Page 1 of 17

Chapter 8 Series

Try these 8.1

1 1 1 1 1
(a) 1 + + + + + +...
3 9 27 81 243
1 1 1 1
= 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 +..
3 3 3 3
∞
1
= ∑ r 
r =0  3 

1 1 1 1
(b) + + + + ...
2 × 3 3× 4 4 × 5 5× 6
∞
1
=∑
r =1 ( r + 1) ( r + 2)
(c) 9 + 13 + 17 + 21 + 25 + …
∞

∑ (4r + 5)
r =1

Try these 8.2

15
15(16) (31)
(a) ∑r r =1
2
=
6
= 1240

12
 12 12
 12(13) (24) 12(13) 
(b) (r + 1) 3 ∑
∑ 3r= = r2 + ∑ r 3 + = 2106
r =1 =  r 1 =r 1   6 2 
22 22 10 22 22 10 10
(c) ∑ r (r + =
3) ∑ (r 2
+ 3r ) − ∑ (r + 3r )
2
= ∑ r + 3∑ r − ∑ r − 3∑ r 2
2 2

=r 11=r 1=r 1 =r 1 =r 1 =r 1 =r 1

22(23)(45) 3(22)(23) 10(11)(21) 3(10)(11)

= + − − = 4004
6 2 6 2
25 25 7
(25) 2 (26) 2 (7) 2 (8) 2
(d) ∑= r 3 ∑ r= 3
− ∑ r3 − = 104841
= r 8= r 1= r 1 4 4

Try these 8.3

n n n
4n(n + 1)
(a) ∑ (4r − 2) = 4∑ r − ∑ 2 =
r =1 =r 1 =r 1 2
− 2n
= 2n [(n + 1) – 1]
= 2n2
n
(b) ∑ r (2r − 1)
r =1
n n
= 2∑ r − ∑ r 2

=r 1 =r 1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 8 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 2 of 17

2n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)

= −
6 2
2n(n + 1)(2n + 1) − 3n(n + 1)
=
6

n(n + 1)[2(2 n + 1) − 3]
=
6
n(n + 1)(4n − 1)
=
6
2n 2n n
(c) ∑
r=
n +1
r (4r =
− 1) ∑ (4r 2 − r ) − ∑ (4r 2 − r )
r=
1 r=
1
2n 2n n n
= 4∑ r 2 − ∑ r − 4∑ r 2 + ∑ r
=r 1 =r 1 =r 1 =r 1

 2n(2n + 1)(4n + 1)  2n(2n + 1)  4n(n + 1)(2n + 1)  n( n + 1)

= 4  − −  + 2
 6 2  6
n
= [8(2n + 1)(4n + 1) − 6(2n + 1) − 4(n + 1)(2n + 1) + 3( n + 1)]
6
n
= [64n 2 + 48n + 8 − 12n − 6 − 8n 2 − 12n − 4 + 3n + 3]
6
n
= (56n 2 + 27 n + 1)
6
2n 2n n
(d) ∑ r (r
r=
n +1
2
+ 4)
= ∑ (r
r=
1 r=
1
3
+ 4r ) − ∑ ( r 3 + 4r )
2n 2n n n
= ∑ r 3 + 4∑ r − ∑ r 3 − 4∑ r
=r 1 =r 1 =r 1 =r 1

4n (2n + 1) 4(2n)(2n + 1) n 2 (n + 1) 2 4n(n + 1)

2 2
= + − −
4 2 4 2
n
= [4n(2n + 1) 2 + 16(2n + 1) − n(n + 1) 2 − 8( n + 1)]
4
n
= [16n3 + 16n 2 + 4n + 32n + 16 − n3 − 2n 2 − n − 8n − 8]
4
n
= [15n3 + 14n 2 + 27 n + 8]
4

Exercise 8A

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1+ + + + + … = 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ...
2 4 8 16 2 2 2 2 2
∞
 1 
= ∑ r −1 
r = 1 2 
2 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 + 19 + 22 + …

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 8 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 3 of 17

∞
= ∑ (3r − 2)
r =1

3 3 – 5 + 7 – 9 + 11 – 13 + 15 – 17 + …
∞
= ∑ (2r + 1) (− 1)
r =1
r +1

4 12 + 20 + 28 + 36 + 44 + 52 + 60 + 68 + …
∞
= ∑ (8r + 4)
r =1

1 1 1 1 1
5 + + + + +…
2 5 8 11 14
∞
1
=∑
r = 1 (3r − 1)
∞
1 1 1 1 1
6 + + + =∑
2 5 10 17 r = 1 1 + r 2
∞ r
2 1
7 ∑    
r = 0 3   2 
∞
3
8 ∑
r=0 4
r

∞ r
4
9 ∑
r=0
6 
7
r −1
∞
 −3 
10 ∑
r =1
2 
 5
11 u10 = 210 = 1 024
12 u8 = 8 (8 + 1) = 72
13 u12 = 123 = 1728
14 u20 = 20 (3 (20) – 1)
= 20 × 59 = 1180
15 u25 = 6 (25) (25 – 1)
= 6 × 25 × 24
= 3600
16 u k + 1 = 3k + 1 – 1 = 3k
k −2 k −2
17 =
uk–2 =
k −2+2 k
3 (k + 1) + 1
18 uk + 1 =
k +1+ 4
3k + 4
=
k +5
3k + 1
19 uk + 1 =
4 (k + 1) 2 + 5
3k + 1
=
4k 2 + 8 k + 9
2k + 1 (k + 1 − 1)
20 uk + 1 =
k +1+ 5

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 8 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 4 of 17

2k + 1 (k )
=
k +6
n (n + 1)
n
21 Using
r =1
∑r =2
36
36 (36 + 1) (36) (37)
=∑
r =1
r = = 666
2 2
n
n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
22 ∑
r =1
r2 =
6
Substituting n = 60
60
60 (61)(121)
= ∑
r =1
r 2 = 73 810
6
20 20
23
=r 1=
∑ 3r 3 = 3 ∑ r 3 ,
r 1
n
n 2 (n + 1) 2
=
Substituting =
n 20 into ∑ r 3
r =1 4
20
3 (20) (20 + 1) 22

∑ 3r 3 =
r =1 4
= 132 300
22
24 ∑ (6r + 4)
r =1
22 22
= 6 ∑r + ∑4
=r 1=r 1

6 (22) (23)
= + 4 (22)
2
= 1518 + 88 = 1606
10
25 ∑ 7r (r + 1)
r =1

 10 10 
= 7 ∑ r 2 + ∑ r 
=  r 1=r 1 
10 (11) (21) 10 (11) 
= 7 +
 6 2 
= 6 [385 + 55]
= 2640
25
26 ∑ 6r (r − 2)
r =1

 25 25 
= 6 ∑ r 2 − 2 ∑ r 
=  r 1=r 1 
 25 (26) (51) 2 (25) (26) 
= 6 − 
 6 2
= 6 [5525 – 650] = 29 250
15
27 ∑ (r
r =1
2
+ 2r − 3)

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 8 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 5 of 17

15 15 15
=∑ r 2 + 2 ∑ r − ∑ 3
=r 1 =r 1=r 1

15 (16) (31) 2 (15) (16)

= + − 3 (15)
6 2
= 1240 + 240 – 45
= 1435
10 10

=
28
r 1=r 1
∑ (2r − =
1) ∑ (4r 2 2
− 4r + 1)

10 10 10
= 4 ∑ r 2 − 4 ∑ r + ∑1
=r 1 =r 1=r 1

10 (11) (21)  10 (11) 

= 4  −4 + 10
 6   2 
= 1540 – 220 + 10
= 1330
13
29 ∑ r (2r
r =1
2
− 1)

13
= ∑ (2r
r =1
3
− r)

13 13
= 2 ∑ r3 − ∑ r
=r 1=r 1

2 (13) 2 (14) 2 (13) (14)

= −
4 2
= 16 562 – 91
= 16 471
28 28 9
30
=
∑=r ∑ r − ∑ r
r 10=r 1=r 1

28 (29) 9 (10)
= −
2 2
= 406 – 45
= 361
40
31 ∑ (r − 1)
r=8
40 7

=r 1=
=
r 1
∑ (r − 1) − ∑ (r − 1)
40 40 7 7

=
=
r 1=r 1=
∑ r − ∑1 − ∑ r + ∑1
r 1=r 1

40 (41) 7 (8)
= − 40 − +7
2 2
= 820 – 40 – 28 + 7
= 759
15 15 6
32
=r 7=r 1=
∑=
r2
r 1
∑r2 − ∑r2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 8 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 6 of 17

15 (16) (31) 6 (7) (13)

= −
6 6
= 1240 – 91
= 1149
30
33
r = 12
∑ (2r + 5)
30 11

=r 1=
=
r 1
∑ (2r + 5) − ∑ (2r + 5)
30 30 11 11
= 2 ∑r + ∑5 − 2 ∑r − ∑5
=r 1=r 1 =r 1=r 1

2 (30) (31) 2 (11) (12)

= + (5) (30) − − 5 (11)
2 2
= 930 + 150 – 132 – 55
= 893
17
34
r=5
∑ r (r + 1)
17
= ∑ (r
r=5
2
+ r)

17 4

=r 1=
=
r 1
∑ (r 2
+ r ) − ∑ (r 2 + r )

17 17 4 4

=r 1=
=
r =
1 r 1=
∑r2 + ∑r − ∑r2 − ∑r
r 1

17 (18) (35) (17) (18) (4) (5) (9) 4 (5)

= + − −
6 2 6 2
= 1785 + 153 – 30 – 10
= 1898
n
35 ∑ (r + 6)
r =1
n n
=
=r 1=r 1
∑r + ∑6
n (n + 1)
= + 6n
2
n
= [n + 1 + 12]
2
n
= (n + 13)
2
n
36 ∑ (r
r =1
2
+ 5r )

n n
=
=r 1=r 1
∑r 2
+ 5 ∑r

n (n + 1) (2n + 1) 5n (n + 1)
= +
6 2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 8 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 7 of 17

n (n + 1)(2n + 1 + 15)
=
6
n (n + 1) (2n + 16)
=
6
n (n + 1) (2) (n + 8)
=
6
n (n + 1) (n + 8)
=
3
n
37 ∑ r (2r − 1)
r =1
n
= ∑ (2r
r =1
2
− r)

n n
= 2 ∑r2 − ∑r
=r 1=r 1

2n (n + 1) (2n + 1) n ( n + 1)
= −
6 2
n (n + 1)[2 (2n + 1) − 3]
=
6
n (n + 1)(4n + 2 − 3)
=
6
n (n + 1) (4n − 1)
=
6
n
38 ∑ 4r (r + 2)
r =1
n
= ∑ (4r
r =1
2
+ 8r )

n n
= 4 ∑r2 + 8 ∑r
=r 1=r 1

4n (n + 1) (2n + 1) 8n (n + 1)
= +
6 2
2 n (n + 1)(2n + 1) + 12n(n + 1)
=
3
n (n + 1)(4n + 2 + 12)
=
3
n (n + 1) (4n + 14)
=
3
2n (n + 1) (2n + 7)
=
3
n
39 ∑ (r + 1) (r − 3)
r =1
n
= ∑ (r
r =1
2
− 2r − 3)

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 8 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 8 of 17

n n n
=∑ r 2 − 2 ∑ r − ∑ 3
=r 1 =r 1=r 1

n (n + 1) (2n + 1) 2n (n + 1)
= − − 3n
6 2
n
= [(n + 1) (2n + 1) − 6 (n + 1) − 18]
6
n
= [2n 2 + 3n + 1 − 6n − 6 − 18]
6
n
= (2n 2 − 3n − 23)
6
n
40 ∑ r (r − 1) (r − 2)
r =1
n
= ∑ r (r
r =1
2
− 3r + 2)

n
= ∑ (r
r =1
3
− 3r 2 + 2r )

n n n
=∑ r 3 − 3 ∑ r 2 + 2 ∑ r
=r 1=r 1=r 1

n 2 (n + 1) 2 3n (n + 1) (2n + 1) 2n (n + 1)
= − +
4 6 2
 n (n + 1) 2n + 1 
=n (n + 1)  − + 1
 4 2 
n (n + 1)(n 2 + n − 4n − 2 − 4)
=
4
n (n + 1) (n 2 − 3n + 2)
=
4
n (n + 1) (n − 1)(n − 2)
=
4
n
41 ∑ (r + 2) (r − 4)
r =1
n
= ∑ (r
r =1
2
− 2r − 8)

n n n
=∑ r 2 − 2 ∑ r − ∑ 8
=r 1 =r 1=r 1

n (n + 1) (2n + 1) 2(n) (n + 1)
= − − 8n
6 2
 (n + 1) (2n + 1) 
= n − (n + 1) − 8
 6 
n
= [2n 2 + 3n + 1 − 6n − 6 − 48]
6
n
= (2n 2 − 3n − 53)
6

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 8 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 9 of 17

2n
42 ∑
r= n + 1
(r − 2)

2n n

=r 1=
=
r 1
∑ (r − 2) − ∑ (r − 2)
2n 2n n n
= ∑r − ∑2 − ∑r + ∑2
=r 1=r 1=r 1=r 1

2n (2n + 1) n (n + 1)
= − 2 (2n) − + 2n
2 2
 n +1 
= n  2n + 1 − 4 − + 2
 2 
n
= (4n + 2 − 8 − n − 1 − 4]
2
n
= (3n − 3)
2
3n (n − 1)
=
2
2n
43 ∑
r= n + 1
3r (r + 1)

2n n

=
=
r 1=r 1
∑ 3r (r + 1) − ∑ 3r (r + 1)
2n n

=r 1=
=
r 1
∑ (3r 2 + 3r ) − ∑ (3r 2 + 3r )
2n 2n n n
= 3 ∑r2 + 3 ∑r − 3 ∑r2 − 3 ∑r
=r 1=r =
1 r 1=r 1

3(2n) (2n + 1) (4n + 1) 3 (2n) (2n + 1) 3n (n + 1) (2n + 1) 3n (n + 1)

= + − −
6 2 6 2
 (n + 1) (2n + 1) 3 
= n (2n + 1) (4n + 1) + 3(2n + 1) − − (n + 1) 
 2 2 
n
= [2 (8n 2 + 6n + 1) + 6 (2n + 1) − (2n 2 + 3n + 1) − 3n − 3]
2
n
= [16n 2 + 12n + 2 + 12n + 6 − 2n 2 − 3n − 1 − 3n − 3]
2
n
= [14n 2 + 18n + 4]
2
n
= (2) (7 n 2 + 9n + 2)
2
= n (7n2 + 9n + 2)
2n
44 ∑
r= n + 1
(r 3 − r )

2n n

=r 1=
=
r 1
∑ (r 3 − r ) − ∑ (r 3 − r )
2n 2n n n

=
=
r 1=r =
1
∑ r3 − ∑ r − ∑ r3 + ∑ r
r 1=r 1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 8 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 10 of 17

(2n) 2 (2n + 1) 2 (2n) (2n + 1) n 2 (n + 1) 2 n (n + 1)

= − − +
4 2 4 2
4n 2 (2n + 1) 2 n 2 (n + 1) 2 n (n + 1)
= − n (2n + 1) − +
4 4 2
n
= [4n (4n 2 + 4n + 1) − 4 (2n + 1) − n (n + 1) 2 + 2 (n + 1)]
4
n
= [16n3 + 16n 2 + 4n − 8n − 4 − n3 − 2n 2 − n + 2n + 2]
4
n
= (15n3 + 14n 2 − 3n − 2)
4
2n 2n n
45
r=
∑
n +1
2r (r=
− 1) ∑ 2r (r − 1) − ∑ 2r (r − 1)
r=
1 r=
1
2n n

=r 1=
=
r 1
∑ (2r 2
− 2r ) − ∑ (2r 2 − 2r )

2n 2n n n
= 2 ∑r2 − 2 ∑r − 2 ∑r2 + 2 ∑r
=r 1=r =
1 r 1=r 1

2(2n)(2n + 1)(4n + 1) 2 (2n)(2n + 1) 2n (n + 1)(2n + 1) 2n (n + 1)

= 2 − − +
6 2 6 2
 2 1 
= n  (8n 2 + 6n + 1) − (4n + 2) − (2n 2 + 3n + 1) + (n + 1) 
 3 3 
n
= (16n 2 + 12n + 2 − 12n − 6 − 2n 2 − 3n − 1 + 3n + 3)
3
2n
= (7 n 2 − 1)
3
2n
46 ∑
r= n + 1
(4r 3 − 3)

2n n

=r 1=
=
r 1
∑ (4r 3 − 3) − ∑ (4r 3 − 3)
2n 2n n n
= 4 ∑ r3 − ∑ 3 − 4 ∑ r3 + ∑ 3
=r 1=r 1 =r 1=r 1

4 (2n) 2 (2n + 1) 2 4 n 2 (n + 1) 2
= − 3 (2n) − + 3 ( n)
4 4
= 4n2 (4n2 + 4n + 1) – n2 (n2 + 2n + 1) – 3n
= n [16n3 + 16n2 + 4n – n3 – 2n2 – n – 3]
= n [15n3 + 14n2 + 3n – 3]
n
47 ∑ (4r
r =1
2
+ 1)

n n
= 4 ∑ r 2 + ∑1
=r 1=r 1

4n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
= +n
6
n
= [2 (n + 1) (2n + 1) + 3]
3

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 8 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 11 of 17

n
= [4n 2 + 6n + 5]
3
n
48 ∑ (3r − 2)
r =1
n n
= 3 ∑r − ∑2
=r 1=r 1

3n (n + 1)
= − 2n
2
n
= [3n + 3 − 4]
2
n
= (3n − 1)
2
20 20 9

=r 10=
Now
r 1=r 1
∑ (3r − =
2) ∑ (3r − 2) − ∑ (3r − 2)

20  9  
= (60 − 1) −    (26) 
2  2  
= 590 – 117
= 473
n
49 ∑ r (2r − 1)
r =1
n
= ∑ (2r
r =1
2
− r)

n n
= 2 ∑r2 − ∑r
=r 1=r 1

2n (n + 1) (2n + 1) n (n + 1)
= −
6 2
n (n + 1) [2 (2n + 1) − 3]
=
6
n (n + 1)(4n + 2 − 3)
=
6
n (n + 1) (4n − 1)
=
6
40 40 14

=r 15=r 1=
∑ r (2r=
r 1
− 1) ∑ r (2r − 1) − ∑ r (2r − 1)

40 (41) (159) (14) (15) (55)

= −
6 6
= 43 460 – 1925
= 41 535

Try these 8.4

1 1 A B 1 1
(a) ≡ ≡ + = −
r + 5r + 6 (r + 1)(r + 3) r + 2 r + 3 r + 2 r + 3
2

So

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 8 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 12 of 17

1 n n
 1 1 
∑
=r 1 =
= ∑  −
r + 5r + 6 r 1  r + 2 r + 3 
2 
1 1   1 1   1 1   1 1 
=  − + − + − +---+ − 
3 4   4 5   5 6   n +1 n + 2 
 1 1 
+ − 
 n+2 n+3
1 1
= −
3 n+3
∞
1 1
As n → ∞, ∑ r 2 +51r + 6 = since →0
r =1 3 n+3
n n
(b) ∑=
2r ∑ r (n + 1) − (r − 1)r
=r 1 =r 1
= (1)(2) − (0)(1) + (2)(3) − (1)(2) + (3)(4) − (2)(3) + ...
...+(n − 1)(n) − (n − 2)(n − 1) + n(n + 1) − (n − 1) n
= n(n + 1)
n
1
⇒ ∑ r = n(n + 1)
r =1 2
1 A B
(c) ≡ +
(2r + 1)(2r + 3) 2r + 1 2r + 3
∴1 ≡ A(2r + 3) + B(2r + 1)
1 1
When r = − , 2 A =⇒ 1 A=
2 2
1
Equating coefficients of r, 2 A + 2 B =⇒ 0 B= −
2
1 1 1
∴ ≡ −
(2r + 1)(2r + 3) 2(2r + 1) 2(2r + 3)
1 n
1 n  1 1  1  1 1   1 1 
∑ = ∑  − =  −  +  −  + ...
(2r + 1)(2r + 3 2 r 1  2r + 1 2r + 3  2  3 5   5 7 
=r 1 =

 1 1   1 1 
... +  − + − 
 2n − 1 2n + 1   2n + 1 2n + 3 
1 1 1 
= −
2  3 2n + 3 

∞
1 1
∴∑ =
r =1 (2r + 1)(2r + 3) 6

Exercise 8B

1 1
1 ≡
4r − 1
2
(2r − 1) (2r + 1)

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 8 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 13 of 17

1 A B
≡ +
(2r − 1) (2r + 1) 2r − 1 2r + 1
⇒ 1 ≡ A (2r + 1) + B (2r – 1)
1 1
When r= , 1= A (2) ⇒ A=
2 2
1 1
When r = − 1= B (− 2) ⇒ B =−
2 2
1 1
1
∴ 2 ≡ 2 − 2
4r − 1 2r − 1 2r + 1
n
1 1 n  1 1 
=
∑
= ∑ −
4r − 1 2 r 1  2r − 1 2r + 1
r 1=
2 

1 1 1 1 1 1   1 1   1 1 
=  1 −  +  −  +  −  + K +  −  +  −  
2 3 3 5 5 7   2 n − 3 2 n − 1   2 n − 1 2 n + 1  
1 1  1 1 
= + 1 − = 1 − 
2 2n + 1  2  2n + 1 
1
2 f (r ) = 2
r
1
f (r − 1) =
(r − 1) 2
1 1
f (r ) − f (r − 1) = −
r 2
(r − 1) 2
(r − 1) 2 − r 2
=
r 2 (r − 1) 2
r 2 − 2r + 1 − r 2
=
r 2 (r − 1) 2
1 − 2r
=
r (r − 1) 2
2

1 − 2r n n

=
∑ r 2 (r − 1)2 ∑
r 2=
=
r 1
[ f (r ) − f (r − 1)]

= [+ [ f (2) − f (1)] + [ f (3) − f (2) ] + L + [ f (n − 1) − f (n − 2) ] + f (n) − f (n − 1) ]

= f (n) – f (1)
1
= =
f (1) 1
12
1
f ( n) = 2
n
n
1 − 2r 1
∴∑ 2 = −1
r = 1 r (r − 1)
2
n2
3 f(r + 1) = (r + 2)2
f(r) = (r – 1 + 2)2 = (r + 1)2
f(r + 1) – f(r) = (r + 2)2 – (r + 1)2
= r2 + 4r + 4 – r2 – 2r – 1
= 2r + 3

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 8 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 14 of 17

n n

=r 1=
∑ (2r +=
r 1
3) ∑ f (r + 1) − f (r )

= [ f (2) − f (1)] + [ f (3) − f (2) ] + [ f (4) − f (3) ] +  + [ f (n) − f (n − 1 )] + [ f (n + 1) − f (n) ]

= f(n + 1) – f(1)
Since f(r) = (r + 1)2
f(1) = (1 + 1)2 = 4
f(n + 1) = (n + 1 + 1)2 = (n + 2)2
n
∴ ∑ (2r + 3) =
r =1
(n + 2) 2 − 4 = n 2 + 4n
n
Since ∑ (2r + 3) = n
r =1
2
+ 4n
n n
2 ∑ r + ∑ 3 =n 2 + 4n
=r 1=r 1
n
2 ∑ r + 3n = n 2 + 4n
r =1
n
2 ∑=
r n2 + n
r =1
n
n 2 + n n (n + 1)
∑r
=
r =1
=
2 2
n
3r 2 + 3r + 1
4 ∑
r = 1 r (r + 1)
3 3

n
1 1 
= ∑ r 3
−
(r + 1)3 
r =1 
 1 1 1   1 1 
= 1 −  +  −  ++  3 − 
 8   8 27  n (n + 1)3 
1
= 1−
(n + 1)3
1
∴ S n =− 1
(n + 1)3
1
n → ∞, →0
(n + 1)3
⇒ Sn → 1
∴ The series converges and S∞ = 1
5 (r + 4) (r + 5) (r + 6) – (r + 3) (r + 4) (r + 5)
= (r + 4) (r + 5) [r + 6 – (r + 3)]
= 3(r + 4) (r + 5)
n n

=r 1=r 1
∑ 3 (r + 4) (r + 5) = ∑ [(r + 4) (r + 5) (r + 6) − (r + 3) (r + 4) (r + 5)]
= [ (5) (6) (7) − (4) (5) (6)] + [ 6 (7) (8) − (5) (6) (7) ]
+ [ (7) (8) (9) − (6) (7) (8) ] +  + (n + 3)(n + 4) (n + 5) − (n + 2) (n + 3) (n + 4)
+ (n + 4) (n + 5) (n + 6) − (n + 3)(n + 4)(n + 5)
= (n + 4) (n + 5) (n + 6) – 120

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 8 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 15 of 17

Dividing by 3
n
1
∑ (r + 4) (r + 5)=
r =1 3
[(n + 4) (n + 5) (n + 6) − 120]

As n → ∞, Sn → ∞ ⇒ series diverges
1 1
6 ≡
4r + 8r + 3 (2r + 1) (2r + 3)
2

1 A B
≡ +
(2r + 1) (2r + 3) 2r + 1 2r + 3
⇒ 1 ≡ A (2r + 3) + B (2r + 1)
1 1
When r = − , 1= 2 A, A =
2 2
3 1
When r = − , 1= − 2 B, B = −
2 2
1 1/ 2 1/ 2
∴ 2 ≡ −
4r + 8r + 3 (2r + 1) 2r + 3
1 n
1 n  1 1 
=
∑ = ∑ −
4r + 8r + 3 2 r 1  2r + 1 2r + 3 
r 1=
2 

 1 1   1 1 
1  1 1  1 1
=  −  +  −  +  +  − + −
 3 5   5 7 
2  2n − 1 2n + 1  2n + 1 2n + 3
1 1 1 
= −
2  3 2n + 3 

1
As n → ∞, →0
2n + 3
11 1  1 1 1
⇒  − →  =
 3 2n + 3 
2 2 3 6
1
∴ Series converges and S∞ =
6
1 A B
7 ≡ +
(r − 1) (r − 2) r − 1 r − 2
⇒ 1 ≡ A (r – 2) + B (r – 1)
When r = 1, 1 = –A, A = –1
When r = 2, 1 = B
1 −1 1
∴ ≡ +
(r − 1) (r − 2) r − 1 r − 2
n
1 n
 1 1 
∑ (r − 1)=
(r − 2)
∑ r − 2 − r −1
=r 3=r 3  
 1  1 1  1 1   1 1 
= +1−  +  −  ++  − +
  − 
 2  2 3  n − 3 n − 2   n − 2 n − 1
1
= 1−
n −1
1
As n → ∞, →0
n −1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 8 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 16 of 17

⇒ Sn → 1
∴ Series converges, S∞ = 1
3 A B
8 ≡ +
(3r − 1) (3r + 2) 3r − 1 3r + 2
⇒ 3 ≡ A (3r + 2) + B (3r + 1)
1
When r = , 3 = 3 A ⇒ A = 1
3
−2
When r = , 3 = − 3B ⇒ B = −1
3
3 1 1
∴ ≡ −
(3r − 1) (3r + 2) 3r − 1 3r + 2
3 n n
 1 1 
=
∑ = ∑ −
(3r − 1) (3r + 2) r 1  3r − 1 3r + 2 
r 1=


1 1  1 1  1 1   1 1 
=  −  +  −  ++  −  + − 
2 5  5 8  3n − 4 3n − 1   3n − 1 3n + 2 
1 1
= −
2 3n + 2
−4 A B
9 ≡ +
(4r + 1) (4r − 3) 4r + 1 4r − 3
–4 ≡ A (4r – 3) + B (4r + 1)
3
When r = , − 4 =4 B, B =− 1
4
1
When r =− , − 4 =− 4 A, A = 1
4
−4 1 1
≡ −
(4r + 1) (4r − 3) 4r + 1 4r − 3
−4 n n
 1 1 
=
∑ = ∑ −
(4r + 1) (4r − 3) r 1  4r + 1 4r − 3 
r 1=


1  1 1   1 1   1 1   1 1 
=  − 1 +  −  +  −  +   −  +  − 
5   9 5   13 10   4n − 3 4n − 7   4n + 1 4n − 3 
1 1
= −1+
4n + 1 9
1 8
= −
4n + 1 9
8
S∞ = −
9
10 Separating into partial fractions:
2 A B
≡ +
(r + 1)(r + 2) r + 1 r + 2
∴ 2 ≡ A(r + 2) + B (r + 1)
When r =−2, 2 =− B ⇒ B =−2
When r = −1, 2 = A

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 8 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 17 of 17

2 2 2
≡ −
(r + 1)(r + 2) r + 1 r + 2
2 n n
 2 2 
=
∑ = ∑  − 
(r + 1) (r + 2) r 1  r + 1 r + 2 
r 1=

2 2 2 2 2 2   2 2 
= −  +  −  + ... +  − + − 
2 3 3 4  n n +1  n +1 n + 2 
2
= 1−
n+2
n
=
n+2
n
2 n
∑ (r + 1) (r + 2)
r =1
=
n+2
N
11 ∑ (e
n =1
nx
− e( n −1) x ) = (e x − e0 ) + (e 2 x − e x ) + ... + (e( N −1) x − e( N − 2) x ) + (e Nx − e( N −1) x )

= e Nx − 1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 8 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013