Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design,
construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including
works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines and
railways.
There are two major types of engineering roles performed by civil engineers;
1) Consultant engineers who focus on design work and generally spend more time
in the office or working with clients.
Learning Outcome/Objective
Learning Content/Topic
A. What is an Engineer?
One way to define engineering is: “how to do new things in new ways” (Win
Phillips, 1997)
“Professional engineers should work for the welfare of the public. They are
responsible for observing societal needs, and often have the position and resources
to improve society. As professionals, engineers are expected to set examples in the
work field and to establish themselves as assets to society.” T.D. Oates, 1993
Analyze long range plans, survey reports, maps, and other data to plan
and design projects
Consider construction costs, government regulations, potential
environmental hazards, and other factors during the planning and risk-
analysis stages of a project
Compile and submit permit applications to local, state, and federal
agencies, verifying that projects comply with various regulations
Oversee and analyze the results of soil testing to determine the
adequacy and strength of foundations
Analyze the results of tests on building materials, such as concrete,
wood, asphalt, or steel, for use in particular projects
Prepare cost estimates for materials, equipment, or labor to determine a
project's economic feasibility
Civil engineers also must present their findings to the public on topics such
as bid proposals, environmental impact statements, or property descriptions.
Many civil engineers hold supervisory or administrative positions ranging
from supervisor of a construction site to city engineer, public works director, and
city manager. As supervisors, they are tasked with ensuring that safe work
practices are followed at construction sites.
Other civil engineers work in design, construction, research, and teaching.
Civil engineers work with others on projects and may be assisted by civil
engineering technicians.
Civil engineers prepare permit documents for work on projects in renewable
energy. They verify that the projects will comply with federal, state, and local
requirements. These engineers conduct structural analyses for large-scale
photovoltaic, or solar energy, projects. They also evaluate the ability of solar array
support structures and buildings to tolerate stresses from wind, seismic activity,
and other sources. For large-scale wind projects, civil engineers often prepare
roadbeds to handle large trucks that haul in the turbines.
Civil engineers work on complex projects, and they can achieve job
satisfaction in seeing the project reach completion. They usually specialize in one
of several areas.
Construction engineers manage construction projects, ensuring that they
are scheduled and built in accordance with plans and specifications. These
engineers typically are responsible for the design and safety of temporary
structures used during construction. They may also oversee budgetary,
time-management, and communications aspects of a project.
Geotechnical engineers work to make sure that foundations for built
objects ranging from streets and buildings to runways and dams, are solid.
They focus on how structures built by civil engineers, such as buildings and
tunnels, interact with the earth (including soil and rock). In addition, they
design and plan for slopes, retaining walls, and tunnels.
Structural engineers design and assess major projects, such as buildings,
bridges, or dams, to ensure their strength and durability.
Transportation engineers plan, design, operate, and maintain everyday
systems, such as streets and highways, but they also plan larger projects,
such as airports, ship ports, mass transit systems, and harbors.
Water Resources engineers covers a broad spectrum, but is primarily
concerned with the study of selected topics in applied hydrology,
hydraulics, applied limnology, water resources systems analysis, water
resources, environmental impact assessment, hydraulic structures,
irrigation and drainage.
The work of civil engineers is closely related to the work of environmental
engineers.
Feasibility studies
Site Investigations
Since the load-bearing qualities and stability of the ground are such
important factors in any large-scale construction, it is surprising that a serious
study of soil mechanics did not develop until the mid-1930s. Karl von
Terzaghi, the chief founder of the science, gives the date of its birth as 1936,
when the First International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Engineering was held at Harvard University and an international society was
formed. Today there are specialist societies and journals in many countries,
and most universities that have a civil engineering faculty have courses in soil
mechanics.
Design
Construction
Maintenance
Research
B. What is a profession?
“History provides the big picture, why large-scale projects were built and what
their benefits are to society...You can wake people up to the importance of
infrastructure, the efforts of the 2 civil engineers who have improved the quality of
life through its design and construction, why it needs to be repaired, and where tax
dollars will be going. You can use history to educate...engineers ...about where our
present problems came from.” James M. Fels, 1990; in Morley 1994.
These elements were therefore chosen as emphasis areas for this course, and
should provide a foundation for you as both professional engineers and in your future
courses. What you learn here should help you identify areas where you will need to
be strong in order to succeed as an engineer, and therefore in selecting courses
which will allow you to build your skills in these areas.
4. Flexibility
• Writing
• Engineering
• business/financial
• personal interaction
• computer
2. Environmental Quality
6. Materials
7. Transportation
“You must learn how to learn. This is part of your preparation for being an
engineer; our profession will require that you keep up with new developments while
you work: Life-long learning”. Dave DiLaura, “Being Smart is Not Enough.”
Civil engineers held about 232,000 jobs in 2000 (US Department of Labor;
http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos030.htm). Civil engineering jobs tended to fall into a few
main sectors. These job sectors and the approximate percentage of civil engineers
employed within each are listed and described below.
Other < 1%
Includes Peace Corps, Universities, research laboratories, etc. . .
Every job and career path is different. The information below provides some
examples and advice about a typical job path. However, every person, every
employer, each job is different and there are no specific rules. Expect the
unexpected. Variety and diversity are the key trait of civil engineering to remember.
If you don’t like one civil engineering job, don’t despair. There is a fit for your skills,
aspirations, and talents out there waiting for you.
Getting off to a strong start is the key to a successful career. Learn the
way things are done, and figure out what you need to do to earn credibility and
respect. Your first impression on your employers will determine the types of
job assignments they give you.
Tips:
Demonstrate maturity by showing you know how much you DON’T know
Learn as much as you can about your company and the people in it by
listening. College only gives you part of what you need to be
successful. There will be on the job training, so don’t believe you know
everything when you start. Recognize what you don’t know, and make
an effort to learn it quickly. Don’t be afraid to ask questions.
Learn the culture - each company has its own unique personality and culture
The culture is a unique set of rules and norms, often unspoken and
informal, about how you should behave. Watch how others behave,
observe how people communicate and work together.
2 - 5 yrs
Excellent written and oral communication skills: State Position, Aug 24, 1997 Post Ad
~5 years as engineer
Business development
- write proposals; talk with industry to develop a relationship meet
with clients
Project engineer
- coordinate the activities of other junior engineers
- decide who will do what?
- delegate check their work
training
- specialty workshops to develop new skills
- present work at technical conferences
project manager
- select a project engineer
- make sure project stays on budget and on time
- interact closely with client to ensure they get what they want
Quality
Salaries
Salary numbers are somewhat hard to find and are highly variable. In
particular, getting current numbers is challenging. This is important because
salaries tend to increase over time due to inflation. Salaries vary by region due
to the local cost of living. Salaries clearly tend to increase as employees have
more years of work experience. Salaries are generally higher for people who
have earned higher degrees (BS vs. MS vs. PhD). Frequently magazine or
web-based surveys are based on people who chose to respond, so the data
are not fully inclusive.
It’s important to realize that the average salary increases based on the
level of education you’ve received. Salaries also increase based on the
number of years you’ve worked as an engineer.
Therefore, you may want to consider the CU combined BS/MS degree. If you
want to know more, talk to your advisor.
History
Aber P. Canlas, then the deputy Minister of Public Work and Highways
(MPWH) became the sixth president of PICE in 1984 and kept the presidency
until the end of 1986. It was during Canlas' administration that PICE was
involved in an International activity thru the holding of the 4th conference of
the ASEAN Federation of Engineering Organizations or CAFEO-4, which was
hosted by the Philippine Technological Council (PTC) on September 25-27,
1985 at the Philippine Plaza Hotel. President Canlas, then PICE
representative in the PTC, was the chairman of the federation's Governing
Body and PICE became the lead organization that successfully managed that
prestigious international affair. The seventh President of PICE is the amiable
and ever-jolly Juanito "Janet" Nery Ferrer who was elected when he was
Undersecretary of DPWH. He eventually became the full-pledged secretary of
DPWH before his second term ended in 1988 He herefore became the second
Cabinet Secretary to serve the PICE presidency after past president Jesus
Hipolito. President "Janet', as he popularly known, is well remembered for his
vision in establishing a more solid moral foundation for the next generations
of Filipino Civil Engineers. He was very concerned about the moral re-
orientation and regeneration of our people after the 20 year plunder of the past
government regime. Also, he felt that civil engineers had to bring back the
pride and dignity of the civil engineering profession. It was during Ferrer's
administration that serious efforts were exerted to acquire a permanent
headquarters for the PICE and acquire sophisticated office and equipment
such as microcomputer to better serve the needs of the general membership.
Thru very successful fund-raising activities, the initial amount of P550, 000.00
was placed in the bank as a trust fund under the PICE Foundation, Inc the
plan then was to acquire an office space at the Strata 200 Bldg. of the Ortigas
Complex. And as part of the decentralization program of his administration, a
very successful midyear National Convention was held in Davao City in July
1988 ably hosted by the local PICE chapter of that beautiful and alluring
southern metropolis. The eight President of the Institute is David M Consunji,
a former Secretary of the Department of Public Works, Transportation and
Communication (DPWTC) and the president of a very prestigious construction
firm bearing his name. President Consunji served for two (2) terms striving to
maintain the momentum of the Institute's growth for the last 15 years from
1974 His first term was spent mostly in consultation with the local chapters
trying to identify the problems that beset the Institute because he believed in
Another significant event for PICE in 1994 was the signing of a mutual
Agreement of Cooperation with ASCE, the American Society of Civil
Engineers. The agreement provides for an exchange of technical, scientific
and professional knowledge between the two organizations. The holding of
the 20th National Convention in November 1994 proved to be another
unmatched success. Some 3,500 delegates participated in the convention
surpassing previous attendance records. Perhaps the most outstanding
achievement of the Irasga administration is the acquisition of 3 condominium
units at Cityland 10 Tower II, right in the heart of Makati City. The property was
purchased in outright cash in the amount of P 4,003,384 90 from compounded
revenues of PICE from 1992 to 1994 (the terms of PP Romulo M. Del Rosario,
Antonio A Mansueto and Nelson Q. Irasga). Four more chapters were formed
in 1995, North Metro Manila, South Metro Manila, Osamiz City and
Cabanatuan Nueva Ecija chapters. It was also in 1995 that efforts to establish
the PICE Research &. Development Foundation were started. The general
idea was to convert the existing PICE Foundation to serve as the R&D group
for civil engineering.
With the changing trends in the practice of civil engineering and the new
direction that the construction industry itself is taking, 1998 PICE President
Felipe F Cruz spearheaded the transformation of the old PICE Foundation,
Inc., first by expanding its objectives and setting a wider participation of past
presidents who will act as Trustees and of leading members who will actively
participate in the R & 0 work, then renaming it the PICE Research and
Development Foundation and causing the necessary SEC registration.
Attendance in the National Conventions in 1997 and 1998 increased from the
previous years.
The PICE National Board started to workout MOAs with Colleges and
Universities to make this a textbook for the ethics subject in the CE course.
The Manual was prepared to guide civil engineers in the practice of their
profession. Regional conferences were conducted from July to October 2001
in Regions IV, VI, I/CAR and III. The topics selected were those that are
pertinent to the respective regions and offered opportunities for net-working
and fund-raising for the chapter. Meanwhile the Midyear National Convention
was hosted by PICE Cagayan de Oro - Misamis Oriental Chapter with DPWH
Sec. Simeon A Datumanong as the Guest Speaker Free Seminars were
conducted from January 2001, for professionals and students conducted
separately almost every weekend. The National Board sponsored this
program, with the assistance of the chapter where the seminars are held. This
program addresses two objectives - Continuing Professional Development
and Member's Welfare. Some of the main topics presented in the free
seminars were The State of Civil Engineering Profession Today, Disaster
Quick Response Action Program, and other technical topics. PICE has
concentrated on its community extension work because civil engineering is a
profession in the Service of the Society. The Disaster Quick Response
Program (DQRP) is an undertaking of the PICE and ASEP with OCC)-NOCC-
ONO for the rapid assessment of structures during calamities. Trainings were
financed by the OCD-NDCC and started in August 2001 at Baguio City. PICE
also entered to a Memorandum of Agreement with the Philippine Building
Officials (PASO) for this undertaking. This program highlights the members'
spirit of volunteerism and concern for the community. PICE wants to involve
all members who will become DORP volunteers in the rapid inspection of
affected structures during earthquakes. PICE entered into a Memorandum of
Agreement with the Habitat for Humanity for the construction of houses for the
marginalized families. The student members provided the manpower in the
construction of the houses while, professional members provided the technical
supervision. As part of the Outreach program of the National Board of
Oirectors,regular consultation meetings were conducted with the officials of
the chapters Batangas, !locos Norte - Laoag, Davao, Isabela, Baguio,
Bacolod, Iloilo, Naga, Pangasinan, Angeles City, Oriental Mindoro,
Pampanga, Leyte, Cabanatuan - N Ecija, La Union. The national officers truly
networked with the members and became very familiar with the particular
settings of the chapter. The computerization program for PICE Operations was
completed in 2001 PICE now has an integrated membership data bank serving
all our chapters nationwide. The Data Bank also has other information related
to the practice of the profession. Our official websrte was launched in July2001
- and main e-mail address picenatl@skyinet net The PICE Library has an
impressive selection of publications available to all members. The PICE
Other Achievements:
The use of the Manual of Practice for Civil Engineering was further
promoted to set the civil engineering professional standards and
ethics.
Upgrading of the civil engineering education through advocacy
work; involvement in the review of the Civil Engineering curriculum.
PICE submitted to Professional Regulation Commission PICE's
position on the WTO-GATS issues on Cross Border Supply,
Commercial Presence, Consumption Abroad, Mobility Movement of
Natural Persons
Code of Ethics
Fundamental Principles
Civil engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of
the civil engineering profession by:
Fundamental Canons
1. Civil Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare
of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of
sustainable development in the performance of their duties
Approved, June 17, 1950 (As amended by R.A. No. 1582, approved on June 16, 1956).
Section 1. Title of Act.” This Act shall be known as the “Civil Engineering Law.”
b) The term “civil engineer” as used in this act shall mean a person
duly registered with the Board for Civil Engineers in the manner as
hereinafter provided.
Section 3. Composition of Board.” Within thirty days after the approval of this Act
there shall be created a Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers, hereinafter
referred to as the Board, to be composed of a chairman and two members
who shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines, upon
recommendation of the Commissioner of PRC. The members of the Board
shall hold office for a term of three years after appointment or until their
successors shall have been appointed and shall have qualified. The first
members of the Board appointed under this Act shall hold office for the
following terms: One member for one year; one member for two years; and
one member for three years. Each member of the Board shall qualify by
taking the proper oath of office before entering upon the performance of his
duties. Any member of the Board may be removed by the President of the
Philippines, upon recommendation by the Professional Regulation
Commission for neglect of duty, incompetency, malpractice,
unprofessional, unethical, immoral, or dishonorable conduct, after having
been given opportunity to defend himself in a proper administrative
investigation: Provided, That during the process of investigation, the
President of the Philippines, upon the recommendation of the PRC, shall
have the power to suspend such member under investigation and shall
appoint a temporary member in his place. Vacancies in the Board shall be
filled for the un-expired term only.
Section 4. Powers and Duties of the Board.” The Board for Civil Engineers is vested
with authority, conformable with the provisions of this Act, to administer
oaths, issue, suspend and revoke certificates of registration for the practice
of civil engineering, issue certificates of recognition to civil engineers
already registered under this Act for advanced studies, research, and/or
highly specialized training in any branch of civil engineering subject to the
approval of the PRC, to investigate such violations of this Act and the
regulations, there under as may come to the knowledge of the Board and,
for this purpose, issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum to secure
appearance of witnesses in connection with the charges presented to the
Board, to inspect at least once a year educational institutions offering
courses in civil engineering, civil engineering works, projects or
corporations, established in the Philippines and, for safeguarding of life,
health and property, to discharge such other powers and duties as may
affect ethical and technological standards of the civil engineering
profession in the Philippines. For the purpose of this Act, the Director of
Public Works and/or his authorized representative in the provinces and
chartered cities shall be ex-officio agents of the Board and as such it shall
be their duty to help in the enforcement of the provisions of this Act. The
Board may, with the approval of the Professional Regulation Commission
issue such rules and regulations as may be deemed necessary to carry out
the provisions of this Act. The board shall also adopt a code of ethics in the
practice of civil engineering and have an official seal to authenticate its
official documents.
Section 6. Fees and Compensation of Board.” The Board for Civil Engineers shall
charge for each application for examination the sum of P100 (one hundred)
payable to the collecting and disbursing officer of the PRC upon filing of
said application, and for each certificate of registration, fifty pesos. Each
member of the Board shall receive a compensation of fifteen pesos for each
applicant examined. A civil engineer in the service of the Government of
the Republic of the Philippines appointed as member of the Board shall
receive the compensation as herein provided, in addition to his salary in the
Government. All authorized expenses of the Board, including the
compensation provided for herein, shall be paid by the collecting and
disbursing officer of the PRC out of such appropriation as may be made for
the purpose. (See RA 6511 & PD 223)
Section 7. Annual Report.” The Board shall, at the end of each fiscal year, submit to
the PRC a detailed report of its activities and proceedings during the period
covered by the fiscal year ended.
Article III
Section 8. Examination Requirement.” All applicants for registration for the practice
of civil engineering shall berequired to pass a technical examination as
hereinafter provided.
Section 12. Qualifications for Examination.” Any person applying for admission to the
civil engineering examination as herein provided shall, prior to the date of
the examination, establish to the satisfaction of the Board that he has the
following qualifications:
Section 13. Oath of Civil Engineers.” All successful candidates in the examination
shall be required to take a professional oath before the Board of Civil
Engineers or other Government Officials authorized to administer oaths,
prior to entering upon the practice of the civil engineering profession.
Section 14. Seal and Use of Seal.” All registered civil engineers shall obtain a seal of
such design as the Board shall authorize and direct: Provided, however,
that the serial number of the certificate issued by the Board shall be
included in the design of the seal. Plans and specifications prepared by,
or under the direct supervision of a registered civil engineer shall be
stamped with said seal during the life of the registrant’s certificate, and it
shall be unlawful for anyone to stamp or seal any documents with said
seal after the certificate of registrant named thereon has expired or has
been revoked, unless said certificate shall have been renewed or re-
issued.
4. Nor shall anything in this Act prevent any person who prior to the
approval of this Act have been lawfully engaged in the practice of
“maestro de obras” to continue as such, provided they shall not
undertake the making of plans supervision for the following classes of
work:
Section 16. Refusal to Issue Certificate.” The Board for Civil Engineers shall not issue
a certificate to any person convicted by a court of competent jurisdiction
of any criminal offense involving moral turpitude, or to any person guilty
of immoral or dishonorable conduct, or to any person guilty of immoral or
dishonorable conduct, or to any person of unsound mind. In the event of
a refusal to issue a certificate to any person, the Board shall give to the
applicant a written statement setting forth its reason for such action, which
statement shall be incorporated in the records of the Board.
Section 18. Re-issue and Replacement of Certificates. “ The Board may, after the
expiration of one year from the date of certificate of registration is revoked
and for reasons it may deem sufficient, entertain an application for a new
certificate of registration from the registrant concerned. Such application
shall be accomplished in the same form prescribed for examination, but
the Board may, in its discretion, exempt the applicant from taking the
requisite examination.
Section 19. Transitory Provisions.” As soon as this Act takes effect, any person
desiring to practice the profession of civil engineering shall be required to
obtain a certificate of registration in the manner and under the conditions
hereinafter provided. All civil engineers duly licensed under the provisions
of Act Numbered Twenty-nine hundred and eighty-five, as amended, at
the time this Act takes effect, shall be automatically registered under the
provisions hereof. Certificates of registration held by such persons in good
standing shall have the same force and effect as though the same have
been issued under the provisions of this Act. All graduates in civil
engineering from a school, institute, college, or university recognized by
the Government who have passed the civil service examination for senior
civil engineer and have been practicing or employed in the Government
as such during five years are exempted from taking examination.
Article V
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Section 26. Roster of civil engineers.” A roster showing the names and places of
business of all registered civil engineers shall be prepared by the
Commissioner of PRC periodically but at least once a year. Copies of this
roster shall be placed on file with the PRC and furnished to all department
heads, mayors of all chartered cities, to the Director of Public Works, to
such other Bureaus, government entities or agencies and municipal and
provincial authorities as may be deemed necessary and to the public upon
request.
Section 27. Repeal. “All laws, parts of laws, orders, ordinances, or regulations in
conflict with the provisions hereof; including parts of Act Numbered
Twenty-nine hundred and eighty-five, as amended, as pertains to the
practice of civil engineering, are hereby repealed, except the provisions
of Act Numbered Thirtyone hundred and fifty nine amending Act
Numbered Twenty-nine hundred and eighty-five, pertaining to the practice
of “maestro de obras.”
Section 28. Construction of Act.” If any part or section of this Act shall be declared
unconstitutional, such declarations shall not invalidate the other
provisions hereof.
Section 29. Effectivity. “This Act shall take effect upon its approval.”