, the main points were summarized as bellows.
- Annual runoff discharge volume at the Bago Old Bridge is 3,631 MCM.
- Annual runoff discharge volume at the Thanlyin Bridge is 11,746 MCM.
The discharge volume at the Thanlyin Bridge which is located at 60km downstream from the Bago
Bridge are 3.2 times as high than the discharge at the Bago Bridge. It is enough discharge volume, but
the water quality is not suitable for the industrial use. The water quality at the Bago Bridge is not
confirmed the saline intrusion, the other side, the river discharge at the Thanlyin Bridge is tidal river
discharge. Therefore, from aspect of the available water of the surface water, the annual discharge
volume of 3,631 MCM at the Bago River Bridge is the potential volume for the future surface water
resource to meet the required water demand for the huge wide plane area in the Western Bago Area.
5-6-3 Issues for the Water Resource Development from Aspect of the Water Balance
According to the result of the analysis for the groundwater resource potential and the surface water
resource potential, the annual amount of the available water resource for the water resource
development in the survey area including the Thilawa SEZ is 3,631 MCM at the Bago Old Bridge to
meet the required volume of 680 MCM assumed for the future water requirement.
Since the irrigation water shares 90% of 680 MCM, which is the annual water demand in the survey
area, the future water demand will be change depend on the future agriculture policy which will be
made by the union government and the regional government. The survey area locates in the influenced
area of the Yangon Economic Zone. Furthermore, the industrial water demand is also an important
5-10
factor for the forecasting of the future water demand. It is essential activity to watch the movement of
the economic development in the Yangon urban area for the grasp of the future water demand.
5-11
Chapter 6
WATER FACILITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

CHAPTER 6 WATER FACILITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

6-1 Outline of the Plan
The demanded water for the Thilawa SEZ is defined in accordance with the development plan of
Thilawa SEZ.
Short-Term : by the business opening of Thilawa SEZ in 2015 6,000～10,000 m3/day

Mid-Term: target by 2018 42,000 m3/day
Long-Term: full development of the Thilawa SEZ 120,000 m3/day
Based on the study results of the previous chapters, the water resources option having use
availability for the Thilawa SEZ is shown inTable 6-1-1.
Table 6-1-1 Water Resource Options

kind of the
Design Intake Water
No Water Resource water certainty notes
(m3/day)
resources
New Tube Well in the Ground emergency
I 1,000
Thilawa SEZ area (new) water use only
from Zarmani-Inn Surface with Water
IIIa 6,000
Reservoir Water Right
from Zarmani-Inn Surface
IIIb 10,000
Reservoir Water
from Ban Bwe Gon Surface depend on the
IV 2,900
Reservoir Water Water Right
Surface depend on the 10,000-6,000=
VIa from Khayan River 4,000
Water Water Right 4,000
depend on the
Water Right,
Surface Long-Term
VIb from Khayan River 120,000 requesting a
Water Plan
development
of Dawei Dam
Surface with Water Mid-Term
VII from Lagoonbyin Reservoir 42,000
Water Right Plan
In the Short-Term Plan, the water resources and facilities to ensure the demanded water for the
business opening of Thilawa SEZ in 2015 are considered. The period of the Short-Term is defined as
the period up to the complete development of the water facilities for the Mid-Term.
The demanded water for the Mid-Term and Long-Term Plans is the amount of water that can not be
supplied even if a plurality of the water resource option is adopted. In the Mid-Term Plan, the amount
of 42,000m3/day is planned to supply to the Thilawa SEZ as a target by 2018 under Yangon City
Development Committee (YCDC). On the other hand, it is expected there will be a sizable surplus of
water by constructing the Dawei Dam in the 30 miles greening project being developed by ID, in the
Long-Term Plan. Here, it is precondition to supply the surplus water apart from the issue of a water
6-1
right negotiations.
Figure 6-1-1 Location map of each water resource
6-2
6-2 Water Facility Development Plan for the Short-Term
In the Zarmani-Inn Reservoir, the water right of 6,000m3/day is agreed upon between the Ministry
of Agriculture and the Thilawa SEZ Management Committee. Taking water from existing surface
water resources is the most realistic plan for the amount of additional water, up to 4,000m3/day of
which is necessary after the business opening of Thilawa SEZ. Moreover, using the groundwater
resources for emergencies is one of the best ways to develop the water facilities in the short-term.
6-2-1 Outline of the Facilities
(1) I) New Tube Well in the Thilawa SEZ area
Design Intake Flow 1,000m3/day (333m3/day × 3)

Water Resource Deep Well (Groundwater)
Intake Facilities Diameter of the Tube Well: 150mm, Pump: 50mm × 3.7kw × 3
Discharge: 1,000m3/day = 0.70m3/min (0.23m3/min × 3)
Total Head: 44.6m
Water Conveyance Facilities PVC 150mm; L = 4.2km
(2) IIIa) from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir
In this case, the design intake flow is 6,000m3/day with the water right.
Design Intake Flow 6,000m3/day

Water Resource Zarmani-Inn Reservoir (Surface Water)
Intake Facilities Volute Pump: 125mm × 11kw × 2
Discharge: 6,000m3/day = 2.09m3/min × 2
Total Head: 18.4m
Water Conveyance Facilities DCIP 300mm; L = 4.1km
(3) IIIb) from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir
In this case, the design intake flow is 10,000m3/day compared with IIIa).

Water Resource Zarmani-Inn Reservoir (Surface Water)
Discharge: 10,000m3/day = 3.47m3/min × 2
Total Head: 11.8m
Water Conveyance Facilities DCIP 400mm; L = 4.1km
(4) IV) from Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir
6-3
Water Resource Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir (Surface Water)

Discharge: 2,900m3/day = 2.01m3/min
Total Head: 27.3m
(5) VIa) from Khayan River

Water Resource Upstream Bago Dams (Surface Water)
Intake Facilities Intake: RC, 1
Intake Facilities Volute Pump: 150mm × 37kw × 1Nos, 2Places
Discharge: 4,000m3/day = 2.78m3/min
Total Head: 51.4m, 50.1m (2Sections)
Water Storage Facilities RC, Effective Storage: 4,000m3
6-2-2 Cost Comparison
The result of the cost evaluation is shown in Table 6-2-1. The cost evaluation is calculated by the
following conditions. (refer to the main report for details)
- The total cost means a life cycle cost (LCC), consists of the initial cost and the running
cost.
- The initial cost is calculated by using the cost function in Japan.
IIIb is most cost-effective. The location of the water resource is near the Thilawa SEZ, and the
amount of intake water is expected. Because a part of the water right is allowed,it is up to the
operating method of the Zarmani-Inn Reservoir whether the full amount of the demanded water for
short-term is able to supply. IIIa is the next most effective after IIIb. It is a realistic plan, including a
part of the water right allowed.
Table 6-2-1 Cost Evaluation

LCC available evaluation
water
Water Resources (50 yeas) Ratio for order of
(m3/day) (a)/(b)
(a) (b) comparison economy
I) New Tube Well in the Thilawa SEZ area 677 1,000 0.677 3.7 4
IIIa) from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir 1,094 6,000 0.182 1.0 2
IIIb) from Zarmani-Inn Reservoir 1,261 10,000 0.126 0.7 1
IV) from Ban Bwe Gon Reservoir 850 2,900 0.293 1.6 3
VIa) from Khayan River 2,787 4,000 0.697 3.8 5
6-4
As the result of the evaluation, “IIIa/IIIb for Zarmani-Inn Reservoir” is the most reasonable plan for
the short-term.
6-3 Mid-Term Plan and Long Term Plan for Thilawa SEZ
6-3-1 Outline of Mid-Term and Long-Term Plan
(1) Mid-Term Plan
The required capacity of the water supply for the Mid-Term Plan is proposed as a volume of
42,000 m3/day with the main water resources being La Gun Byin Reservoir and Aline Nee Reservoir.
The main supply works from the two reservoirs to Thilawa SEZ is designed as a pipeline, pump
stations and water purifying plants by the JICA Study Team with the total pipeline route to be
approximate 80 km, including the cross of the Bago River at nearly 1 km in length. (See Figure 6-3-1
Location Map)
Figure 6-3-1 Location Map
6-5
(2) Long-Term Plan
The required capacity of the water supply for the Long-Term Plan is proposed as a volume of
120,000 m3/day (= 42,000 m3/day + 78,000 m3/day) with the main water resource being the Dawei
Dam. The main supply route from the Dawei Dam to Thilawa SEZ is utilized through the existing
rivers and canals, (Dawei River, Bago River, Zaungtu Weir, Zaungtu Canal, Bago-Sittung Canal,
30-mile Greening Canal, Khayan River and Khayan Sluice). The total supply route is approximately
200 km, and the Irrigation Department is making the design for the Dawei Dam. The Location Map
is portrayed at Figure 6-3-1 Location Map.
6-3-2 Mid-Term Plan
(1) Main Water Resources
There are two reservoirs providing the water resources for Thilawa SEZ, one being the La Gun
Byin Reservoir, which is located 80 km north of Thilawa SEZ and was constructed in 2001 by the
Irrigation Department, and the other being the Aline Nee Reservoir, which is adjacent to the La Gun
Byin Reservoir and was constructed in 2002 by the Irrigation Department as well.
Table 6-3-1 Specifications of Reservoirs

Subject La Gun Byin Aline Nee
2
Catchment area 108.7 km 36.8 km2
Average annual rain fall 2540 mm 2540 mm

Average Annual Inflow 155.5 MCM 52.6 MCM
Type of Dam Earth Dam Earth Dam

Height of Dam 18.9 m 15.8 m
Length of Dam 1578.9 m 1737.4 m
Storage Capacity of Full Tank 183.6 MCM 48.1 MCM
Dead Storage Capacity 6.5 MCM 2.2 MCM
Water Spread Area of F.T.L 27.1 km2 8.3 km2
Width of Spillway 15.2 m - m

3
Spillway Design Discharge 25.5 m /sec - m3/sec
(2) Issues of Main Reservoirs
1) La Gun Byin Reservoir
The La Gun Byin Reservoir has a spillway of a broad crest type that is 15.2 m (=50 feet) in
width. The design discharge of the spillway is 25.5 m3/sec, though the largest recorded flood was
6-6
50 m3/sec and the return period discharge of 200 years of flooding is calculated at 333 m3/sec.
The freeboard of the dam crest for the High Water Level at flood flow is only 1 m (=3.3 feet).
2) Aline Nee Reservoir
The Aline Nee Reservoir has no spillway and connects with the La Gun Byin Reservoir through
the connecting canal, which is 200 m in width and 1 km in length.
(3) High Water Level at the La Gun Byin

Reservoir
The spillway of the La Gun Byin Reservoir is

located at the left abutment of the dam, and the
width of the spillway is 50 feet (= 15.25 m). The
largest recorded flood level was W.L. 86.7 feet
(= W.L. 26.43 m) on 21st August 2012.
(4) Flood Discharge for the Largest Recorded

Flood
The Flood Discharge during the largest

recorded flood is estimated by the calculation of
the following equation:
Q = C・L・H(3/2)
where Q: Discharge (m3/sec)
C: Coefficient of flow = 1.8
L: Width of spillway
= 50 ft = 15.25 m
H: Depth of overflow
= H.W.L. 86.7ft - F/W.L. 82.0ft
= 4.7 ft≒1.5 m
Q = 1.8×15.25×1.5(3/2)
≒ 50 m3/sec > 25.5 m3/sec Figure 6-3-2 Map of Reservoirs
The discharge during the largest recorded flood (=50 m3/sec) is larger than the design discharge of
the spillway (=25.5 m3/sec) and is smaller than the return period discharge of a flood that could
occur every 200 years (333 m3/sec).
6-7
(5) Safety of Spillway
The width of the spillway at the La Gun Byin Reservoir is too narrow for the flow of the return
period discharge of a flood that could occur every 200 years, thus it is necessary to enlarge the width
of the weir up to 100 m for safety reasons in case of floods coming every 200 years.
Q = C・L・H(3/2)
where Q: Discharge (= 333 m3/sec: 200-year flood)
C: Coefficient of flow = 1.8
L: Width of spillway
H: Depth of overflow = H.W.L. 86.7ft - F/W.L. 82.0ft = 4.7 ft≒1.5 m
L = 333/(1.8×1.5(3/2)) ≒ 100m
(6) Freeboard of La Gun Byin Reservoir
The elevation of the existing dam crest is EL. 27.5 m (= 90ft) and H.W.L. 26.5 m (= 86.7 ft). The
freeboard of the existing dam crest is as follows:
Dam crest level - H.W. L = 27.5 m - 26.5 m = 1.0 m (Existing Freeboard)
The calculated elevation of the dam crest is EL. 29.0 m (95.1 feet) and the design freeboard is as
follows:
Design freeboard = Calculated dam crest - H.W. L. = 29.0 - 26.5 = 2.5 m.

And: Calculated dam crest - Existing Dam crest = 29.0 - 27.5 = 1.5 m.
It is necessary to raise the dam crest of 1.5 m for dam safety in case of flood.
6-8
6-3-3 Long-Term Plan
(1) Sites of the Dawei Dam
The Dawei dam, which is the water resource of the long-term plan, is designed by the Irrigation
Department with three proposed sites at the upstream side of the Zaungtu dam. The location map of
the three proposed sites is shown in Figure 6-3-3.
Dam No.1
Dam No.2
Dam No.3
Figure 6-3-3 Location Map of Dam Proposed Sites
The total capacity of the Dawei dam is estimated at 150 MCM with the height of the dam being
designed as about 30 m. The downstream side of the dam site has the advantage of higher capacity as
opposed to the upstream side because the catchment area of the downstream side is larger than that
of the upstream side. At the proposed site of No.3, the height of the dam is designed as 30 m, and the
No. 3 dam site saves 150 MCM of water for the reservoir.
Table 6-3-2 Three Proposed Site of Dawei Dam

No. Candidate Site Catchment Annual Inflow Dam Height Site
2
Area (km ) (MCM) (m)
1 Dam No.1 98.1 128.2* 22.6* Upstream
2 Dam No.2 120.6 161.1* 25.3* Middle
3 Dam No.2 125.1 200.0 30.0 Downstream
1) The values of '*' mark are refered from Figure 4-6-7 by ID and the other values are reviewed by JICA team.
6-9
(2) Dam Capacity
The dam capacity is decided by the relation curve (H ~ Q curve) between the dam height and the
dam quantity at the Dam No.3 site. The Full Water Level (F.W.L.) is EL. 91.0 m because the dam
capacity is planed as 150 MCM (see Figure 6-3-4).
Figure 6-3-4 H~Q Curve
(3) Water Level of Reservoir
The calculated elevation of the dam crest is EL. 95.0 m and the design freeboard is as follows:
Design freeboard = dam crest - H.W. L. = 95.0 - 92.5 = 2.5 m
(4) Proposed Dam Cross Section
The proposed dam cross section of the Dawei dam is as follows:
Figure 6-3-5 Typical Cross Section of Dawei Dam
6-10
Table 6-3-3 Specification of Dawei Dam

Item Specification Remarks
River name Dawei river
General
Foundation geology Sand stone, mud stone and Shale
Catchment area 125.1 km2
Average annual inflow 200 MCM
Reservoir area at FWL 19 km2
Total storage capacity 150 MCM
Reservoir
High water level H.W.L. 92.50 m F.W.L. 303.48 ft.
Full water level F.W.L. 91.00 m F.W.L. 298.56 ft.
Dead Water Level W.L. 65 m W.L. 213.25 ft.
Available depth 26 m 85.30 ft.
Dam type Homogeneous
Dam height 30 m 98.43 ft.
Dam length 450 m 1476.38 ft.
Dam
Dam crest width 6.0 m
Dam crest level 95 m
Dam volume 656,000 m3
Spillway type Standard type
Dissipater type Jump type
Spillway Discharge 250 m3/sec 200 year return period×1.2
Weir crest water depth 1.5 m
Weir crest length 65 m
6-11
Chapter 7
ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATION

CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATION

This chapter discusses the influence of the water resource development and implementation at the
beginning of Tilawa SEZ on the natural environment and society. In the short-term, the mid-term and
the long-term, the project is categorized as data collection and a confirmation survey, with this report
covering a part of JICA’s environmental and social consideration procedure from the legal system in
Myanmar to the scoping and environmental and social considerations the survey's TOR is making. Six
water resource development plans are proposed from the Project team, such as three surface water
plans and one ground water plans (see Figure 7-1-1). In these plans, two feasible plans are considered
for environment and social evaluation. (①New well in the SEZ, ③Zamani-Inn Reservoir)
Table 7-1-1 Water Resource Plans in the Project Area

①New well ②New Well in the ③Zamani-Inn ④Ban Bwe ⑤New Pond ⑥Khayan
Plans
in the SEZ Eastern Plain Reservoir Gon Reservoir in the SEZ River
Water Resource Ground Ground Surface Surface Surface Surface
New or Existing New New Existing Existing New Existing

Purpose of
- - Irrigation Irrigation - Irrigation
Construction
Relevant ID, Yangon ID, Yangon
Ministries and - - Rejional Rejional - ID
Departments Government Government
Relevant Thanlyin, Thanlyin,
Thanlyin Thanlyin Kyautan Thanlyin
Townships Kyautan Kyautan
Commencing
- - 1995 1994 - -
Year
Capacity
- - 6,616 2,140 1,800 -
（Thousand m3）
Approximately Approximately Approximately Approximately Approximately Approximately 2
Distance to SEZ
5km 15km 4km 4km 1km 5km
Source：JICA Study Team
7-1 Environment and Social Consideration
7-1-1 Legal System of Environment and Social Consideration in Myanmar
Before the Environmental Conservation Law was enacted in 2012, there were not overall
environmental conservation laws in Myanmar. The laws related to the environment by each industrial
sector functioned as environmental conservation law. Environmental conservation in Myanmar
generally comes under the authority of the National Commission for Environmental Affairs (NCEA)
which was established under the ministry of foreign affairs in 1990 by a surge of the interest for
environmental conservation in the country. In 2005, the NCEA was transferred under the ministry of
forestry, and then the ministry was reformed to the Ministry of environmental conservation and
forestry in September 2011. In March of 2012, the Environmental Conservation Law was enacted,
7-1
which currently provides the legal basis of environmental conservation in Myanmar.
7-1-2 Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure
In Myanmar, a procedure of the environmental assessment is not enforced, however, the draft of
that has been formulated. According to the draft procedure, ① the project proponent shall submit a
complete project proposal to the Ministry, and ② the Ministry shall determine the type of
environmental assessment (EIA, IEE, or none) within 15 days after receiving the proposal.
(1) Procedure of IEE
The project has decided on requiring the IEE, which will be done by following the procedure
below:
①The project proponent shall inform the Ministry in writing as to the identity of the IEE expert(s)
selected to undertake the IEE investigation. ②The Ministry will check to confirm and register the
expert(s) within 7 days. ③The project proponent shall undertake the public consultation process and
implement the IEE. ④The IEE report shall be made based on the defined contents, and then the
project proponent submitted to the Ministry. ⑤The project proponent shall disclose the IEE report
to the civil society, local community and other concerned stakeholders, etc., and the disclosure shall
be done not less than 10 days after the submission of the IEE report. ⑥The Ministry shall also
disclose the report to the public by way of proper media channels. ⑦The project proponent shall
finalize the IEE report according to all comments and recommendations and re-submit it to the
Ministry. ⑧The Ministry shall make a final decision about approval of the IEE report within 60
days after receipt of the IEE report. ⑨If the project is decided to need the EIA, the EIA procedure
will be done, continually. The approved project will be delivered as an ECC (Environmental
Compliance Certificate).
(2) Procedure of EIA
The project has decided on requiring the EIA, which will be done by following the procedure
below:
①The project proponent shall inform the Ministry in writing as to the identity of the EIA expert(s)
selected to undertake the EIA investigation. ②The Ministry will check to confirm and register the
expert(s) within 7 days. ③The project proponent shall submit the scoping report and the TOR for
the EIA report to the Ministry according to the Ministry regulations. ④The Ministry will approve
the scoping report and TOR or require the project proponent to revise these documents within 15
days of receipt of these documents. ⑤The project proponent shall undertake the public consultation
process and implement the EIA. Then the project proponent submits the EIA report to the Ministry.
⑥The project proponent shall disclose the EIA report to civil society, local community and other
concerned stakeholders, etc., and the disclosure shall be done not less than 10 days after submission
of the EIA report. ⑦The Ministry shall also disclose the EIA report to the public and submit the
7-2
EIA report to the EIA report review body for comments and recommendations. Then the Ministry
shall deliver its final decision within 90 days after receipt of the EIA report. ⑧Depending on the
final decision of the EIA report, the project proponent is required to amend or terminate the project.
The approved project will be delivered as an ECC (Environmental Compliance Certificate).
7-2 Current Environment
7-2-1 Natural Reserve and Rare Species
According to the previous report1 for the natural reserve and national park, these are not located
around the project area. There are some descriptions of the fauna and the flora in the statistical book
which is written by each township office, and the rare species are not found in the project area.
7-2-2 Cultural Heritage
The 4 cultural heritage sites are located around the project area (Main Report VII). Kyaik Khauk
Pagoda and Wongyi Padathayazar Tonb are located in the Thanlyin township, Padagyi Pagoda and
Kyaik Mhaw Won Yelae Pagoda are located in the Kyauktan township. Kyaik Khauk Pagoda has been
declared a cultural heritage site by the Ministry of Culture since the 5th of Nov., 2009, and Padagyi
Pagoda has been recorded as a cultural site by the Ynagon Division since the 15th of June, 2007.
(Main Report VII)
7-2-3 Existing Well and Pond

Table 7-2-1 Number of Wells and Ponds
According to the result of the survey in the Project Area
which has been done by the JICA Team, Township Dug well Tube well Pond Total
there are approximately 15,000 wells and Thanlyin 3,313 7,250 223 10,786
ponds in the project site (see Table 7-2-1). Kyautan 1,074 629 1,322 3,025
Thongwa 1 63 165 229

Most of the wells are in Tanlyin and
Kayan 0 79 572 651
Kyautan. On the other hand, the number of
Total 4,388 8,021 2,282 14,691
ponds is higher in Thongwa and Kayan than
the number of wells. Source: JICA Study Team
1
Myanmar Protected Areas: Context, Current Status and Challenges, ed. L. Beffasti and V. Galati, 2012.
7-3
7-3 Consideration Points on Water Resource Development and Implementation
7-3-1 Examination of Alternatives
As an examination of alternative plans, the following seven alternatives, including a zero-option, are
examined by comparison. As shown in the following table, the Zamani-Inn reservoir plan (③) is the
most feasible plan among the alternatives due to the viewpoint of cost and water rights. The new well
construction in the SEZ plan (①) might be more feasible than the new well in the Eastern Plan.
Table 7-3-1 Examination of Altanative Plans in the Project Area

Alternative plans Option 0 ①New well ②New well in ③Zamani-Inn ④Ban Bwe ⑤New pond ⑥Khayan
(No in the SEZ the Eastern Reservoir Gon Reservoir in the SEZ River
Project) Plain
Water Resource － Ground Ground Surface Surface Surface Surface
Water Capacity / day － 1,000m3 1,000m3 6,000m3 2,900m3 4,000 m3 4,000m3
Water Right Counsel － Unnecessity Unnecessiity Done Necessity Unnecessiity Necessity
Site Acquisition － Unnecessiity Necessity Unnecessiity Unnecessiity Unnecessiity Necessity
Length of Pipe line － approximately approximately approximately approximately approximately
－
5km 16km 4km 4km 25km
Source: JICA Study Team
7-3-2 Scoping
Before undertaking of the environment and social consideration survey, it is fundamental to clarify
the negative impact on the environmental parameters. Based on the examination of alternatives, the
Zamani-Inn reservoir plan (④) and the new wells construction in the SEZ plan (①) were chosen as a
scoping target. Depending on the water resource, these plans are divided between the reservoir (④)
and the well (①).
Table 7-3-2 Result of Scoping：Reservoir (Surface Water)

Evaluation
Categor
Environmental
Constructi Operatio Reasons
y
Parameters
on Phase n phase
1 Air Pollution B- D Under construction: With regards to construction work,
Anti-pollution measures
heavy machinery and trucks are supposed to emit exhaust

gas.
During use: Air pollution is not assumed.
2 Water Pollution B- D Under construction: Accompanying with construction
work, heavy machinery and trucks will discharge turbid
water.
During use: Negative impact on water is not expected.
3 Waste B- D Under construction: Some construction waste, including
soils to be moved, may be dumped during construction
phase.
During use: Once offered for use, no waste is generated.
4 Soil Pollution D D It is not expected that the work will cause any soil
pollution.
7-4
Categor Evaluation
Environmental
y
Parameters
on Phase n phase
5 Noise and B- D Under construction: The heavy machinery may make noise
Vibration and some vibration around the worksite.
During use: No noise and vibration are expected.
6 Land D D The work’s effects on land subsidence are not expected.
Subsidence
7 Odor Emission D D Most of the work is earthwork, thus odor emission is not
expected.
8 Bottom D D The work to affect bottom sediment is not expected.
Sediment
9 Protected Area D D There are no national parks or preserved areas around the
National Environment
project area.
10 Ecosystem D C This project targets new well construction, and there are
no rare species of animals or plants around the area.
11 Hydrological D C Under construction: No affect to the hydrological situation
Situation is expected.
During use: The water level of the reservoir might decline.
12 Topography and D D The construction is not planed with a large scale earth
Geology work, thus the impact for topography and geology is not
expected.
13 Resettlement D D The project site is located in the SEZ and there are no
Social Environment
houses, so resettlement is not expected.

14 Poverty Group D D The project size is small and the site is located in the SEZ,
so no impact for poverty group is expected.
15 Ethnic D D There are no ethnic minorities or indigenous peoples
Minorities and around the project site.
Indigenous
Peoples
16 Local Economy D A+ Under construction: The project size is small, so there are
on Employment few impacts on employment and the local economy.
Opportunities During use: Significant positive impact is expected by the
and Livelihood operation of Tilawa SEZ.
Improvement
17 Land Use D D The project constructs the well and the supply system;
impact for land use is not expected.
18 Water Use C B- Under construction: The water of the existing reservoir is
used for irrigation and homes; turbid water may occur due
to construction works.
During use: The negative impact for existing water use
will be occurring due to excessive extraction of water.
19 Existing Social B- C Under construction: Traffic jams expected during pipeline
Infrastructure install work.
and Social During use: Some effects for existing water use are
Service expected due to the over water intake.
20 Social D D No influence on social institutions is expected.
Institutions
21 Biased Benefit D D The project constructs the new reservoir or water intake
and Unequal facilities; biased benefit and unequal distribution is not
Distribution expected.
7-5
Categor Evaluation
Environmental
y
Parameters
on Phase n phase
22 Conflicts of D D The works to cause conflicts of interest is not expected.
Interest
23 Cultural D D There are no cultural heritages around the work place.
Heritages
24 Landscape D D Since the project carries out reservoir construction, no
change of landscape will result from the work.
25 Gender D D Since the project deals with reservoir construction, the
negative impact on gender is not expected.
26 Children’s D D Since the project deals with reservoir construction, the
Rights negative impact on children’s rights is not expected.
27 Inflectional D D Since the project site is small, negative impacts for
Diseases inflectional diseases are not expected.
28 Labor C C Under construction: Careful consideration on possible
Environment accidents during the construction phase.
During use: Careful consideration for pump operator’s
condition.
29 Accident B- D Under construction: Potential risk of accidents would arise
Other
from the project such as traffic accidents or injuries by

heavy machinery.
During use: No accidents expected during the operation
phase.
30 Climate D D No climate change by the works is expected.
Change
A+/-: Significant positive/negative impact expected, B+/-: Positive/negative impact expected to some extent, C+/-: Extent of
positive/negative impact is unknown. (A further examination is needed, and the impact could be clarified as the study
progresses), D: No impact is expected.
Table 7-3-3 3Result of Scoping：Well (Ground Water)

Evaluation
Catego
Environmental
Constructi Operation Reasons
ry
Parameters
on Phase phase
1 Air Pollution B- D Under construction: With regards to construction works,
Anti-pollution measures
heavy machinery and trucks will emit exhaust gas.

During use: Air pollution is not assumed.
2 Water Pollution B- D Under construction: Accompanying the construction work,
heavy machinery and trucks will discharge turbid water.
During use: Negative impact for water is not expected.
3 Waste B- D Under construction: Some construction waste, including
soils to be moved, may be dumped during construction
phase.
During use: Once offered for use, no waste is generated.
4 Soil Pollution D D It is not expected that the work will cause any soil
pollution.
5 Noise and B- D Under construction: The heavy machinery may make noise
Vibration and some vibration around the worksite.
During use: No noise and vibration are expected.
7-6
Catego Evaluation
Environmental
ry
Parameters
on Phase phase
6 Land D B- Under construction: No land subsidence is expected during
Subsidence the construction period.
During use: Land subsidence may be caused by excessive
extraction of groundwater
7 Odor Emission D D Most of the work is earthwork, thus odor emission is not
expected.
8 Bottom D D The work to affect bottom sediment is not expected.
Sediment
9 Protected Area D D There are no national parks or preserved areas around the
National Environment
project area.
10 Ecosystem D D This project targets new well construction, and there are
no rare species of animals or plants around the area.
11 Hydrological D B- Under construction: No works affect to hydrological
Situation situation is expected.
During use: Lowering of the ground water level and water
salination may be caused by over pumping.
12 Topography and D D The construction is not planed with large scale earth work,
Geology thus impact for topography and geology is not expected.
13 Resettlement D D The project site is located in the SEZ and there are no
Social Environment
houses, so resettlement is not expected.

14 Poverty Group D D The project size is small and the site is located in the SEZ;
no impact for poverty group is expected.
15 Ethnic D D There are no ethnic minorities or indigenous peoples
Minorities and around the project site.
Indigenous
Peoples
16 Local Economy D A+ Under construction: The project size is small, so there is
on Employment little impact on employment and the local economy.
Opportunities During use: Significant positive impact is expected by
and Livelihood operation of Tilawa SEZ.
Improvement
17 Land Use D D The project constructs the well and the supply system;
impact for land use is not expected.
18 Water Use D C Under construction: Negative impact is unexpected.
During use: Existing wells around the area might be
affected by over pumping.
19 Existing Social B- C Under construction: Traffic jams expected during pipeline
Infrastructure installs work.
and Social During use: Existing wells drying up expected due to the
Service excessive extraction of groundwater.
20 Social D D No influence on social institutions is expected.
Institutions
21 Biased Benefit D D The project constructs the well and the supply system;
and Unequal biased benefit and unequal distribution is not expected.
Distribution
22 Conflicts of D D The works to cause conflicts of interest is not expected.
Interest
23 Cultural D D There are no cultural heritages around the water
7-7
Catego Evaluation
Environmental
ry
Parameters
on Phase phase
Heritages development construction work.
24 Landscape D D Since the project carries out well construction, no change
of landscape will result from the work.
25 Gender D D Since the project deals with well construction, a negative
impact on gender is not expected.
26 Children’s D D Since the project deals with well construction, a negative
Rights impact on children’s rights is not expected.
27 Inflectional D D Since the project site is small, negative impacts for
Diseases inflectional diseases are not expected.
28 Labor C C Under construction: Careful consideration on possible
Environment accidents during the construction phase.
During use: Careful consideration for pump operator’s
condition.
29 Accident B- D Under construction: Potential risk of accidents would arise
Other
from the project such as traffic accidents or injuries caused

by heavy machinery.
During the use: No accident is expected during the
operation phase.
30 Climate D D No climate change by the works is expected.
Change
A+/-: Significant positive/negative impact expected, B+/-: Positive/negative impact expected to some extent, C+/-: Extent of
positive/negative impact is unknown. (A further examination is needed, and the impact could be clarified as the study
progresses), D: No impact is expected.
7-3-3 TOR for Environmental and Social Consideration
Based on the results of Scoping, a TOR of the environmental and social consideration survey is
made for the environmental parameters which show expected negative impact or unknown impact.
Table 7-3-4 TOR for Environmental and Social Consideration

Environmental Water Study Contents Study Method
Parameters Resource
Air Reservoir, ① Land and building around ① Data collection of existing data.
Well construction site ② Field survey
② Construction period and time ③ Data collection in other similar
③ Negative effect during construction projects
phase ④ Confirmation of use of heavy
machinery
Water Reservoir, ① Construction contents ③ Confirmation of construction
Well ② Heavy machinery use plan period and construction work.
④ Field survey
Waste Reservoir, ① Construction contents ① Confirmation of construction
Well plan
② Confirmation of waste during
construction phase
7-8
Noise and Reservoir, ① Land and building around ① Existing data survey
Vibration Well construction site ② Field survey
② Construction period and time ③ Data collection in other similar
③ Negative effect during construction projects
phase
Land Subsidence Well ① Ground water resource potential ① Monitoring of survey well
survey ② Ground water model analysis
Ecosystem Reservoir ① Monitoring during operation phase ① Existing data survey
② Site survey
Hydrological Reservoir, ① Water intake plan and the amount ④ Data collection in other similar
Situation Well during operation phase projects
② Water quality monitoring during ⑤ Confirmation of water intake
operation phase plan
③ Water resource potential survey ⑥ Monitoring of survey well during
operation phase
Water Use Reservoir, ① Existing water use ① Data collection in other similar
Well ② Water intake plan and the amount projects
during operation phase ② Monitoring during operation
period
Existing Social Reservoir, ① Existing water use ① Existing data survey
Infrastructure Well ② Location and depth of existing well ② Field survey and interview to
and Social local people
Service ③ Monitoring during operation
phase
Labor Reservoir, ① Construction contents ① Data collection in other similar
Environment Well ② Heavy machinery use plan projects
③ Worker and working contents ② Confirmation of construction
period and construction work.
Accident Reservoir, ① Construction contents ① Confirmation of construction
Well ② Heavy machinery use plan period and construction work.
② Confirmation of use of heavy
machinery
Source：JICA Study Team
7-9
Chapter 8
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

8-1 Groundwater Resources
In this survey, status of ground water resource of the targeted area was analyzed based on the
existing well inventory survey, geological survey, outcrop reconnaissance, test well survey (drill,
groundwater quality and groundwater head monitoring), analysis of 3D aquifer conceptual model.
Observations and recommendations based on the result of the survey is as follow.
(1) Short-term water resource for Thilawa SEZ
In the surveyed four (4) townships, three (3) to four (4) aquifers suitable for production wells can
be observed between 300 m depth and ground level. However, the yield of the aquifers seems
insufficient with a number of low permeability layers according the the result of pumping test of the
test well. Current pumping in this area reaches 16,760 m3 per day from 14,691 wells. Considering
the current salty water distribution and drawdown observed in some area, careful judgment should be
made for further pumping.
It is observed that two (2) to three (3) production well along the east end of the Thilawa SEZ are
the most feasible for the use of ground water for Thilawa SEZ. On the other hand, salty water
distribution is observed at the west side of Thilawa SEZ along the Bago River. Over pumping of
ground water from the east end of the Thilawa SEZ could bring salty water distribution and
drawdown to the surrounding domestic production wells. This survey analyzes the maximum volume
of ground water that could be taken for three (3) years is 1,000 m3 per day from the second aquifer.
Though, it should be noted that 1,000 m3 per day is based on the simulation, and actual volume that
could be pumped in the future may differ from the simulation.
As a conclusion, it is recommended that the groundwater should be used as a backup resource and
emergency use resource in case of natural disaster or system trouble instead of the main water
resource, In case of using ground water, it is recommended to monitor the groundwater head and
electric conduct conductivity, and control the volume and period of the pumping to avoid negative
impact to the environment.
(2) Ground water monitoring for the Thanlyn Township
One test well (D-5) is located at center of the Thanlyin Township, which is the largest township
out of the four (4) townships. According to the data from the monitoring wells, over-pumping is
observed. It also shows the progress of the land subsidence. The future water demand of the survey
areas will be increased with development of the region. Further pumping may salt distribution and
ladn subsidence in the near future. Considering the above situation, it is advisable to conduct
8-1
continuous monitoring and control of the pumping volume of ground water for Thanlyn Township.
(Detail of ground water monitoring is indicated at Appendix II 8.)
8-2 Surface Water Resources
This survey consists of hydrological survey, water balance analysis of basin and reservoirs, etc.
Observations and recommendation based on the result of the survey is as follow,
(1) Short, middle, and long term water resources
Considering the limitation of ground water resource, sustainable surface water with water quality
and water volume with conveyance routes should be considered for steady development of Thilawa
SEZ and adjoining areas. For the short term, surplus water of existing reservoirs in the area could be
considered. And for the middle and long term, development of new surface water resource could be
considered. The Bago River has a large volume of water, with an annual discharge of 3,631 MCM at
the center of Bago City, even in the draught year (2010). With this back ground, Irrigation
Department has built a group of dams for the purpose of irrigation along the Bago River basin. These
dams contribute to the summer rice paddy cultivation in the dry season as a valuable water resource
and also serve the function of flood mitigation during the rainy season to avoid long term inundation
of flood waters in the Bago City areas. Summary of the water source options are as follow.
Table 8-1 Candidates of the Surface Water Resources

Max.
Daily
Water
Required Facilities water Remarks
Resource
supply
(m3/day)
The water right of 6,000 m3/day was
Intake Facilities, accepted by the Irrigation Department
φ125mm×11kw ×2 at the point of time in August 2014.
Zarmani-inn Water Conveyance According to the ID, the Irrigation
6,000
Reservoir Facilities, water requirement will be decreased
DCIPφ300mm by the reduction of the irrigation area.
Short-Term L=4.1km There is a possibility to convert for
(Mid-2015) Thilawa SEZ 15,700 m3/day.
Intake Facilities, Available water is 1,400 m3/day.
φ150mm×22kw ×1 Negotiation of water right is required
Ban Bwe
Water Conveyance
Gone 2,900
Facilities,
Reservoir
PVCφ200mm
L=4.3km
8-2
Required volume of 42,000 m3/day at

Intake Facilities, entrance of Thilawa SEZ will be
Water Conveyance supplied by the master plan study for
Facilities, The Project for the Improvement of
Water supply, Sewerage and Drainage
Mid-Term La Gun Byin
(refer to The Project for 42,000 System in Yangon City (Yen loan
(Late 2018) Reservoir
the Improvement of project with L/A in August 2014).
Water supply, Sewerage Water right of 40 MGD (180,000
and Drainage System in m3/day) was recognized by ID. 10
Yangon City) MGD (42,000 m3) and will be supplied
to Thilawa SEZ.
Dawei Dam has 150 MCM reservoir
capacity.
Water conveyed to Khayan River
New construction of
through the main channel of a 30-mile
dam.
greening project.
Intake Facilities,
Intake facility located at upstream of
Intake (RC) ×1
Dawei Khayan Sluice. Supply channel is
Long-Term φ350mm×300kw ×4 78,000
Reservoir required until SEZ.
Water Conveyance
Multi-Purpose for water supply ①
Facilities,
Irrigation,②Domestic,③Thilawa SEZ,
DCIPφ1100mm
additional flood mitigation.
L=24.6km
It will be able to supply water of
120,000m3/day for 2,400 ha of
Thilawa SEZ.
(2) Securement of Dam Safety
During the study for the possibility of the effective use of the surplus water in the existing
reservoirs based on reservoir operation, safety of spillway and dam crest level was investigated and
necessity of improvement was pointed out. (Detail is described in Appendix V 3-3 and 5-7). Further
investigation and necessary countermeasure by Irrigation Deparmtent is advisable for the stable and
safe dam operation.
8-3

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Republic of the Union of Myanmar

DATA COLLECTION SURVEY

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

Location Map – Area around Thilawa SEZ- (1/2)

Landscape of the Thilawa SEZ Zarmani-inn reservoir

Thilawa reservoir Alilne Nee reservoir and intake facility

Field survey of VES Field survey of TDEM

Borehole drilling (D-2 site) Description of drill core (D-4 site)

Water quality test of groundwater Sampling of groundwater for isotope analysis

Zaung Tu weir Khayan Sluice

CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER 2 BASIC DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 3 SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER

CHAPTER 4 SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WATER

CHAPTER 5 THE WATER DEMAND FORECASTING......................................................................................................5-1

CHAPTER 6 WATER FACILITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATION

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

SUPPORTING DATA (CD-ROM Attached)

Chapter 1 Observation Well

Chapter 2 Pumping Test

Chapter 3 Groundwater Quality

Chapter 4 Surface Water Quality

Chapter 5 Meteorological Observation

Chapter 6 River Discharge

Chapter 7 Environment and Social Consideration

Chapter 8 Aquifer Profile

Chapter 9 Pumping Test at Existing Well

Chapter 10 Geophysical Survey

Chapter 11 Groundwater level

Chapter 12 Surface Water Level

Figure 2 1-1 Target Area of Study for Surface Water .................................................................................................2-1

Figure 3-1-1 Groundwater Survey Area and Topography..........................................................................................3-2

Figure 4-1-1 Bago Basin ..............................................................................................................................................4-1

Figure 6-1-1 Location Map of Each Water Resource .................................................................................................6-2

Table 2-1-1 Sharing Ratio by Item of Industries in GDP..........................................................................................2-3

Table 4-2-1 List of Meteorological and Hydrological Stations ................................................................................4-3

Table 5-2-1 Five-Year Plan of Department Agriculture............................................................................................5-3

Table 6-1-1 Water Resource Options.........................................................................................................................6-1

Table 7-1-1 Water Resource Plans in The Project Area ............................................................................................7-1

Table 8-1 Candidates of The Surface Water Resources.........................................................................................8-2

Currency Aug2014 1 Kyat = 0.107JPY

ID Irrigation Department (Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1-2 Objectives of the Study

The following are outcomes anticipated as a result of the Survey:

BASIC DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 2 BASIC DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

2-1-1 Target Area of the Study

The Yangon Region is composed of 45 townships. The study

The nation’s land has features ranging from a coastal line to

Surrounding Area of Thilawa SEZ

Central dry zone Savannah climate zone (Aw).

The survey area belongs to the tropical monsoon climate zone.

Late October – May Dry Season

Figure 2-1-3 Monthly Mean Temperature and Rainfall

(1) Scale of the National economy

(2) Industrial Structure

Table 2-1-1 Sharing Ratio by Item of Industries in GDP

Electric Power 422,525 1.1 Trade 7,959,882 20.0

2-2-1 Organization of the Administration on the Water Utilization