Professional Documents
Culture Documents
© RRC International
Learning Objectives
• Describe the concept of health and safety culture and how it
influences performance.
• Summarise how health and safety culture at work can be
improved.
• Summarise the human factors which positively or negatively
influence behaviour at work in a way that can affect health and
safety.
• Explain the principles of the risk assessment process.
• Discuss typical workplace changes that have significant health and
safety impacts and ways to minimise those impacts.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
Learning Objectives
• Describe what to consider when developing and implementing
a safe system of work for general activities.
• Explain the role, function and operation of a permit-to-work
system.
• Discuss typical emergency procedures (including training and
testing) and how to decide what level of first aid is needed in
the workplace.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
1
9/5/2020
Element 3.1
©©RRC
RRC International
International
Definition
The safety culture of an organisation is the shared
attitudes, values, beliefs and behaviours relating
to health and safety.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
©©RRC
RRC International
International
2
9/5/2020
• Sickness rates.
• Absenteeism.
• Staff turnover.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
Influence of Peers
Put people together in groups
1. Interaction occurs.
2. Influence is exerted.
3. A hierarchy forms:
‒ known as ‘pecking order’.
4. ‘Norms’ of behaviour are established.
5. Peer group pressure is exerted.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
Group Exercise
©©RRC
RRC International
International
3
9/5/2020
Element 3.2
©©RRC
RRC International
International
10
11
Competent Workers
A competent person is someone who has sufficient:
• training,
• skills,
• experience, and
• knowledge,
and perhaps other attributes such as attitude or
physical ability to be able to carry out their job safely.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
12
4
9/5/2020
Group Exercise
Identify a few examples of workplace communication
from the following categories:
• Verbal communication.
• Written communication.
• Graphic communication.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
13
Verbal Communication
Benefits: Limitations:
• Personal. • Language barrier.
• Quick. • Jargon.
• Direct. • Strong accent/dialect.
• Check understanding. • Background noise.
• Feedback. • Poor hearing.
• Share views. • Ambiguity.
• Additional information (body • Missing information.
language). • Forgetting information.
• No record.
• Poor quality (telephone or PA).
©©RRC
RRC International
International
14
Written Communication
Benefits: Limitations:
• Permanent record. • Indirect.
• Reference. • Time.
• Jargon/abbreviations.
• Can be written carefully for
clarity. • Impersonal.
• Wide distribution relatively • Ambiguous.
cheaply. • May not be read.
• Language barriers.
• Recipient may not be able to
read.
• No immediate feedback.
• Cannot question.
• Impaired vision.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
15
5
9/5/2020
Graphic Communication
Benefits: Limitations:
• Eye-catching. • Simple messages.
• Visual. • Expensive.
• Quick to interpret. • May not be looked at.
• No language barrier. • Symbols or pictograms may
• Jargon-free. be unknown.
• Conveys a message to a wide • Feedback.
audience. • No questions.
• Impaired vision.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
16
Broadcasting Methods
• Noticeboards.
• Posters and videos.
• Digital media.
• Toolbox talks.
• Memos and e-mails.
• Worker handbooks.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
17
Group Exercise
©©RRC
RRC International
International
18
6
9/5/2020
©©RRC
RRC International
International
19
Consulting:
Two-way exchange of information and opinion between the
employer and employee.
Informing:
One-way flow of information to the employee.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
20
©©RRC
RRC International
International
21
7
9/5/2020
Methods of Consultation
Direct consultation:
• Employer talks to each worker and resolves
issues.
Through worker representatives:
• Committee is formed to represent workers.
• Regular meetings to discuss and resolve issues.
• Members may have rights in law.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
22
Group Exercise
©©RRC
RRC International
International
23
©©RRC
RRC International
International
24
8
9/5/2020
25
Training
H&S training is the planned, formal process of acquiring and
practising knowledge and skills in a relatively safe
environment.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
26
Training
Training helps workers to understand:
• Hazards and risks.
• Rules and precautions.
• Emergency procedures.
• Who to contact with concerns.
• Limitations and restrictions.
• Personal safety responsibilities.
• Consequences of breaking rules including
disciplinary procedures.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
27
9
9/5/2020
Training Opportunities
©©RRC
RRC International
International
28
Induction Training
• Health and safety • Consultation
policy. arrangements.
• Emergency procedures. • Safety rules.
• First aid. • Personal protective
• Specific site hazards equipment.
and controls. • Safe working and
• Welfare facilities. permits.
• Safe movement. • Risk assessment.
• Accident and incident • Responsibilities of
reporting. individuals.
• Disciplinary procedures.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
29
Element 3.3
©©RRC
RRC International
International
30
10
9/5/2020
©©RRC
RRC International
International
31
Organisational Factors
• Safety culture.
• Commitment and leadership.
• Resources available.
• Work patterns.
• Communication.
• Levels of supervision.
• Peer group pressure.
• Consultation and worker involvement.
• Training.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
32
Job Factors
• Task.
• Workload.
• Environment.
• Procedures.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
33
11
9/5/2020
Individual Factors
• Competence: • Attitude
‒ Knowledge.
• Motivation - the thing that
‒ Ability.
is making a person do what
‒ Training. they do:
‒ Experience. ‒ Rewards/incentives.
‒ Positive or negative.
• Skills
• Personality
©©RRC
RRC International
International
34
Attitude
A person’s point of view or way of looking at something;
how they think and feel about it.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
35
Risk Perception
Perception: the way a person’s brain interprets
information sent to it by their senses:
• Sight.
• Hearing.
• Smell.
• Taste.
• Touch.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
36
12
9/5/2020
Group Exercise
©©RRC
RRC International
International
37
Group Exercise
©©RRC
RRC International
International
38
Risk Perception
Factors that can distort a person’s perception of hazard and
risk include:
• Illness.
• Stress.
• Fatigue.
• Drugs and alcohol.
• Previous experiences.
• Training and education.
• Use of PPE.
• Workplace conditions, e.g. high noise levels.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
39
13
9/5/2020
Element 3.4
Risk Assessment
©©RRC
RRC International
International
40
©©RRC
RRC International
International
41
Group Exercise
Consider a specific hazard and discuss in groups the
difference between the:
• hazardous properties of the activity, article or
substance, and
• the risk of harm occurring.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
42
14
9/5/2020
Risk Profiling:
©©RRC
RRC International
International
43
Risk Assessment:
©©RRC
RRC International
International
44
Risk Profiling
©©RRC
RRC International
International
45
15
9/5/2020
Risk Profiling
©©RRC
RRC International
International
46
Risk Profiling
The Risk Profiling Process:
47
To prevent:
• Death and personal injury.
• Other types of loss incident.
• Breaches of statute law.
• The costs of loss.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
48
16
9/5/2020
©©RRC
RRC International
International
49
Group Exercise
©©RRC
RRC International
International
50
and implement
©©RRC
RRC International
International
51
17
9/5/2020
52
©©RRC
RRC International
International
53
©©RRC
RRC International
International
54
18
9/5/2020
Task analysis:
Select the task.
Record the stages of the task.
Evaluate risks associated with each stage.
Develop the safe working method.
Implement the safe working method.
Monitor to ensure effectiveness.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
55
©©RRC
RRC International
International
56
©©RRC
RRC International
International
57
19
9/5/2020
Likelihood Severity
©©RRC
RRC International
International
58
©©RRC
RRC International
International
59
• Elimination.
• Substitution.
• Engineering controls.
• Administrative controls.
• PPE.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
60
20
9/5/2020
61
Safety Signs
Prohibition Warning
Mandatory
©©RRC
RRC International
International
62
©©RRC
RRC International
International
63
21
9/5/2020
Group Exercise
©©RRC
RRC International
International
64
•Can be used as an interim control whilst more •It only protects one person – the wearer.
expensive or difficult controls are put in place.
•In some situations, it may be the only control •It may not protect adequately if it is not fitted
option available. correctly.
•It may be needed as a back up for •It may not be comfortable and may interfere
emergencies when other controls have failed. with the wearer’s ability to do the job.
•It is usually cheap. •It may increase overall risk by impairing the
senses (e.g. goggles that mist up).
•It gives immediate protection. •It may not be compatible with other items that
have to be worn or used.
•People do not like wearing PPE.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
65
©©RRC
RRC International
International
66
22
9/5/2020
67
Typical content:
• Activity/area assessed and hazards.
• Groups at risk.
• Risks and adequacy of existing control measures.
• Further precautions needed.
• Date and name of competent
person.
• Review date.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
68
Step 5: Review
• Significant change in:
‒ Process. ‒ Workplace
‒ Substances. environment.
‒ Equipment. ‒ Personnel.
• If it is no longer valid:
‒ Accident. ‒ Change to legal
‒ Near miss. standards.
‒ Ill health.
• Periodically.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
69
23
9/5/2020
Group Exercise
Lawn Mowing:
Using task analysis, prepare a brief risk assessment
and suggest control measures to reduce the risks
involved with this activity.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
70
71
©©RRC
RRC International
International
72
24
9/5/2020
©©RRC
RRC International
International
73
Lone Workers
Workers especially vulnerable
and more at risk:
• Of violence:
‒ E.g. prison officer, mental health nurse.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
74
Element 3.6
©©RRC
RRC International
International
75
25
9/5/2020
©©RRC
RRC International
International
76
77
Element 3.7
©©RRC
RRC International
International
78
26
9/5/2020
Formal Systematic
Examination of work
Recorded
©©RRC
RRC International
International
79
• Equipment:
‒ What equipment will be used?
‒ What safety equipment will be required?
• Materials:
‒ What materials will be used or handled during the work?
• Environment:
‒ Where will the work take place? E.g. space, light and temperature?
80
©©RRC
RRC International
International
81
27
9/5/2020
©©RRC
RRC International
International
82
Worked Example
The Steps In Changing a Wheel:
Step 1 - park the car in a safe location.
Step 2 - remove equipment from boot.
Step 3 - loosen wheel nuts.
Step 4 - jack up car.
Step 5 - remove wheel nuts.
Step 6 - replace wheel and wheel nuts.
Step 7 - lower car, remove jack.
Step 8 - tighten wheel nuts.
Step 9 - replace equipment in boot.
©© RRC International
RRC International
83
Identifying Controls
For each step:
• First identify the hazards.
• Then identify the controls.
©© RRC International
RRC International
84
28
9/5/2020
Group Exercise
©© RRC International
RRC International
85
©© RRC International
RRC International
86
©© RRC International
RRC International
87
29
9/5/2020
©© RRC International
RRC International
88
Group Exercise
Using SREDIM, develop a simple safe system of
work for the task allocated to your group:
• Making a cup of tea.
• Making a batch of cement with a cement-mixer.
• Painting a ceiling (emulsion).
©© RRC International
RRC International
89
Element 3.8
Permit-to-Work Systems
©©RRC
RRC International
International
90
30
9/5/2020
Definition
A formal, documented safety procedure, forming part
of a safe system of work:
• Hot work.
• High-voltage electrical systems.
• Confined space entry.
• Operational pipelines.
• Excavation near buried services.
• Complex machinery.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
91
©©RRC
RRC International
International
92
Element 3.9
©©RRC
RRC International
International
93
31
9/5/2020
Group Exercise
©©RRC
RRC International
International
94
• What incidents?
‒ Fires. ‒ Severe weather.
‒ Bomb threats. ‒ Multiple casualty
accidents.
‒ Spillage of a hazardous chemicals.
‒ Terrorist/security incident.
‒ Release of a toxic gas.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
95
©©RRC
RRC International
International
96
32
9/5/2020
• Contact details:
‒ National and local numbers.
• Responsible individuals:
‒ With necessary information.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
97
©©RRC
RRC International
International
98
First-Aid Requirements
Requires appropriate first-aid provision:
• Facilities:
‒ An appropriate location where
first-aid treatment can be given.
• Equipment:
‒ Suitably stocked first-aid kits
and other equipment.
• Personnel:
‒ Trained staff.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
99
33
9/5/2020
©©RRC
RRC International
International
100
First-Aid Personnel
The basic principle of first aid is to keep the injured person
alive until professional medical assistance arrives.
The ‘3 Ps’:
Preserve life.
Prevent deterioration.
Promote recovery.
And to treat minor ailments that require no further
medical help.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
101
Group Exercise
©©RRC
RRC International
International
102
34
9/5/2020
First-Aid Personnel
Trained personnel:
• Appointed person - no or basic training only.
• Emergency first aiders and first aiders - full EFW or FW training.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
103
Group Exercise
©©RRC
RRC International
International
104
©©RRC
RRC International
International
105
35
9/5/2020
Summary
In this element, we have:
• Described the concept of health and safety culture and its
significance in the management of health and safety in an
organisation.
• Outlined how health and safety culture at work can be improved.
• Identified the human factors which positively or negatively
influence behaviour at work in a way that can affect health and
safety.
• Explained the principles of the five steps to risk assessment and
the general hierarchy of control.
• Examined the general principles of prevention.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
106
Summary
©©RRC
RRC International
International
107
36