Dr.

Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Technology

& Management
New Delhi

Satellite and Antenna Lab

ETEC – 452

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Prof. (Dr.) Surender Dhiman Abhishek
Department of ECE 00196207317, F-14
ADGITM B.Tech. ECE 8th Semester
 INDEX
S.No. Name of the Experiment Remarks

1. Setting up an Active Satellite Link and demonstrate Link Fail

Operations.

2. To calculate signal to noise ratio of established Satellite link.

3. To study the baseband analog (voice) signal parameter in Satellite

link.

4. To study the propagation delay of the signal in a Satellite

communication link.

5. To study about polarization of an antenna.

6. To study about reciprocity theorem of an antenna.

7. To study about reflection coefficient of an antenna.

8. To study variation in the radiation strength at a given distance from

the antenna.
 EXPERIMENT No. 1
OBJECTIVE: Setting up an Active Satellite Link and demonstrate Link Fail Operations.

TOOLS REQUIRED: Uplink Transmitter, Dish Antennas, Downlink Receiver, Connecting

Cables, Satellite Transponder.

THEORY:

The Uplink Transmitter sends signals at an Uplink frequency, which is higher than downlink
frequency to avoid the interference. The quality of signal is much improved with active satellite
especially when distances between transmitter and receiver are considerable.

In actual satellite transponder the multiplexer and de-multiplexer are provided which continuously
keeps on receiving the input frequency's in the satellite and transmit different 'output frequency.
Here we do this procedure manually to understand the operations of change in frequencies in the
satellite. We have two uplink frequencies and two downlink frequencies and we can demonstrate
manually how an actual satellite works.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the Satellite Uplink transmitter to AC Mains.

2. Switch „ON‟ the transmitter and frequency display will come on.
3. The transmitting frequency can be selected by Frequency Select switch. The frequency can
be changed from 2450-2468 MHz
4. Connect Antenna to Uplink transmitter with BNC -BNC lead.
5. Place Downlink Receiver at a convenient distance of 5-7m. (It can go even up to 10m.).
6. Place a Satellite Transponder between Transmitter and Receiver at a convenient distance;
preferably all three can be placed in equidistant triangle of distance 5-7m.
7. Connect the Satellite Transponder to the AC Mains and switch it „ON‟ by mains switch.
8. Connect the Downlink Receiver to the AC Mains and switch it „ON‟ by mains switch.
9. The Downlink Receiver Frequency can be changed from 2414-2432 MHz
10. Attach Antenna to the Downlink receiver with BNC - BNC lead.
11. Align both the Transmitter and Receiver Antenna's in line.
12. Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 2468 MHz and Transponder receiver frequency also
to 2468 MHz, from frequency select 1 and frequency select 2.
13. Keep Downlink frequency of Transponder at 2414 MHz
14. Keep the Downlink Receiver at 2414 MHz
15. Now Select Tone from “Channel select B” in Uplink Transmitter.
16. Set the Downlink Receiver at speaker mode by changing “Channel Select B”.
17. Link Fail Operation: Can be established by switching „Off‟ the Power of Satellite
Transponder.

RESULTS:
The above setup shows that a successful satellite communication link has been setup between
Transmitter and Receiver.
 EXPERIMENT No. 2
OBJECTIVE: To calculate signal to noise ratio of established Satellite link.

TOOLS REQUIRED: Uplink Transmitter, Dish Antennas, Downlink Receiver, CRO Connecting
Cables, Satellite Transponder.

THEORY:

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR or S/N) is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the
level of a desired signal to the level of background noise. SNR is defined as the ratio of signal
power to the noise power, often expressed in decibels. A ratio higher than 1:1 (greater than 0 dB)
indicates more signal than noise.
SNR (dB) = Psignal (dB) − Pnoise (dB)
The bandwidth of signal also affects the signal i.e. the wider the bandwidth of the receiver, the
greater the level of the noise. For frequency modulated (FM) television signals, the signal-to-noise
(SIN) ratio on demodulation can be calculated as:
S/N = C/N + 10 log [3{f(p-p)/fv }2] +10 log(b/2fv) + Kw (dB)
Where: S/N = the peak-to-peak luminance amplitude to weighted R.M.S noise ratio (dB)
C/N = carrier-to-noise ratio (dB)
f(p-p) = peak-to-peak deviation by the video signal including the sync pulses (Hz)
b = radio frequency bandwidth (usually taken as f(p- p) + 2fv (Hz)
Kw = combined de-emphasis and weighting improvement factor in FM systems (dB).
Above Equation is only valid for systems operating above the demodulator threshold. (b) The
effect of the additional deviation for multiple sound sub-carriers located above the video base band
tends to improve the video SIN ratio slightly (by a fraction of a decibel) over that calculated using
above Equation. For practical purposes the overall peak- to-peak deviation may be taken as the
overall peak-to peak deviation by the video signal, provided the individual deviations of the audio
channels is small in comparison; (c} The combination of the second and third terms of Equation
is sometimes called the ‘FM modulation gain’ or ‘FM improvement’.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the Satellite Uplink transmitter to AC Mains.

2. Switch „ON‟ the transmitter and frequency display will come on.
3. The transmitting frequency can be selected by Frequency Select switch. The frequency can
be changed from 2450-2468 MHz
4. Connect Antenna to Uplink transmitter with BNC -BNC lead.
5. Place Downlink Receiver at a convenient distance of 5-7m. (It can go even up to 10m.).
 6. Place a Satellite Transponder between Transmitter and Receiver at a convenient distance;
preferably all three can be placed in equidistant triangle of distance 5-7m.
7. Connect the Satellite Transponder to the AC Mains and switch it „ON‟ by mains switch.
8. Connect the Downlink Receiver to the AC Mains and switch it „ON‟ by mains switch.
9. The Downlink Receiver Frequency can be changed from 2414-2432 MHz
10. Attach Antenna to the Downlink receiver with BNC - BNC lead.
11. Align both the Transmitter and Receiver Antenna's in line.
12. Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 2468 MHz and Transponder receiver frequency also
to 2468 MHz, from frequency select 1 and frequency select 2.
13. Keep Downlink frequency of Transponder at 2414 MHz
14. Keep the Downlink Receiver at 2414 MHz
15. Now Select Tone from “Channel select B”, so as to transmit tone signal from Uplink
transmitter.
16. Make the Downlink Receiver in Tone mode with the help of “Channel Select B”.
17. Observe Tone Signal on CRO and measure its amplitude. (The received tone has original
signal and noise both, say it “S1”).
18. Now change “Tone mode” to any other mode with the help of “Channel Select B” of the
uplink transmitter and again measure amplitude of received signal at downlink receiver
(This signal have only noise, say it “N”).
19. Now subtract amplitude of noise from previously received signal (Tone + noise), you can
get actual tone signal amplitude (say it “S”).
S=S1–N
20. Calculate signal to noise ratio from the formula.
Signal to noise ratio = S / N
Signal to noise ratio (in dB) = 20 log S / N

RESULT:

Signal to noise ratio (in dB) = 9 dB

 EXPERIMENT No. 3
OBJECTIVE: To study the baseband analog (voice) signal parameter in Satellite link.

TOOLS REQUIRED: Uplink Transmitter, Dish Antennas, Downlink Receiver, CRO Connecting
Cables, Satellite Transponder, Microphone.

THEORY:

A baseband analog signal or low pass signal is a signal that can include frequencies that are very
near zero, by comparison with its highest frequency (for example, a sound waveform can be
considered as a baseband signal, whereas a radio signal or any other modulated signal is not).

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the Satellite Uplink transmitter to AC Mains.

2. Switch „ON‟ the transmitter and frequency display will come on.
3. The transmitting frequency can be selected by Frequency Select switch. The frequency can
be changed from 2450-2468 MHz
4. Connect Antenna to Uplink transmitter with BNC -BNC lead.
5. Place Downlink Receiver at a convenient distance of 5-7m. (It can go even up to 10m.).
6. Place a Satellite Transponder between Transmitter and Receiver at a convenient distance;
preferably all three can be placed in equidistant triangle of distance 5-7m.
7. Connect the Satellite Transponder to the AC Mains and switch it „ON‟ by mains switch.
8. Connect the Downlink Receiver to the AC Mains and switch it „ON‟ by mains switch.
9. The Downlink Receiver Frequency can be changed from 2414-2432 MHz
10. Attach Dish Antenna to the Downlink receiver with BNC - BNC lead.
11. Align both the Transmitter and Receiver Antenna's in line.
12. Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 2468 MHz and Transponder receiver frequency also
to 2468 MHz.
13. Keep Downlink frequency of Transponder at 2414 MHz
14. Keep the Downlink Receiver at 2414 MHz
15. Connect microphone input at the socket marked 'MIC' on the Uplink Transmitter.
16. Select “MIC” mode from “Channel Select B” in Uplink transmitter.
17. Select the “Speaker” mode from “Channel Select B” in Downlink Receiver.
18. Speak in the mike and you will hear the same sound in the speaker of receiver.

RESULTS:

The above setup shows a successful establishment of baseband analog (voice) signal link between
Transmitter and Receiver.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4
OBJECTIVE: To study the propagation delay of the signal in a Satellite communication link.

TOOLS REQUIRED: Uplink Transmitter, Dish Antennas, Downlink Receiver, CRO Connecting
Cables, Satellite Transponder, Digital Storage Oscilloscope, Pair of Yagi antennas and RHCP &
LHCP axial mode helix antennas.

THEORY:

A baseband analog signal or low pass signal is a signal that can include frequencies that are very
near zero, by comparison with its highest frequency (for example, a sound waveform can be
considered as a baseband signal, whereas a radio signal or any other modulated signal is not).

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the Satellite Uplink transmitter to AC Mains.

2. Switch ‘ON’ the transmitter and frequency display will come on.
3. The transmitting frequency can be selected by Frequency Select switch. The frequency can
be changed from 2450-2468 MHz
4. Connect Antenna to Uplink transmitter with BNC -BNC lead.
5. Place Downlink Receiver at a convenient distance of 5-7m. (It can go even up to 10m.).
6. Place a Satellite Transponder between Transmitter and Receiver at a convenient distance;
preferably all three can be placed in equidistant triangle of distance 5-7m.
7. Connect the Satellite Transponder to the AC Mains and switch it „ON‟ by mains switch.
8. Connect the Downlink Receiver to the AC Mains and switch it „ON‟ by mains switch.
9. The Downlink Receiver Frequency can be changed from 2414-2432 MHz
10. Attach Antenna to the Downlink receiver with BNC - BNC lead.
11. Align both the Transmitter and Receiver Antenna's in line such that both are in parallel
alignment.
12. Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 2468 MHz and Transponder receiver frequency also
to 2468 MHz
13. Keep Downlink frequency of Transponder at 2414 MHz
14. Keep the Downlink Receiver at 2414 MHz
15. Select “Data” mode in the uplink and then downlink transmitter using “Channel Select A”.
16. To observe data from data generator, toggle the switch at Transponder unit to the Telemetry
position.
17. Connect the DSO to “Received Data” section and observe the data.
18. The recommended DSO settings are as follows:
 Adjust the Time/Div knob at 50ms and adjust Volt/Div. Knob at 2V.
 Set appropriate trigger level, so that the signal becomes stable on screen.
19. Now slightly move the Delay Adjust knob and observe the changes in the Data stream on
DSO.

RESULTS:
The experiment can be useful to observe simulated delay in satellite.
 EXPERIMENT No. 5
OBJECTIVE: To study about polarization of an antenna.

TOOLS REQUIRED: Satellite Link Emulator Trainer Kit, Transmitting and Receiving Mast, RF
Detector, Matching Stub, Main Unit (RF Generator, Modulation Generator, And Directional
Coupler), Connecting Cables, Function Generator, and Spectrum Analyzer.

THEORY:

Polarization is used almost exclusively to describe the shape and orientation of the locus of the
extremity of the electric field vector as it varies with time at a fixed point in space. This locus
could be a straight line, an ellipse or a circle. In the case of linear polarization, the electric field
varies in sinusoidal manner in one plane. When this plane is vertical it is called vertical
polarization. When this plane is horizontal, it is called horizontal polarization. The electric field
can also be polarized in any other angle between 0 and 90 degree to the horizontal. In general the
only other commonly used angle is 45 degrees, which is known as the slant polarization.

The polarization of a receiving antenna must match that of the incident radiation in order to detect
the maximum field. If the angles are not the same, only those components which are parallel to the
Plane of incident polarization will detect. If we have a vertically polarized antenna and the incident
radiation is slant Polarized the magnitude of its component in the vertical Plane will be reduced by
a factor cosine 45 degrees. Current polarization techniques are classified as either linear or circular
and are utilized for the following main reasons:

Linear polarization - A method to extend the number of channels that can occupy a given
bandwidth, by using either horizontal polarization (E field horizontal to the ground) or vertical
polarization (E field vertical to ground). This effectively doubles the number of channels that can
be provided by a satellite since two channels can share the same frequency, providing they have
opposite polarizations.

Circular polarization -This method involves spinning the E field of the microwave signal into a
spiral or corkscrew. The two opposite polarizations are:

 Clockwise or right hand circular polarization (RHCP)

 Anticlockwise or left hand circular polarization (LHCP).

Although circular polarization can be used in much the same way as linear polarization, to extend
the number of channels, it is more frequently used in high power DBS satellites for a different
reason. DBS satellites usually have all their channels fixed at a single polarization either LHCP or
RHCP. There is no need to extend the channel capability because this is limited more by power
considerations than the numbers of channels. Cross-polarization leads to an equivalent suppression
in interference in excess of 20 dB and is not noticeable to the viewer.
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the Main Unit.

 Place the main unit on the table and connect power cord.
 RF Generator: Adjust Level Potentiometer to Maximum position.
 Modulation Generator: Select switch to ‘INT’ position and adjust Level
Potentiometer to maximum position.
 Directional Coupler: Select the switch to ‘FWD’ position and adjust FS ADJ
Potentiometer to middle position.
2. Install Transmitting mast, place it beside the main unit and connect it to the main unit’s
‘RF OUT’ using a BNC to BNC cable of 25” long.
3. Install Receiving mast and keep it at some distance (around 1 meter) from the Transmitter.
4. Place RF detector Unit beside the Receiving mast and connect it to the Receiving mast
using a BNC to BNC cable of 25” long.
5. Connect an Adapter +9V to the RF Detector unit, Switch it on and keep the Level knob at
middle position.
6. Keep the base of Transmitting mast such that the „0‟degree position of Goniometer should
be directed towards the RF Detector and also align the marker of the mast with ‘0’ degree
position.
7. Install Detector Antenna on the Receiving mast. Keep its direction towards the
Transmitting mast by rotating it in counter clockwise direction.
8. Install ‘Folded Dipole Antenna’ on the Transmitting mast. Keep its direction towards the
Receiving mast by rotating it in counter clockwise direction.
9. Switch on the main unit and check the display in DPM of Directional Coupler. It will show
some reading according to its level knob at starting.
10. RF detector will also show some reading according to its level knob at starting. (In case of
over loading, reduce it by level Potentiometer of RF detector).
11. Now vary the FS Adjust Potentiometer of Directional Coupler to make the display reading
100 μA and then adjust the Level of RF detector to show the ¾ reading of the main unit’s
display.
12. Connect the ‘L’ shape BNC adaptor on the top of the receiving antenna mast and mount
the Detector antenna in vertical plane.
13. Since, we have changed the plane of receiving antenna to vertical keeping transmitting
antenna still in the horizontal plane; observe that detector antenna receives practically no
signal.
14. Rotate the transmitting antenna from 0 to 360° gradually and observe that the receiving
antenna receives practically no signal or very less signal.
15. Repeat this with other horizontally polarized antennas.
16. Also check with vertically polarized antennas by keeping the Detector antenna in
horizontal plane.

RESULT:
The experiment can be useful to observe polarization in antenna. Antenna Polarization direction is
important in satellite communication. Antenna for any receive transmit pairs should be matched
for efficient signal transfer. A polarization mismatch result in signal loss and consequent
degradation of S/N ratio hence picture or sound quality.
 EXPERIMENT No. 6
OBJECTIVE: To study about reciprocity theorem of an antenna.

TOOLS REQUIRED: Satellite Link Emulator Trainer Kit, Transmitting and Receiving Mast, RF
Detector, Matching Stub, Main Unit (RF Generator, Modulation Generator, and Directional
Coupler), Connecting Cables, Function Generator, Spectrum Analyzer, Yagi-UDA antenna.

THEORY:

An antenna can be used as both transmitting antenna and receiving antenna. While using so, we
may come across a question whether the properties of the antenna might change as its operating
mode is changed. Fortunately, we need not worry about that. The property of antenna being
unchangeable is called as the property of reciprocity. There are various properties such as –
A. Equality of Directional patterns:
The radiation pattern of transmitting antenna1, which transmits to the receiving
antenna2, is equal to the radiation pattern of antenna2, if it transmits and antenna1
receives the signal.
B. Equality of Directivities:
Directivity is same for both transmitting and receiving antennas; if the value of directivity
is same for both the cases i.e. the directivities are same whether calculated from
transmitting antenna’s power or receiving antenna’s power.
C. Equality of Effective lengths:
The value of maximum effective aperture is same for both transmitting and receiving
antennas. Equality in the lengths of both transmitting and receiving antennas is maintained
according to the value of the wavelength.
D. Equality of Antenna impedances:
The output impedance of a transmitting antenna and the input impedance of a receiving
antenna are equal in an effective communication.
These properties will not change though the same antenna is operated as a transmitter or as a
receiver.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the Main unit

 Place the main unit on the table and connect power cord
 RF Generator: Adjust Level Potentiometer to Maximum position
 Modulation Generator: Select switch to ‘INT’ position and Adjust Level
Potentiometer to Maximum position
 Directional Coupler: Select the switch to ‘FWD’ position and adjust FS ADJ
Potentiometer to middle position
2. Install Transmitting mast, place it beside the main unit and connect it to the main unit’s
‘RF OUT’ using a BNC to BNC cable of 25” long.
3. Install Receiving mast and keep it at some distance (around 1 meter) from the Transmitter
mast.
4. Place RF detector Unit beside the Receiving mast and connect it to the Receiving mast
using a BNC to BNC cable of 25” long.
5. Connect an Adapter +9V to the RF Detector unit, Switch it on and keep the Level knob at
middle position.
6. Keep the base of Transmitting mast such that the „0‟degree position of Goniometer
should be directed towards the RF Detector and also align the marker of the mast with ‘0’
degree position.
7. Install Detector Antenna on the Receiving mast. Keep its direction towards the
Transmitting mast by rotating it in counter clockwise direction.
8. Install „Folded Dipole Antenna‟ on the Transmitting mast. Keep its direction towards the
Receiving mast by rotating it in counter clockwise direction.
9. Switch on the main unit and check the display in DPM of Directional Coupler. It will
show some reading according to its level knob at starting.
10. RF detector will also show some reading according to its level knob at starting. (In case
of over loading, reduce it by level Potentiometer of RF detector).
11. Now vary the FS Adjust Potentiometer of Directional Coupler to make the display
reading 100μA and then adjust the Level of RF detector to show the ¾ reading of the
main unit’s display.
12. Mount Yagi-UDA 5 Element Folded dipole antenna on the top of the transmitting mast.
13. Ensure the following settings:
a. Transmitting mast marker is at ‘0’ degree position.
b. Both, transmitting and receiving antennas are facing each other in horizontal
plane. Keep the distance around 100cm between them.
c. Transmitter is tuned for maximum forward power to transmit and receive
optimum/ maximum radiations for the antenna under test
d. DPM for FS adjust at transmitting unit is set for 100μA reading and DPM at RF
detector unit is set for 70μA.
14. Plot the radiation pattern for Yagi-UDA 5 Element Folded dipole antenna as a
transmitting antenna.
15. Now disconnect transmitting mast connection form main unit and receiving mast
connection form RF detector.
16. Now connect the receiving mast with Detector antenna to main unit to use it as
transmitting antenna.
17. Connect transmitting mast with 5 element antenna to RF detector to use it as receiving
antenna.
18. Now we have interchanged the set up to make transmitting antenna as receiving antenna
to perform the Reciprocity theorem.
19. Rotate the receiving antenna mast at the interval 10 degrees and plot the radiation pattern
for Yagi-UDA 5 Element Folded dipole antenna as a receiving antenna.
 20. Observe that both the polar graphs are of the same patterns. It proves the reciprocity
theorem.

RESULTS:

The experiment can be useful to observe reciprocity theorem of an antenna.

 EXPERIMENT NO. 7
OBJECTIVE: To study about reflection coefficient of an antenna.

TOOLS REQUIRED: Satellite Link Emulator Trainer Kit, Transmitting and Receiving Mast,
RF Detector, Matching Stub, Main Unit (RF Generator, Modulation Generator, and Directional
Coupler), Connecting Cables, Function Generator, Spectrum Analyzer, Yagi-UDA antenna.

THEORY:
The Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) is defined as the ratio between maximum and minimum
values of voltage (and current) along the line. The SWR pattern along a line with a mismatched
load is shown and helps understanding the definition of SWR. The SWR is an index of the
mismatch existing between the load and the line feeding it. The SWR equals 1 in the perfectly-
matched case, impossible to reach in practice, and tends to reach very high values (infinity) for
lines shorted or open. In practice SWR values in the range 1.4 to 2 are to be considered a good
matching condition in an antenna system, while rather larger values are acceptable with our
trainer. This is because unlike large power systems where the design aim is maximum power
transfer, in a trainer system the aim is in handiest operability and simple construction.

The reflection coefficient of a load is determined by its impedance ZL (load impedance) and
the impedance toward the source ZS (source impedance).

The magnitude (designated by vertical bars) of the reflection coefficient can be calculated from
the standing wave ratio, SWR:

It can also be illustrated as ratio of electric field strength of the reflected E- to that of the incident
wave E+.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Main Unit.
a. Place the main unit on the table and connect power cord.
b. RF Generator: Adjust Level Potentiometer to Maximum position.
c. Modulation Generator: Select switch to ‘INT’ position and adjust Level
Potentiometer to maximum position.
d. Directional Coupler: Select the switch to ‘FWD’ position and adjust FS ADJ
Potentiometer to middle position.
2. Install Transmitting mast, place it beside the main unit and connect it to the main unit’s
‘RF OUT’ using a BNC to BNC cable of 25” long.
3. Install Receiving mast and keep it at some distance (around 1 meter) from the
Transmitter mast.
4. Place RF detector Unit beside the Receiving mast and connect it to the Receiving mast
using a BNC to BNC cable of 25” long.
5. Connect an Adapter +9V to the RF Detector unit, Switch it on and keep the Level knob
at middle position.
6. Keep the base of Transmitting mast such that the ‘0’degree position of Goniometer
should be directed towards the RF Detector and also align the marker of the mast with
‘0’ degree position.
7. Install Detector Antenna on the Receiving mast. Keep its direction towards the
Transmitting mast by rotating it in counter clockwise direction.
8. Install ‘Folded Dipole Antenna’ on the Transmitting mast. Keep its direction towards
the Receiving mast by rotating it in counter clockwise direction.
9. Switch on the main unit and check the display in DPM of Directional Coupler. It will
show some reading according to its level knob at starting.
10. RF detector will also show some reading according to its level knob at starting. (In case
of over loading, reduce it by level Potentiometer of RF detector).
11. Now vary the FS Adjust Potentiometer of Directional Coupler to make the display
reading 100μA and then adjust the Level of RF detector to show the ¾ reading of the
main unit’s display.
12. Mount Yagi-UDA 5 Element Folded dipole antenna on the top of the transmitting mast.
13. Ensure that matching stub is set for a minimum reverse reading at Directional coupler
and hence maximum power is received at the RF detector display. Now the line is
matched.
14. Note the minimum reverse reading in mA at the Directional coupler display of on main
unit.
15. Now switch the Directional coupler to ‘FWD’ and note down the maximum forward
reading in microamperes.
16. The SWR can be calculated as under: SWR = FWD+REV/ FWD-REV
17. If, you adjust the FS level to 100 for FWD direction then, SWR = 100+REV/100-REV

RESULTS:
The above setup shows the procedure to find out reflection coefficient using VSWR of antenna.
 EXPERIMENT No. 8
OBJECTIVE: To study variation in the radiation strength at a given distance from the
antenna.

TOOLS REQUIRED: Satellite Link Emulator Trainer Kit, Transmitting and Receiving Mast,
RF Detector, Matching Stub, Main Unit (RF Generator, Modulation Generator, and Directional
Coupler), Connecting Cables, Function Generator, Spectrum Analyzer, Yagi-UDA antenna.

THEORY:

The detector antenna receives more radiations in the nearby field of transmitting antenna and
the received power reduces gradually as the distance between the two increases.

When the losses may vary with time, e.g. fading and allowance must be made within the link
budget for this often the worst case may be taken, or alternatively an acceptance of periods of
increased bit error rate (for digital signals) or degraded signal to noise ratio for analogue
systems.

Received power (dBm) = Transmitted power (dBm) + gains (db) - losses (dB)

The starting point is, that the satellite transmits P t [W] to the environment. The power is
transmitted in all directions, thus spreading out on an imaginary sphere of radius R. Then the
power flux density [W/m2] must be:

The power received by an antenna with an effective area Aeff is:

This equation can be modified and written in terms of gain of receiver antenna G ir:

We have found now is the available signal power at the antenna terminals. Unfortunately there
is noise as well.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the Main unit

 Place the main unit on the table and connect power cord
 RF Generator: Adjust Level Potentiometer to Maximum position
 Modulation Generator: Select switch to ‘INT’ position and Adjust Level
Potentiometer to Maximum position
 Directional Coupler: Select the switch to ‘FWD’ position and adjust FS ADJ
Potentiometer to middle position
 2. Install Transmitting mast, place it beside the main unit and connect it to the main unit’s
‘RF OUT’ using a BNC to BNC cable of 25” long.
3. Install Receiving mast and keep it at some distance (around 1 meter) from the
Transmitter mast.
4. Place RF detector Unit beside the Receiving mast and connect it to the Receiving mast
using a BNC to BNC cable of 25” long.
5. Connect an Adapter +9V to the RF Detector unit, Switch it on and keep the Level knob
at middle position.
6. Keep the base of Transmitting mast such that the ‘0’degree position of Goniometer
should be directed towards the RF Detector and also align the marker of the mast with
‘0’ degree position.
7. Install Detector Antenna on the Receiving mast. Keep its direction towards the
Transmitting mast by rotating it in counter clockwise direction.
8. Install ‘Folded Dipole Antenna’ on the Transmitting mast. Keep its direction towards
the Receiving mast by rotating it in counter clockwise direction.
9. Switch on the main unit and check the display in DPM of Directional Coupler. It will
show some reading according to its level knob at starting.
10. RF detector will also show some reading according to its level knob at starting. (In case
of over loading, reduce it by level Potentiometer of RF detector).
11. Now vary the FS Adjust Potentiometer of Directional Coupler to make the display
reading 100μA and then adjust the Level of RF detector to show the ¾ reading of the
main unit’s display.
12. unt folded dipole ( /2) antenna on the top of the transmitting mast.
13. Keep the RF detector at a distance of approximately 50cm. from the transmitting
antenna and align it. Adjust level of RF Generator & Detector so that the reading should
be ¾ of the main units reading.
14. Note the above reading for 50cm distance.
15. Now shift receiving antenna mast away from transmitting mast to increase the distance
to 60cm and note the reading.
16. Similarly take the readings for 70cm, 80cm, 90cm, 100cm, 110cm, 120cm, 130cm,
140cm and 150cm.
17. Plot a graph of received reading with distance.
18. Same experiment can be done with other antennas.

RESULTS:

Hence, the above setup shows the variation in radiation strength which is effected by distance
in the antenna.