Report On Cell Biology

Leslie Hackett
19.11.2020
Report on cell biology
Cell biology
Terms of reference
The purpose of this academic report is to the discuss the biology of the cell.
Leslie Hackett
19.11.2020
This report will discuss the characteristics of living cells; compare and contrast
eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and distinguish from viruses; discuss
eukaryotic subcellular structures and organelles; explain how stem cells differ
from differentiated cells; explain the role of the cell membrane in regulating
how nutrients are gained and waste products lost; explain how animal cells
use nutrients to provide the energy to grow, move and divide; discuss the
synthesis of proteins; explain the role of nucleic acids in the nucleus and
cytoplasm; explain the generation of specialised tissues from embryonic stem
cells; explain the importance of interphase and factors that initiate cell
division; explain how the same genetic information is received by daughter
cells; and compare and contrast cancer cells with normal cells. The research
was conducted independently via online articles and theorem in order to show
an understanding of the cell and its many components.
Leslie Hackett
19.11.2020
The purpose of this report is to the discuss the biology of the cell. This report will discuss the
characteristics of living cells; compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and distinguish from
viruses; discuss eukaryotic subcellular structures and organelles; explain how stem cells differ from
differentiated cells; explain the role of the cell membrane in regulating how nutrients are gained and waste
products lost; explain how animal cells use nutrients to provide the energy to grow, move and divide;
discuss the synthesis of proteins; explain the role of nucleic acids in the nucleus and cytoplasm; explain the
generation of specialised tissues from embryonic stem cells; explain the importance of interphase and
factors that initiate cell division; explain how the same genetic information is received by daughter cells;
and compare and contrast cancer cells with normal cells. The research was conducted independently via
online articles and theorem in order to show an understanding of the cell and its many components.
Leslie Hackett
19.11.2020
Research Methodology:
Only secondary research was collated for the academic report in the form of diagrams, tables and various
published online documents and articles that outline the details of cell biology including the different types
of cell, their function and how they operate in order to survive. A mixture of research was used in order to
produce the findings, conclusions and appendices of the report including the addition of relevant theorem
by former professors of various scientific fields who published work on the theory of cell biology.
Contents:
Leslie Hackett
19.11.2020
Section 1.
Discuss the selected characteristics of living cells
All living things are made up of millions of cells, these cells use energy ,respond to stimuli, grow
,reproduce and maintain homeostasis. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells which are
considered the fundamental units of life.
From the pictures below , it shows how different organisms are from each other, however share the same
characteristics of life.
Protist
A B C
Bacteria
Archea
D
E
F
Mushroom Racoon
Plant
by Unknown by Unknown Aut
Author is licensed under
By using the arcanum ‘MRS GREN’ shows the following licensed characteristics in
common. under
 Movement - they can move and change their position.

 Reproduction – they can make more of the same kind of organism as themselves.
 Sensitivity – they can detect or sense stimuli and respond to them.
 Growth - they can permanently increase their size or dry mass by increasing the number or size of
their cells.
 Respiration – they can create chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living
cells to release energy.
 Excretion – they can excrete toxic materials, waste products of metabolism, and excess
substances (note that excretion is not the same as egestion).
 Nutrition - they can take in and absorb nutrients such as organic substances and mineral ions.
These nutrients contain the raw materials or energy needed for growth and tissue repair
Leslie Hackett
19.11.2020
Cells are the basic building blocks of life. They can be described like tiny factories where virtually all life
processes take place. Some living things such as Bacteria Figure (A) consist of one cell. They are called
single-celled organisms. The human body is made up of trillions of cells.
Regardless of the type of organism, all living cells share certain basic structure. For example, all cells are
surrounded by a membrane. The cell membrane separates the cell from its environment. And it also
controls what enters or leave the cell.
Everything you do takes energy. Energy is the ability to change or move matter. Weather its readying a
book or running a sprint, it requires energy. Fact it takes energy to stay alive. Food is a source of energy,
that’s why it’s important to maintain a balanced diet to give you that energy you need.
Just like humans other living this need a source of energy. But may use a different approach. Organisms
may be grouped on the basis of the energy they use.
For example:
Producers such as the trees and plants , use sunlight for energy to produce their own “food.” The process is
called photosynthesis, and the “food” is sugar. Plants and other organisms use this food for energy
Consumers such as the raccoon in picture F eat plants—or other consumers that eat plants—as a source of
energy.
Some consumers such as the mushroom in picture D get their energy from dead organic matter. For
example, they might consume dead leaves on a forest floor.
When a living thing adapts to its environment, it is responding to a stimulus. A stimulus (stimuli, plural) is
something in the environment that causes a natural reaction in an organism. The reaction a stimulus
produces is called a response.
For example:
 Irritants.
 Sights.
 Smells.
 Sounds.
 Temperature changes.
Responding appropriately to such stimuli might help keep safe, and help survive whatever the
circumstances.
Like Humans, all other living things sense and respond to stimuli in their environment. In general ,their
responses help them survive or reproduce.
Leslie Hackett
19.11.2020
Like plants, all living things have the capacity for growth.
Ducklings have a lot of growing to do to catch up in size to
their mother .Multicellular organisms just grow in size.
As the duckling’s blossom, they will develop in to mature
adults. By adulthood, they will be able to reproduce.
Reproduction of the production of off spring. The ability to
reproduce is another characteristic of living things.
Many living organisms reproduce sextually. In sexual reproduction ,parents of different sexes mate to
produce offspring. The offspring will have combination of traits of the two parents (DNA).Ducks are
examples of sextually reproducing organisms. Other organisms can reproduce asexually ,a single parent
can produce offspring alone. For example, a bacterial cells reproduced by dividing into two daughter cells.
The daughter cells are identical to each other and to the parent cell.
When a football player has finished a game, the constant exercise for 90 min, has built up sweat. The
reason why we sweat is to help us to be cool. When sweat evaporates from the skin, it uses up some of the
body's heat energy, which are one of the ways the body maintains a stable internal environment. The
condition is called homeostasis. All living organisms have ways of maintaining homeostasis. They have
mechanisms for controlling such factors as their internal temperature, water balance, and acidity.
Homeostasis is necessary for normal life processes that take place inside cells. If an organism can’t
maintain homeostasis, normal life processes are disrupted. Disease or even death may result.
There are many factors to the study of cell biology. In many different ways cell biology is possible one of
the most important forms of scientific study , as it enables the understanding of life and how it came to be
and no doubt lead to the preservation of living organisms for the future.
Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and explain the impact that viruses have on
them.
Leslie Hackett
19.11.2020
All cells share four common components:
(1) a plasma membrane, an outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding
environment;
(2) cytoplasm, consisting of a jelly-like region within the cell in which other cellular components are
found;
(3) DNA, the genetic material of the cell;
(4) ribosomes, particles that synthesize proteins. However, prokaryotes differ from eukaryotic cells in
several ways
A Prokarayotic cell DNA is coiled into the area called the Nucleoid.That being the case it is not separated
from the rest of the cell by nucler membrane. The Prokarayotic Cell does not have a nucleus, or any other
membrane-bound organelle, therefore its just a simple, single-celled organism, (unicellular),That belongs
to familiar groups such as bacteria and Archea. They can adapt to extreme environmental conditions like
tempreature change including salinity and acidity.
In contrast, A Eukaryotic Cell contains a Nucleus where the DNA is contained within a nuclear
membrane. Unlike A prokarayotic Cell, Eukaryotic Cell is a more complex in structure and in comparasion
,it is approximately 10 times larger in diameter.
Reproduction
Both these Cells have their own unique mode of reproduction.
Eukaryotic Cell Uses Mitosis and Meiosis, as two forms of cell division.Mitosis occurs when identical
copies of cells are required,such as growth of tissues. In addition Mitosis also occurs within the
reproductive organs of the organism during sexual reproduction, and results in the male and female
gametes containing half of the normal number of the chromosomes for a cell of that species. This enables
that the correct amount of chromosomes are refreshed when the gametes fuse during fertilisation.
In contrast with Prokaryotic cells use a process referred to as binary fission (Cell Division).This is here the
DNA Replicates, and the original cell then divides to from two identical daughter cells.
Respiration
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms carry out the process of respiration.
Eukaryotic cell mainly uses a process that is aerobic,making use of the organelle called
mitochondrion;Prokaryotic cells can exist easily by anaerobic respiration which happens in the cell
cytoplasm.
The difference between the types of respiration is that aerobic uses oxygen and generates a greater quantity
of energy, which is needed for more complex organisms and their metabolic demands example, bacteria.
Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cell

Leslie Hackett
19.11.2020
Nucleus Present Absent
Number of chromosomes >1 1:but a plasmid,not a true
chromosome
Cell type Multicellular Unicellular
True membrane-bound nucleus Present Absent
example Animals and plants Bacteria & Archaea
Genetic recombination Meoisis fusion of gametes Partial
Lysosmoes and peroxisomes Present Absent
Microtubules Present Absent
Endoplasmic reticulum Present Absent
Mitochondria Present Absent
Cytoskeleton Present May be Absent
DNA wrapping on proteins Wrap their DNA around proteins Multiple proteins act together to
fold and condense prokaryotic
DNA. Folded DNA is then
organized into a variety of
conformations that are
supercoiled and wound around
tetramers of the HU protein.
ribosomes Larger Smaller

vesicles Present Present
Golgi apparatus Present Absent
chloroplasts Present in plants Absent
Flagella Microscopic Submicroscopic
Permeability of nuclear Selective Not present
membrane
Plasma membrane with steroid. Yes No
Cell wall Only in plant cells and fungi Chemically complexed
vacuoles Present Present

Cell size 10-100um 1-10um
(Diffen.com, 2017)
A virus is described as a sub-microscopic infectios agent unable to grow or reproduce outside of another
living host.In order to survive Viruses depend on the host cells that they infect to reproduce.When found
outside of host cells, viruses exist as a protein coat or capsid, sometimes enclosed within a membrane.
This capsid encloses either DNA or RNA which codes for the virus elements. While in this form outside
the cell, the virus is metabollically inert; examples of such forms are pictured below.
Leslie Hackett
19.11.2020

Viral micrographs : To the left is an electron micrograph of a cluster of influenza viruses, each about 100
nanometers (billionths of a meter) long; both membrane and protein coat are visible. On the right is a
micrograph of the virus that causes tobacco mosaic disease in tobacco plants.
When it comes into contact with a host cell, a virus can insert its genetic material into its host, literally
taking over the host's functions. When comparing to the characterisics of living cells eg. prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells, Viruses don't conform to these rules, as they:
 1
1. Have no cells
2. Are unable to self-reproduce
3. Are not able to respond to stimuli
4. Have an inability to exhibit metabolism
5. Have no concept of homeostatic mechanisms (maintaining a constant internal
environment).
Prokayotic Virus Eukaryotic Cell
Discuss eukaryotic sub-cellular structure and organelles.
Organelle - means “little organ” Organelles are a special like parts of a cell with unique jobs to
perfom.Here the organelles and their main function within the cell:
Organelle Function Factory part
Room where the blueprints are
Nucleus DNA Storage kept

Leslie Hackett
19.11.2020
Organelle Function Factory part
Mitochondrion Energy production Powerplant
Smooth Endoplasmic Accessory production - makes
Reticulum (SER) Lipid production; Detoxification decorations for the toy, etc.
Rough Endoplasmic Protein production; in particular Primary production line - makes
Reticulum (RER) for export out of the cell the toys
Golgi apparatus Protein modification and export Shipping department
Lipid Destruction; contains
Peroxisome oxidative enzymes Security and waste removal
Lysosome Protein destruction Recycling and security
Eukaryotic cells contain a number of organelles, each of which have specific roles to play in the life of the
cell. The survival of a cell is dependent upon its ability to perform specific functions, hence the importance
of its organelles.
The overall structure of Eukaryotic cells is best studied by refering to a cell diagram.
Eukaryotic Cell
Leslie Hackett
19.11.2020
Viruses
Viruses are a family of pathogens that infect a host by
replacing the viral genome in them. The impact of
viruses, for example, eases of infection, defence plans;
etc. on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is different since
the structures of the hosts are also different. They cannot
reproduce on themselves; they infect living hosts and
use the host cells to make copies of their own DNA.
Viruses can only affect a certain type of cell. They need
to have the glycoproteins which match up to the receptor
proteins of a cell to ‘attach’ to certain cells, therefore the
virus can invade the cell, reproduce, and kill the cell in
the process. Viruses are sub-microscopic infectious
agents that can infect all life forms. Viruses lack the same characteristics of cells, in the
following ways:
 They have no cells
 They are unable to reproduce amongst their species
 They have no metabolism
 They have no stimulus response
 They have no means of self-regulation
Discuss eukaryotic sub-cellular structure and organelles.
This is a eukaryote structure and their organelles.
Figure 4: Research Gate James P Kehrer (2015)
Like a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell has a plasma
membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. However, unlike
prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have: a membrane-
bound nucleus. numerous membrane-
bound organelles (including the endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria)
Image of another eukaryotic cell can be seen below and
includes the relevant cell organelles contained in an
animal cell.
Figure 5; Eukaryotic cell
The
table below gives a brief overview of what

each organelle role is within a cell.
https://edu.glogster.com/glog/organelles/216jsxrwij2?=glogpedia-source
Leslie Hackett
19.11.2020
Section 2
Cellular Metabolism
The role of the cell membrane
Figure 6 (Structure of the plasma
membrane, 2020
The cell membrane is selectively permeable,
and its function is to control what enters and
leaves the cell (The fluid mosaic model of the
cell membrane, 2020). Its outer barrier is
called the plasma membrane and is made up of
four different types of molecules:
phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and
carbohydrates, which form a mosaic-fluid like
structure (Figure 6). Phospholipids form a double layer or bilayer, with both a head and a tail. The head
contains a phosphate group and is hydrophilic, meaning it likes or is attracted to water molecules. The tail
ends is made up of two strings of hydrogen and carbon atoms, these are hydrophobic meaning that they do
not like water. The hydrophilic heads are always near water and are structured in a way that they are by
extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid and the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid are always
structured to be kept away from water
(Figure 7) (cell membrane functions role structure, 2020
Cholesterol within cell membranes helps in the regulating of molecules

entering and exiting the cell, while the proteins of the membrane is
usually involving in the transporting of substances across the membrane
How substances move across the cell membrane

The nature of the substance as to how it crosses the actual cell membrane.
The different possible methods in which substances cross the cell membrane and
tend to be classified as follows:
Lipid diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
By use of vesicles.
Figure 8: Lumen Learning IPearl
Leslie Hackett
19.11.2020
Figure 9: Wikipedia (2020)
Simple Diffusion
Simple diffusion is carried out by the actions of hydrogen bonds
forming between water molecules and solutes. Water molecules
move in to surround individual solute molecules, which
maximizes hydrogen bonding. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in
concentration. It is important to cells as it allows them to gain the
useful substances they require for energy and growth, enabling
them to get rid of waste products
Transport across cell membrane
The cell membrane has an ability to regulate the concentration of substances inside the cell. These include
ions such as Ca++, Na+, K+, and Cl–, and nutrients such as amino acids, fatty acid and sugars and also
waste products, especially carbon dioxide (CO2)) which must exit the cell. Molecules can move in and out
of cells by the selective permeable membrane, by diffusion and active transport. Active transport is the
movement of substances across the membrane using ATP (energy adenosine triphosphate)
Figure 10: Wikipedia (2020)

Use of vesicles
The use of vesicles is another way substance cross the cell membrane, for
example, while proteins are created by the endoplasmic reticulum, they
are picked up by vesicles and move to the Golgi body or Golgi apparatus,
when substances are transported into a cell it is called endocytosis, whilst
out of a cell is called exocytosis. Exocytosis is the durable, energy using
process where a cell directs the contents of secretory vesicles out from the
cell membrane and into the intracellular space. Endocytosis actively
transports molecules into the cell by immersing it with its membrane.
Osmosis
Osmosis is another form of transport which moves water molecules across the membrane. Water will have
the ability to equalize its own concentration by diffusing to the side of lower water concentration, should a
membrane be permeable to water only. As shown below, the solution on the right side is hypertonic
cell division.
How animal cells use nutrients to provide the energy for growth, movement, and cell division.
These are some of the things an animal cell requires an energy source for; Growth synthesis (movement)
maintaining homeostasis and the involvement in cell division. Animals process nutrients to provide energy
for metabolic activities, such as growth and movement for example, glucose is a product that has been
broken down and then enters glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to carry out respiration. Respiration produces
ATP through these processes and oxidative phosphorylation and then ATP is used to provide energy for all
sorts of reactions so that the animal cell can grow and move. When excess ATP and glucose are present,
the liver converts them into a molecule called glycogen (multi-branded polysaccharide of glucose that
serves as a form of energy). The diagram I drew illustrates cellular respiration. It is divided into,
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron chain transport and the mitochondrion. It shows the involvement of
both glucose and oxygen in aerobic respiration. You can see that glucose and oxygen are the substrates
used, and the carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy) are the end products. The mitochondrion is
responsible for cellular respiration, which produces Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). ATP is cellular energy
that starts out as Glucose, Amino Acids or Triglycerides. After the glucose has been broken down,
Pyruvate then enters the Krebs cycles which reduces NADPH & FADH
Figure 11;/sciencenotes.org The table shows the comparison of DNA and RNA, the structure, function,
and location
Leslie Hackett
19.11.2020
Synthesis of proteins
Proteins are long-chain molecules built from small units known as amino acids. They are important in all
cells and do different jobs, such as incorporating carbon dioxide into sugar in plants and protecting bacteria
from harmful chemicals. Proteins can serve as enzymes and as structural materials in cells. The key to a
protein molecule is how the amino acids are linked. The rate of protein synthesis is controlled by the
transcription rate of specific genes, by the number and aggregation status of ribosomes, and by modulation
of the peptide synthesis initiation rate. Protein synthesis occurs in stages: transcription, translation, and
activation.
Transcription (found in nucleus):
Process by which DNA is copied to RNA
Translation (at the ribosome):
Where the RNA is used to produce proteins
Activation (in the cytoplasm):
The binding of amino acid with ATP
Common misconceptions:
Amino acids are not made during protein synthesis
Mutations do not always have drastic or negative effects.
Insertions and deletions that are multiples of three nucleotides will not cause frameshift mutations
Figure 12 s-cool.co.uk
This is a central dogma diagram showing DNA to RNA via
the process of transcription
Section 3
The generation of specialised tissues from embryonic stem cells
Embryonic stem cells are obtained from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst (a structure formed in the
early development of mammals.) They are composed of two distinct cell types: the inner cell mass (ICM),
which develops into epiblasts and induces the development of a foetus, and the trophectoderm (TE).
Blastocysts are responsible for the regulation of the ICM microenvironment. In humans, forms three to five
days after an egg is fertilised by a sperm. These embryonic cells are pluripotent, in other words, they are
able to give rise to every type in the fully formed body, excluding the placenta and umbilical cord. These
Leslie Hackett
19.11.2020
cells receive signals from cells so that they turn the correct genes on and off.A stem cell is a cell which has
the ability to develop into specialised cell types in the body. They may be used to replace cells and tissues
that may have been damaged or lost.They are also produced without the destruction of the embryos, for
example, Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT), Altered Nuclear Transfer (ANT) and Blastomere
Extraction. These methods help to collect human pluripotent cells which have the same functions as
embryonic stem cells thus preventing the destruction of human embryos. Stems cells can divide over and
over again to produce new cells
Figure 12 - Properties of Stem Cells (BBC Bitesize)
They can become restora!ve to many bodyparts,

including in the circulatory, nervousand immune systems,
to name a few. (BBCBitesize, page 4) Once a stem
cell has been allocated, itcannot change its
purpose. Extrac!ngstem cells at the precise !me is vital,
asonce the embryo develops past a certainpoint, the cells
become specialised (Egure12). If they are collected
before they’respecialised, these stem cells
areconsidered to!potent. (Hughes, page 3.1)Stem cells
func!on by having the ability toswitch genes on and o?.
For example, if anembryonic stem cell were transplanted
into a patent with a spinal cord injury, it could switch on the genes to turn it into cell capable of nerve or
structural damage. (BBC Bitesize page 4)
The diagram below describes the stages of mitosis is a form of eukaryote cell division that produces two
daughter cells with the same genetic component as the parent cell. Mitosis consists of four stages;
prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
Figure 15: Cupsoguepictures (2019)
Meiosis is a special cell type in sexually reproducing organisms used to produce the gametes such as
sperm or egg cells. The above table shows what occurs in both mitosis and meiosis. It is used in
growth and repair of animal cells and may also be used in organisms that undergo asexual
reproduction such as bacteria.
Leslie Hackett
19.11.2020
Mitosis:
*Occurs in interphase before mitosis begins
*Occurs in all organisms (expect viruses)
*Number of divisions: 1
*Produces cells for growth and repair
*2 diploid daughter cells, genetically identical to the parent cell.
Synapsis of homologous chromosomes do not occur in Mitosis.
Meiosisff:
*Occurs during interphase before meiosis begins
*Occurs in animals, plants, and fungi
*Number of divisions: 2
*Produces gamates and assures genetic diversity in sexual reproduction
*4 haploid daughter cells, each containing half as many chromosomes as parent cell.
*Synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs along with crossing over between non-sister chromatids in
prophase I
How the same genetic information is received by each daughter cell.

Figure 16: That Biologist (2016)
The diagram above shows the four mitosis stages. Before all this
occurs, the genetic material has already been duplicated in
interphase. The daughter cells are genetically identical because
they each contain the same diploid chromosome complement as
the original parent cell.The daughter cells of mitosis has the
same number of chromosomes as each other and as the parent
cell from which they were formed, they are identical to each
other but small than the parent cell. They must also grow in size
to become mature cells.
Compare and contrast cancer cells with normal cells
Figure 17: Normal cells vs cancer cells (2020)
Cancer is a group of about 100 diseases involving

abnormal cell growth. They vary greatly from normal
cells
Cancer is a group of about 100 diseases involving
abnormal cell growth. They vary greatly from normal
cells. Cancer is an intricate disease. It is generally a
mix of certain irregularities which can lead to a
cancerous cell rather than a single mutation or protein
problem. There are many differences between cancer
cells and normal cells;
* Cancer cells do not stop growing.

*Cancer cells have more genetic changes compared to normal cells.
*Cancer cells do not carry-on maturing or become specialised.
*Cancer cells develop out of normal body cells and tissues.
*Normal cells stop growing when enough cells exist
Leslie Hackett
19.11.2020
Refrences
IMAGE A https://news.usc.edu/135660/how-bacteria-adapt-to-hostile-environments/
IMAGE B https://www.thoughtco.com/archaea-373417
IMAGE B https://www.myinterestingfacts.com/protist-facts/
IMAGE C https://kidsdiscover.com/teacherresources/fungi/
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-life-science-for-middle-school/section/2.1/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zr46fg8/revision/1
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/alllife/virus.html
https://ldatom.epearl.co.uk//vle/_store/scorm/1603373310-cell-biology-scorm2004-4-
l459oaha/scormcontent/index.html#/lessons/SWIsuTmJq9nBNTRJSibHL0RjFd2SkQ4L
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology1/chapter/reading-comparing-prokaryotic-and-
eukaryotic-cells-2/
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/a/organelles-article
ABC Biology (2013) A PLATFORM FOR LEARNERS OF SCHOOL LEVEL BIOLOGY, Available
at https://abcofbiology.wordpress.com/2013/10/21/mitosis-and-meiosis/
Campbell Biology (2019), The Roles of Nucleic Acid, Available at
https://chromoscience.com/2019/12/16/
the-roles-of-nucleic-acid/Clipground (2019) Chloroplasts Clipart, Available at
https://clipground.com/chloroplasts-clipart.html
Lumen Learning (n.d.), The Cellular Level of Organization, Available at
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap1/chapter/the-cell-membrane/
Guidance Corner (2019) Difference between Peroxisomes and Glyoxisomes with Structures and
Functions, Available at https://guidancecorner.com/difference-between-peroxisomes-and-
glyoxisomes/
Kennedy Clan Science (2018), Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells Available from
[http://kennedyclanscience.blogspot.com/2018/09/prokaryotic-vs-eukaryotic-cells.html
Plasma Membrane (2015), Cell Biology and Microscopy, Available at
https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plasmamembrane/plasmamembrane.html Quizlet (2020),
6 Steps of Protein Synthesis, Available at https://quizlet.com/22512934/6-steps-of-protein-synthesis-
flash-cards/ Biology Corer (n.d.), Available at
https://www.biologycorner.com/anatomy/cell/chap3_notes.htmlExpii (2019)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) — Structure & Function , Available at
https://www.expii.com/t/rough-endoplasmic-reticulum-rer-10120
Genome (n.d.), The Forest of Genomics, Available at https://www.genome.gov/genetics-
glossary/Plasma-Membrane OER Commons (2007-2020)
hFps://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zghcsrd/revision/1

Report On Cell Biology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Report On Cell Biology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Leslie Hackett

Discuss the selected characteristics of living cells

 Movement - they can move and change their position.

All cells share four common components:

(3) DNA, the genetic material of the cell;

Both these Cells have their own unique mode of reproduction.

Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cell

ribosomes Larger Smaller

Cell wall Only in plant cells and fungi Chemically complexed

vacuoles Present Present

Prokayotic Virus Eukaryotic Cell

Discuss eukaryotic sub-cellular structure and organelles.

Organelle Function Factory part

Room where the blueprints are

Nucleus DNA Storage kept

Organelle Function Factory part

Mitochondrion Energy production Powerplant

Smooth Endoplasmic Accessory production - makes

Rough Endoplasmic Protein production; in particular Primary production line - makes

Reticulum (RER) for export out of the cell the toys

Golgi apparatus Protein modification and export Shipping department

Lipid Destruction; contains

Peroxisome oxidative enzymes Security and waste removal

Lysosome Protein destruction Recycling and security

table below gives a brief overview of what

Cholesterol within cell membranes helps in the regulating of molecules

How substances move across the cell membrane

Figure 10: Wikipedia (2020)

They can become restora!ve to many bodyparts,

How the same genetic information is received by each daughter cell.

Cancer is a group of about 100 diseases involving

* Cancer cells do not stop growing.

You might also like