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Digital Signal processing

Linear systems

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Exercise 1
Evaluate the impulse response of the system described by the following
recursive equation

z-1
-1

z-1
3/2

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Solution 1
yn  = xn  − xn − 1 + yn − 1
3
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 Z-transform:
Y (z ) = X (z ) − X (z ) z −1 + Y (z ) z −1
3  3 

Y (z )1 − z −1  = X (z ) 1 − z −1 
2  2 
Y (z ) 1 − z −1 z −1
H (z ) =
1
= = −
X (z ) 1 − 3 z −1 1 − 3 z −1 1 − 3 z −1
2 2 2
 Antitransforming 𝐻(𝑧):
n n −1 n −1 n −1
 3  3 3 3
hn  =   un  −   un − 1 =   un − 1 +  n−  3  un − 1 =
2 2 22 2
n −1
1 3
=   un − 1 +  n 
22

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Alternative solution
By definition

Zero initial state

3/4
1
1/2

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Exercise 2
Given the FIR filter

Evaluate and plot modulus and phase of the transfer function

Evaluate the output when the input sequence is

Justify the result of 2) using 1)

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Solution 2.1

Y ( e j ) = X ( e j ) − X ( e j ) e j 4 

Y ( e j )
j
H (e ) = j
= 1 − e − j 4 = 1 − cos(4 ) + j sin (4 )
X (e )

H (e j ) = 1 − cos(4 ) + sin (4 )


2 2 2

H (e )
j 2
= 2 − 2 cos(4 ) = 4 sin 2 (2 )

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Solution 2.2 – 2.3
input

 The pulsation p/2 is nulled by the modulus of the


transfer function, the pulsation p/4 is doubled and has
zero phase

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Exercise 3

Let consider the LTI discrete system with the folllowing I/O relationship

a. Evaluate zeros and poles of the transfer function


b. Is the system FIR or IIR?
c. Is is a minimum phase system?

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Solution 3

o x x o
-2 0.25 1

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Solution 3
 The system is causal, since the output at time n
depends only on the value of the inputs and
outputs at the previous times :ROC: |𝑧| > 1/4

 The system is recursive and therefore IIR.

 It is not at minimum phase because not all poles


and zeros are within the circle of unit radius.

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Exercise 4
Let consider the FIR filter

a. Determine poles and zeros of 𝐻(𝑧)


b. Study the stability of the inverse system 1/𝐻(𝑧)

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Solution 4
p1 = 0.9e j 0.6p
H ( z ) = (1 − p1 z −1 )(1 − p1* z −1 )(1 − p2 z −1 )(1 − p2* z −1 )
p1 = 1.25e j 0.8p

* *
a) zeros p1 , p2 , p1 , p2 X
FIR
quadruple pole in z=0

1
b) H ( z ) Poles p1 , p2 , p1* , p2*
quadruple zero in z=0 IIR

o
The system is causal, since H (z) is expressed
in terms of powers of z-1 → ROC: |z|>1.25
unstable

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Exercise 5
Let consider the transfer function

a. Determine zeros and poles and discuss the stability


b. Evaluate the modulus of the transfer function |𝐻(𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 )|

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Solution 5
 I/O relationship:
1
z −1 −
Y ( z) = H ( z) X ( z) with H ( z) =
1
3
1 − z −1
3
 1 −1   −1 1 
 1 − z  Y ( z ) =  z −  X ( z)
 3   3
1 −1 1 −1
Y ( z) = − X ( z) + z X ( z) + z Y ( z)
3 3
 Antitransforming:
1 1
y (n) = − x(n) + x(n − 1) + y (n − 1) Causal system
3 3

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Solution 5
Zero in z = 3 Pole in z = 1/3

Il polo è contenuto all’interno del cerchio di raggio unitario →


il sistema è stabile
Impulse Response
1

1.5

0.8

0.6

0.5
Imaginary Part

0.4

Amplitude
0

0.2

-0.5

-1

-0.2

-1.5

-0.4
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Real Part n (samples)

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Solutiion 5
æ 1ö
2

( ) ( )
2

e- jw
-
1 ç
è
cos w - ÷
ø
+ sin 2 w 1 2
1+ - cos w ( )
( )
2 3
H e jw = 3 = = 9 3 =1
æ ö
( )
2
1 - jw 1 2
1+ - cos w
1- e
3
1
( )
ç1- cos w ÷ + sin w
è 3 ø 9
1 2
( ) 9 3
æ ö æ ö
ç -sin w ÷ ( ) ( )
ç sin w ÷
( ( ))
arg H e jw
= arctan ç ÷ - arctan ç ÷
( )
çç cos w - 1 ÷÷
( )
çç 1- 1 cos w ÷÷
1

è 3ø è 3 ø 0.5

Magnitude (dB)
0

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Normalized Frequency ( # : rad/sample)

Phase (degrees) -50

-100

-150

-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Normalized Frequency ( # : rad/sample)

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Exercise 6
Let consider the transfer function

The following signal is put the input of the system

a. Evaluate the impulse response ℎ[𝑛]


b. Evaluate the output 𝑦[𝑛]
c. Is the system stable?

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Solution 6 (a)
 I/O relationship:

1 − z −1
H ( z) =
Y ( z) = H ( z) X ( z) with 3
1 + z −1
4
 3 −1 
 1 +
 4 
z  Y ( z ) = (1 − z −1
) X ( z)

−1 3 −1
Y ( z) = X ( z) − z X ( z) − z Y ( z)
4
 Antitransforming:
3
y (n) = x(n) − x(n − 1) − y (n − 1) Causal system
4

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Solution 6 (a/c)
 Antitransforming H(z):

 Causal system→ ROC:|z|>3/4


n n −1
 3  3
h(n ) =  −  u (n ) −  −  u (n − 1)
 4  4

 The system is therefore stable, since the ROC


contains the circumference of unit radius

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Solution 6 (b)
 The z-transform of the output can be found
multiplying 𝐻(𝑍) and 𝑋(𝑧):

Cancellation of the pole in in z=1


 The ROC of Y(z) is:
3
z 
4

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Solution 6 (b)
 Decomposing Y(z):

(
Y (z ) =  Ri 1 − di z −1 ) (
Ri = Y (z ) 1 − d i z −1 ) z =di
i

◼ d1=1/3, d2=-3/4
2 −1
2 −
2 −1
z −z
− z −1 3 8 R2 = 3 =
8
R1 = =−
Y (z ) = 3
 3 −1   1 −1  13
 1 −1  3 −1  1 + z 
13 1 − z 
1 − z 1 + z   4  z=1  3  z =− 3
 3  4  3
4

n n
3 1 8  3
 Antitransforming: y(n ) = −   u (n ) +  −  u (n )
18  3  13  4 
 ROC: z  3
4
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