Digital Signal Processing

Z-Transform

1
Exercise 1
Evaluate the Z-transform of the following signals

Evaluating zeros and poles

2
Solution 1.1
a reale

By definition

 Poles:
◼ z=a

3
Solution 1.1
 𝑥[𝑛] causal with a single real positive pole

4
 Solution 1.1
 𝑥[𝑛] causal with a single real negative pole

5
Solution 1.2

6
 Solution 1.2

 Zero:

 Poles:
7
Solution 1.3

8
Solution 1.3

 Zeros:
◼ z=cos(w0)

 Poles:
◼

9
Solution 1.4

10
Solution 1.4

 Zeros:
◼ z

 Poles:
◼

11
Solution 1.4
 𝑥(𝑛) causal with complex conjugate poles

12
Exercize 2
Evaluate the Z-Transfrom and the Region of Convergence of the following
discrete-time signals

otherwise

otherwise

13
Solution 2.1

 Region of convergence:

14
Solution 2.1

 ROC is not empty only if |a|<1.

15
Solution 2.2

2k
 Zeros: j
z=e N
k = 0, , N − 1
 The zero in z=1(k=0) cancels the pole in z=1:

ROC : z  0
16
Solution 2.3

 𝑥[𝑛] can be written as the convolution of two

rectangular signals

17
Exercise 3
Evaluate the Z-trasform and the region of convergence of the following discrete
time signals

18
 Solution 3.1

 1  n  3  n 
x(n ) =   +   u (n − 10)
 2   4  

 1 10  1  n −10  3 10  3  n −10 

x(n ) =     +     u (n − 10) = y (n − 10)
   
2 2  4   4  

 1 10  1  n  3 10  3  n  10
   
n 10
   
n

y(n ) =     +     u (n ) =     u (n ) +     u (n )
1 1 3 3
 2   2   4   4   2 2 4 4

 Exploiting the linearity property:

1 
10
1
n
 3
10
3
n

Y (z ) =   Z   u (n ) +   Z   u (n )
 2   2    4   4  

19
Solution 3.1

 
10
 
n
  
10
 
n

Y ( z ) =   Z   u (n ) +   Z   u (n ) =
1 1 3 3
 2   2    4   4  
10 10
1 z 3 z 1 3
=  +  z  ,z 
2 z− 1 4 z− 3 2 4
2 4
 Using the time translation property:
10 −9 10 −9
   
X (z ) = z −10 Y (z ) =  
1 z 3 z 3
+  ROC : z 
2 z− 1 4 z − 3 4
2 4

20
Solution 3.2
1 − 10  n  10
x(n ) = 
0 altrove

1 0  n  20
x(n ) = y (n + 10) con y (n ) = 
0 altrove

 From the exercise 2.2 :

1 − z −21
Y (z ) = 0 z 
1 − z −1

X (z ) = z10Y (z ) =
z 10
(1 − z −21
) ROC : 0  z  
1 − z −1

21
 x(n ) = 2 n u (− n )
Solution 3.3
+  n
0
1 
X (z ) =  x(n)z −n =
1 1
 2 n −n
z =   z
m =0  2 
 =
1 2
z 1
n = − n =−
1− z
2
X (z ) =
z
ROC : z  2
1
z−
2
 Alternative solution:
Y (z ) =
1 1
z 
n
1
x(n ) = y (− n ) con y (n ) =   u (n ) 1 2
2 1 − z −1
2
X ( z) = Y (z ) =−1 1
z 2
1
1− z
2
22
Exercise 4
Evaluate the causal and anticausal sequences associated to the following Z-
transforms

23
Solution 4.1

1
 Causal sequence: ROC : z 
2

1
 Anti-causal sequence: ROC : z 
2

24
Solution 4.2
X b (z ) =
1
 1 −1 
1 − z  1 − z (
−1
)
 2 

 Decmposing 𝑋(𝑧):
X b ( z ) =  Ri
1
(
Ri = X b (z ) 1 − d i z −1 )
i (1 − di z −1 ) z =di

 Poles of Xb (z) are: d1=1/2 e d2=1

 Residuals:

1 1
R1 = = −1 R2 = =2
1 − z −1 1 1
z=
2 1 − z −1
2 z =1

25
Solution 4.2
X b (z ) = 2 
1 1
− 1 
1 − z −1 1
1 − z −1
2

 Causal sequence:

 Anti-causal sequence:

26
 Solution 4.3
1 −1
1− z
X (z ) = = Y ( z ) − z −1Y ( z )
2 1 1 1 1
= − z −1
1 1 1
1 + z −1 1 + z −1 2 1 + z −1 2
2 2 2
with:
Y (z ) =
1
x(n ) = y (n ) − y (n − 1)
1
1
1 + z −1 2
2
n
 1
 Causal sequence: y (n ) =  −  u (n )
 2
n n −1 n
 1 11  1
x(n ) =  −  u (n ) −   u (n − 1) =  −  u (n ) + u (n − 1) =
 2 22  2
n n
 1  1
=  −  u (n ) + u (n ) −  (n ) = 2 −  u (n ) −  (n )
 2  2
27
Solution 4.3
 Anti-causal sequence:
n
 1
y n = − −  u (− n − 1)
( )
 2
n n −1 n
 1 1 1  1
x(n ) = − −  u (− n − 1) +  −  u (− n ) = − −  u (− n − 1) + u (− n ) =
 2 2 2  2
n n
 1  1
= − −  u (− n − 1) + u (− n − 1) +  (n ) = −2 −  u (− n − 1) −  (n )
 2  2

28
Exercise 5

Evaluate the sequence corrisponding to the following Z-Transforms

29
Solution 5.1
( )( )
X ( z ) = (1 + 2 z ) 1 + 3z −1 1 − z −1 =
(
= 1 + 3z −1 + 2 z + 6)(1 − z ) =
−1

= 1 + 3z −1 + 2 z + 6 − z −1 − 3z − 2 − 2 − 6 z −1 =
= 2 z + 5 − 4 z −1 − 3z − 2

x(n) = 2 (n + 1) + 5 (n) − 4 (n −1) − 3 (n − 2)

30
Solution 5.2
X (z ) =
3z 1
z 
 1  1 2
 z −  z + 
 2  4
 Multiply numerator and denominator by z-2:
3 z −1
X (z ) =
 1 −1  1 −1 
1 − z 1 + z 
 2  4 

 Expanding X(z):

X ( z ) =  Ri
1 (
Ri = X (z ) 1 − di z −1 )
i ( i )
1 − d z −1 z =di

 The poles of 𝑋(𝑧) are: z1=1/2 e z2=-1/4

31
Solution 5.2
 Residuals:

3 z −1 3 z −1
R1 = =4 R2 = = −4
 1 −1   −1 
1 + z  1
1 − z 
 4  z=1  2  z =− 1
2
4

X (z ) =
4 4
−
1 1
1 − z −1 1 + z −1
2 4
 Anti-transorming:

1
n
 1
n
 1  n  1  n 
x(n ) = 4  u (n ) − 4 −  u (n ) = 4  −  −  u (n )
2  4  2   4  

32
Solution 5.3
2z3 + z 2
X (z ) = z 3
(z + 3)(z − 1)
 Multiply numerator and denominator by z-3:
2 + z −1 2 + z −1
X ( z ) = −1 =z
( −1
z 1 + 3z 1 − z )(
−1
) (
1 + 3z −1 1 − z −1)( )
 𝑋(𝑧) can be written as:
2 + z −1
X (z ) = zY (z ) Y (z ) =
( )(
1 + 3z −1 1 − z −1 )

 then: x(n ) = y (n + 1)

33
Solution 5.3
2 + z −1
 Expanding 𝑌(𝑧): Y (z ) =
( )(
1 + 3z −1 1 − z −1 )
1
Y ( z ) =  Ri
i (1 − di z −1 ) (
Ri = Y (z ) 1 − d i z −1 ) z =di

 Poles of 𝑌(𝑧) : d1=-3 e d2=1

 Residuals:
2 + z −1 5 2 + z −1 3
R1 = = R2 = =
1 − z −1 z = −3
4 1 + 3 z −1 4
z =1

Y (z ) =
5 1 3 1
+
4 1 + 3z −1 4 1 − z −1

34
Solution 5.3
 Anti-tranfroming:

y (n ) = u (n ) + (− 3) u (n )
3 5 n

4 4
1
4
 n +1

x(n ) = y (n + 1) = 3 + 5(− 3) u (n + 1)

35