CE-418 (B) Hydraulic and Water

Resources Engineering
Introduction to Coastal Engineering
 Instructor Details
Dr. Haider Hasan
(Associate Professor)
• Department of Civil Engineering
• Tel: +(92-21) 99261261-8; Ext:2618
• E-mail: hhasan@neduet.edu.pk
• Consultancy Hours: Tuesdays 2pm-5pm or else
please email or call
• Contact Hours: 1hr/week (16/Semester)
 Textbooks and Recommended
References
• Coastal Engineering Manual
(http://www.publications.usace.army.mil/)
• Basic Coastal Engineering by Robert M. Sorenson
(http://ctgttp.edu.free.fr/Update/Waterways/Basic%20Coa
stal%20Engineering/front-matter.pdf)
• Coastal engineering : an introduction to ocean engineering
by Kiyoshi Horikawa, 1978
• Waves, Tides, and Shallow-Water Processes
(Oceanography) by Open University, 2000
• Water wave mechanics for engineers and scientists by
Robert G Dean & Robert A Dalrymple, 2000
• Hydraulics in civil and environmental engineering by
Andrew Chadwick and John Morfet, 1998
 Course Description
• Application of fluid mechanics to water waves
in the coastal region;
• Introduction to linear wave theory, wave
transformation and breaking.
 Learning Objectives
• Water Waves
• Linear Wave Theory
• Water Particle Kinematics
• Wave Dispersion and Group Velocity
• Wave Energy
• Waves Approaching the Shore; Refraction
• Wave Breaking upon the shore
• Waves of Unusual Character
 Tentative Assessment Criteria
• Sessional:
– Mid Term
– 2 X etest
• Final Exam: February/March 2019
1. Introductory Remarks
• Shorelines are dynamic
environments
• Great variability:
– Topography
– Geologic makeup
– Tidal conditions
– Sea-level fluctuations http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Niue_Coastline.jpg

– climate
• Coastal zone:
– The dynamic interface (i.e.
common boundary) where
the air, land and sea interact.
– region of indefinite width
that extends inland from the
sea to the first major change
in topography
1.1 The Coastal Zone
Present-Day Shoreline
• Not only waves
• But also multiple geologic
processes such as
– rise in sea-level
accompanied melting of
glaciers

Human Activity
• Experiencing intensive human
activity
• Thought of as stable thus
conflict between people and
nature
• Coastal features are very fragile
and not appropriate sites for
development
1.2 Coastal Features and Terminologies
1.2 Coastal Features and Terminologies
• In general conversation the boundary between land and sea:
– Shore
– Shoreline
– Coastal zone
– Coast
– Beach

Idealised Profile of the coastal zone

• Shoreline:
– The that marks the contact between land and sea.
– Migrates due to rise and fall of tide or sea-level rise and fall over
longer periods
• Shore:
– The area that extends between the lowest tide level and the
highest elevation on land that is affected by storm waves.
• Coast:
– Extends inland from the shore as far as ocean-related
features can be found.
• Coastline:
– Marks the coast’s seaward edge, whereas the inland
boundary is not always obvious or easy to determine.
Shore is divied into foreshore and backshore:
• foreshore:
– The area exposed when the tide is out (low tide) and submerged when
the tide is in (high tide).
• backshore:
– Landward of the high-tide shoreline.
– It is usually dry, affected by wave only during storms.
Two more zones can also be identified:
• Nearshore zone:
– Lies between the low tide shoreline and the line where the
wave break at low tide.
• Offshore zone:
– Seaward of the nearshore zone.
• Beaches:
– accumulation of sediment found
along the landward margin of an
ocean or a lake.
– On straight coasts beaches can extend
tens or hundreds of kilometres
– Where coasts are irregular, beaches
may be confined to relatively quieter
water of bays
• Berm:
– Relatively flat platforms often composed of sand that adjacent to
coastal dunes or cliffs and marked by a change in slope at the seaward
edge.
– marks the juncture of the foreshore and backshore.
• Beach face:
– The wet sloping surface that extends from the berm to the shoreline.
 Beach Material
• Beaches are composed of whatever material is locally abundant.
• Sediment from beaches are derived from adjacent cliffs or nearby coastal
mountains.
• Other beaches are built from sediment delivered to the coast by rivers
• Beaches can be thought of as material in transit along the shore

Sanibal Island in Florida consists Black Sands on this beach derived

of shells and shell fragments from weathering of Basaltic lava flows
 1.3 What is Coastal Engineering?
• Coastal Engineering
– To develop solutions for problems associated with
– natural and human induced changes in the coastal
zone;
– The structural and non-structural mitigation of
these changes;
– and the positive and negative impacts of possible
solutions to problem areas in the coast.
(Coastal Engineering Manual, CEM)
 What is Coastal Engineering?
• Coastal Engineering:
– Branch of Civil Engineering
– Interdisciplinary area considering that it requires the rational
interweaving of knowledge from different technical disciplines
such as:
• Geology
• Meteorology
• Environmental Sciences
• Hydrology
• Physics
• Mathematics
• Statistics
• Oceanography
• Marine Science
• Hydraulics
• Structural Dynamics
• Naval Architecture
• etc
(CEM)
 What is Coastal Engineering?
• Processes to Consider by Coastal Engineers:
– Environmental Processes (Chemical, Ecological)
– Hydrodynamic Processes (Winds, waves, water level fluctuation
and currents)
– Seasonal Meteorological trends (Storms, winter and summer)
– Sediment Processes (Sources, transport paths, sinks and
characteristics)
– Geological processes (soil and strata characteristics, stable and
migrating sub-aerial and sub-aqueous features, rebounding or
subsiding surfaces).
– Long-term environmental trends (sea level rise, climate change).
– Social and political conditions (land use, development trends,
regulatory laws, social trends, public safety, economics).
(CEM)
 What is Coastal Engineering?
• Primary Areas of Endeavour
– Harbour Works
– Navigation Channels Improvements
– Shore Protection
– Flood Damage Reduction
– Environmental Preservation and Restoration
(CEM)
 What is Coastal Engineering?
• Coastal Science:
– a suite of interdisciplinary technologies applied to
understanding processes, environments, and
characteristics of the coastal zone.
• Coastal Engineers:
– Apply coastal sciences to develop physical
adaptations to solve problems and enhance the
human interface with the coast.
(CEM)
 1.4 Importance of Coastal Engineering to
Pakistan

• The coastline of Pakistan extends 1,050 km (650 mi):

– 250 km falling in Sind province and
– 800 km in Balochistan and
– there is significant natural diversity in shore types throughout
Pakistan.
• Consequently, engineering, development, and policy
strategies need to be tailored for each unique region and
need to be flexible to changes in the local conditions.
 http://www.hdwallpapersarena.com/ocean-waves-wallpapers.html

1.5 APPLICATIONS OF COASTAL

ENGINEERING
Provision and Improvement of
Navigation at Commercial harbours

geh.com
Harbour Works for Commercial Fish
Handling and Service Facilities

http://www.sail4fun.nl/portal/yachtharbours/netherlands/ijmuiden.html

IJmuiden harbour (Holland)

 Inland Waterways

nautikaiturizam.com

http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/42254000/gif/_42254674_panama_canal_3_416.gif
Recreational Boating Facilities

www.sibraxis.com
Wave Impact/Forces
Shore Protection Projects
Shore Protection Projects
 Beach/Cliff Erosion Controls

June 2002

March 2006

October 2002

www2.cege.ucl.ac.uk/teaching/undergrad/.../UCL_lecture_1Oct07.ppt
Land Reclamation
Cyclone or Coastal Storm Protection

http://www.flickr.com/photos/shelterboxuk/4730104646/
Tsunamis
Environmental Protection &
Restoration
 Employers
• PRIVATE INDUSTRY • GOVERNMENT
– OFFSHORE & COASTAL – NIOPK
CONSTRUCTION – PORTS
– SHIPYARDS – REGULATORY AGENCIES
– OFFSHORE OIL & GAS – MILITARY
– DREDGING – ARMY/NAVY CIVILIAN
CONTRACTORS LABORATORIES
– OFFSHORE DRILLING
– COASTAL & OFFSHORE
CONSULTING FIRMS
– DEFENSE CONTRACTORS
Note: Coastal Engineering is at its infancy in Pakistan.
Coastal Engineering at NED University
• M.Eng Programme in Water Rersources and
Coastal Engineering.
• At undergraduate two projects have been
conducted:
– Tidal energy
– Modelling waves in harbours
• At M.Eng and PhD:
– Research focused on Tsunami Inundation
Modelling
 Professional Organizations
• American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE)*
Waterway, Ports, Coastal and Ocean Engineering
Division (COPRI)
• American Society of Mechanical Engineering (ASME)
Ocean Engineering Division
• Marine Technology Society (MTS)*
• Society of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering
(SNAME)
• American Geophysical Union (AGU)
• Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and
Technology (IMarEST)
 Journals & Magazines
• Coastal Engineering
• Applied Ocean Research
• Journal of Fluid Mechanics
• Ocean Engineering
• Journal of Geophysical research
• Journal of Physical Oceanography
• Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering
• Journal of Coastal Research
 Concluding Remarks
• Coastal Management and Engineering are
exciting because:
– Much research is still needed, even on the very
basics
– Large doses of ingenuity, inventiveness and
intuition (the original engineering skills) are
required.
– You will work closely with and learn from many
related disciplines, such as geologists, biologists,
geographers, planners and lawyers.