5.

y + {k} ^ {2} {x} ^ {2} y=, x 0=0 k a constant

Answer:

The point x 0=0 is an ordinary point for this equation so we look for a solution in the form of a
power series about 0
+∞
y=∑ an x n
n=0

Which converges in some internal |x|< ρ . The series for y’ and y” are given by
+∞
y '=∑ (n+ 1)an +1 x n
n=0

y = sum from {n = 0} to {+∞} {(n+2)(n+1) {a} rsub {n+2} {x} ^ {n}

We obtain
+∞ +∞

∑ ( n+2 )( n+1 ) an+2 x n+ k 2 x 2 ∑ an x n=0

n=0 n−0
+∞ +∞
⇔ ∑ ( n+2 ) ( n+1 ) an+2 x n+ ∑ k 2 an x n+2=0
n =0 n−0
+∞ +∞
⇔ ∑ ( n+2 ) ( n+1 ) an+2 x n+ ∑ k 2 an−2 x n =0
n =0 n−0
+∞ +∞
⇔ 2 a 2+6 a3 x + ∑ ( n+ 2 )( n+1 ) a n+2 x n + ∑ k 2 an−2 x n=0
n=2 n−0
+∞
⇔ 2 a 2+6 a3 x + ∑ [ ( n+2 )( n+ 1 ) a n+2 +k 2 an −2 ] x n=0
n=2

We obtain
2 a 2=0

{ 6 a 3=0
( n+2 ) ( n+1 ) an+2 + k 2 a n−2=0 , n ∈ N ¿ {1¿}
a2=a 3=0
¿
{
an+ 2=
k 2 an−2 , n∈ N ¿{1¿}
( n+2 )( n+ 1 )
a2=a3 =0
¿
{
an+ 4=
−k 2 an
( n+ 4 ) ( n+3 )
, n∈ N ,

So, recurrence relation is

 −k 2 an
a 2=a3=0 , an+ 4= ,n ∈ N ,
( n+ 4 ) ( n+3 )

The coefficients:
a 2=a3=0
−k 2 a 0
a 4=
4 ∙3
−k 2 a1
a 5=
5∙4
a 6=a7 =0
−k 2 a4 k 4 a0
a 8= =
8∙7 8 ∙ 7∙ 4 ∙3
2
−k a5 k 4 a1
a 9= =
9∙8 9 ∙8 ∙ 5 ∙ 4
a 10=a11 =0
−k 2 a 8 k 6 a0
a 12= =
12 ∙11 12 ∙11∙ 8 ∙7 ∙ 4 ∙3

−k 2 a9 k 6 a1
a 13= = , and so on
13 ∙12 13 ∙ 12∙ 9 ∙ 8∙ 5 ∙ 4

The solution is equal to

k 2 a 0 4 k 2 a1 5 k 4 a0 8 k 4 a1 9 k 6 a0 12
y ( x ) =a0 =a1 x − x− x + x + x − x −…
4 ∙3 5∙4 8 ∙7 ∙ 4 ∙ 3 9 ∙8 ∙ 5 ∙ 4 12 ∙11 ∙ 8 ∙7 ∙ 4 ∙3
2 4 4 8 6 12 2 5
k x k x k x k x k 4 x9 k 6 x 13
(
¿ a0 1− + −
4 ∙3 8 ∙7 ∙ 4 ∙3 12∙ 11∙ 8 ∙7 ∙ 4 ∙ 3 ) (
+… +a1 x− + −
5 ∙ 4 9 ∙ 8∙ 5 ∙ 4 13 ∙12 ∙ 9∙ 8 ∙ 5∙ 4
+… )
¿ a0 y 1 ( x ) +a 1 y 2 ( x)

Where
(−1)m+1 x 4 (m +1)
+∞
y 1 ( x )=1+ ∑
m=0 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ⋯(4 m+3)(4 m+ 4)

(−1)m +1 x 4 (m+1 )
+∞

[
y 2 ( x ) =x 1+ ∑
m=0 4 ∙5 ∙ 8 ∙9 ⋯( 4 m+ 4)(4 m+5) ]
The derivatives of y 1 ( x ) and y 2 ( x )

W =( y 1 , y 2 ) ( 0 ) = |10 01|=1≠ 0
So, y 1 and y 2 do form a fundamental set of solutions of the initial equations

10. 2 y +xy'+3y=, x 0=0

Answer :

For x 0=0 is an ordinary point , solution in power series about 0

+∞
y=∑ an x n
n=0

Which converges in some internal |x|< ρ . The series for y’ and y” are given by
+∞
y '=∑ (n+ 1)an +1 x n
n=0
y = sum from {n=0} to {+∞} {(n+2)(n+1) {a} rsub {n+2} {x} ^ {n}

Thus, we obtain
+∞ +∞ +∞
2 ∑ ( n+2)( n+1)an +2 x n + x ∑ (n+1) an+1 x n+ 3 ∑ an x n=0
n=0 n =0 n=0
+∞ +∞ +∞
⇔ 2 ∑ (n+2)(n+1) an+2 x n+ x ∑ (n+1)an +1 x n+ 1+3 ∑ an x n=0
n=0 n=0 n=0
+∞ +∞ +∞
⇔ 2 ∑ (n+2)(n+1) an+2 x n+ x ∑ n an x n+ 3 ∑ an x n=0
n=0 n=1 n=0
+∞ +∞ +∞
⇔ 4 a 2+2 ∑ (n+2)(n+1)a n+2 xn + x ∑ n an x n+ 3 a0 +3 ∑ an x n=0
n=1 n=1 n=1
+∞
⇔ 4 a 2+3 a 0+ ∑ [ 2 ( n+2 )( n+1 ) an+2 +( n+3)an ] x n=0
n=1

4 a2 +3 a0=0
⇔
{
a n+2=
− ( n+3 ) an
2 ( n+2 )( n+1 )
, ∀ n∈ N ,

−3 a0
⇔
{
a n+2=
a 2=
4
− ( n+3 ) an
2 ( n+2 )( n+ 1 )
−( n+3 ) a n
, ∀ n∈ N ,

⇔ an+2 = , ∀ n ∈ N0 ,
2 ( n+2 ) ( n+1 )

The reccurence relations is

2 ( n+2 ) ( n+1 ) an+2 + ( n+ 3 ) an=0 , ∀ n ∈ N ,

First several coefficients, a n after a 1

−3 ∙ a0 −3 a0
a 2= =
2∙ 2∙ 1 4
−4 ∙ a1 −a1
a 3= =
2 ∙3 ∙ 2 3
 −5 ∙ a2 −5∙ 3 ∙ a0 −5 a0
a 4= = 2 =
2∙ 4 ∙ 3 2 ∙ 4 ∙ 3∙ 2 ∙1 32
−6 ∙a 3 −6 ∙ 4 ∙ a 0 −a1
a 5= = 2 =
2 ∙5 ∙ 4 2 ∙5 ∙ 4 ∙ 3 ∙2 20
−7 ∙a 4 −7 ∙5 ∙ 3 ∙a 0 −7 a0
a 6= = =
2∙ 6 ∙ 5 23 ∙ 6 ! 384
−8 ∙a 5 −8 ∙ 6 ∙ 4 ∙ a0 −a1
a 7= = =
2 ∙ 7 ∙6 23 ∙ 7 ! 210

Thus the solution

3 a0 2 a1 3 5 a0 4 a1 5 7 a 0 6 a1 7
y ( x ) =a0 +a 1 x− x− x + x + x− x+ x +…
4 3 32 20 384 210
3 x2 5 x4 7 x6 x3 x5 x7
(
¿ a0 1−
4
+
32 384
− ) (
+… +a1 x− + −
3 20 210
+… )
+∞
3∙ 5 ⋯ (2n+ 1) x 2n +∞ 2 n +1
n 4 ∙ 6 ⋯(2 n+2)x
¿ a0 ∑ (−1)n +a 1 ∑ (−1)
n=0 (2 n)! ∙ 2n n=0 (2 n+ 1) ! ∙2 n
¿ a0 y 1 ( x ) +a 1 y 2 ( x)

Where
3 ∙5 ⋯ ( 2n+1 ) x 2 n
+∞ +∞ 2 n+1
n n 4 ∙ 6 ⋯ (2 n+2) x
y 1 ( x )=∑ (−1 ) , y 2 ( x ) = ∑ (−1)
n=0 ( 2 n ) ! ∙2n n=0 (2 n+1)! ∙ 2n

The derivatives of y 1 ( x ) and y 2 ( x )

+∞
3 ∙5 ⋯ ( 2n+1 ) 2 nx 2n −1 +∞ 2n
n n 4 ∙6 ⋯(2 n+2)(2 n+1) x
y ' 1 ( x ) =(−1 ) ∑ , and y ' 2 ( x ) =∑ (−1)
n=1 ( 2 n ) ! ∙2n n=0 (2 n+1)! ∙ 2n
Thus
y ' 1 ( 0 )=0 and y '2 ( 0 )=1

The wronskin of y 1 and y 2 at 0 is

W =( y 1 , y 2 ) ( 0 ) = 1 0 =1≠ 0
| |
0 1
So, y 1 and y 2 do form a fundamental set of solutions of the initial equations

15. a. By making the change of variable x−1=t and assuming that y has a Taylor series in power
of t , find two series solutions of
y + {(x-1)} ^ {2} y'+( {x} ^ {2} -1)y=
In powers of x−1
b. show that you obtain the same result by assuming that y has a Taylor series in power of
x−1 and also expressing the coefficient x 2−1 in powers of c

Answer:
a) Let x−1=t
x=t +1
Let Z ( t )= y (t +1) , then
z + {t} ^ {2} z'+( {t} ^ {2} +2t)z=
∞
n
Let z=∑ an t
n=0
∞ ∞
' n−1
z =∑ n a n t =∑ (n+1)a n+1 t n
n=1 n=0
z = sum from {n=2} to {∞} {{n(n-1)a} rsub {n} {t} ^ {n-2}} = sum from {n=0} to {∞} {(n+1)(n+2) {a}

Substitute
∞ ∞ ∞

∑ ( n+1 )( n+ 2 ) an+2 tn +t 2 ∑ (n+1) an+1 t n+ ( t2 +2 t ) ∑ an t n=0

n=0 n =0 n=0
∞ ∞
t 2 ∑ (n+1)an+1 t n =t 2 ∑ ( n−1)an−1 t n
n=0 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
( t 2+ 2t ) ∑ an t n=∑ a n−2 t n+ ∑ 2 an−1 t n
n=0 n=2 n=1

Then
∞
2 a2 +2 ( a0 +3 a 3) t + ∑ [ ( n+1 ) ( n+2 ) an +2+(n−1)a n−1 + an−2+ 2 an−1 ] t n=0
n=2

−1
We obtain a 2=0 , a3= , the reccurence relation
3
−1 1
a n+2= an−1− a n=2,3 , …
n+2 (n+ 2)(n+ 1) n−2

We have
−1 1
a 4= a 1 − a0
4 4
−1 1 −1
a 5= a 2 − a1 = a
5 20 20 1
−1 1 −1
a 6= a− a= a
6 3 30 2 18 0
−1 1 1 5
a 7= a 4 − a3 = a 1 + a
7 42 28 252 0
and so on

by setting a 0=1 , a1=0∧a0 =0 , a1=1, we get

1 1 1 5 7
z 1 ( t )=1− t 3− 2 t 4 + 8 t 6 + t +…
3 t t 252
 1 1 1
z 2 ( t )=t− t 4− t 5 + t 7 +…
4 20 28

Then
1 1
y 1 ( x )=1− ( x−1 )3− 2 ¿
3 t
1 1 1
y 2 ( x ) =( x−1)− ( x −1)4 − (x −1)5 + ( x−1)7 +…
4 20 28

b) Taylor series for x 2−1 about x−1 is

x 2−1=2 ( x−1 ) +¿
Then
y +( {x-1)} ^ {2} y'+ left [2 left (x-1 right ) +( {x-1)} ^ {2} right ] y=
Identical to equation with t=x−1

20. y +xy'+2y=0, y(0)=0, y'(0)=

Answer :

+∞
y=∑ an x n
n=0
The first and second derivative :
+∞
y '=∑ n an x n−1
n=1

y = sum from {n= 2} to {+∞} {n (n - 1) {a} rsub {n} {x} ^ {n -2}

Substitute to equation
+∞ +∞ +∞

∑ n(n−1)an x n−2+ x ∑ nan x n−1+2 ∑ an x n=0

n =2 n=1 n=0

+∞ +∞ +∞

∑ n(n−1)an x n−2+ x ∑ nan x n+ 2 ∑ an x n =0

n =2 n=1 n=0

All sum have the factor x n

+∞ +∞ +∞

∑ (n+2)(n+1)an+ 2 x n+∑ n an x n+ 2 ∑ an x n
n=0 n=0 n=0

+∞

∑ ( ( n+2 ) ( n+1 ) an+2 +na n+ 2 an ) xn =0

n=0

All coefficients have to be zero

( n+2 ) ( n+1 ) an +2+ ( n+2 ) an=0
Solve to a n+2
−an
a n+2=
(n+1)

y ( 0 )=0, suppose a 0=0

y ' ( 0 )=1, suppose a 1=1

a 0=0
a 1=1
a 2=0
a1 1
a 3= =
2 2
a 4=0
a3 1 /2 1
a 5= = =
4 4 8
a 6=0
a5 1 /8 1
a 7= = =
6 6 48
a 8=0
a7 1/4 8 1
a 9= = =
8 8 384

Then the first partial sums:

y 1 ( x )=a0 +a1 x=x
3
1
y 2 ( x ) =∑ an x n=x + x 3
n=0 2
5
n 1 3 1 5
y 3 ( x ) =∑ an x =x + x + x
n=0 2 8
7
1 1 1
y 4 ( x )=∑ an x n=x + x 3 + x 5+ x 7
n=0 2 8 48
9
1 1 1 1 9
y 5 ( x ) =∑ an x n=x + x3 + x 5 + x 7 + x
n=0 2 8 48 384