Start Up Screen

Exclusively for your use, not for distribution without permission.

Canopus Business Management Group - Chennai – India | +91 44 42851080
Human Element

 Includes the person involved in measuring the data or information

 AKA Appraiser

Example:

 Assessors make common errors due to lack of training, education,

skills, high complexity, rushed inspections, misunderstood

instructions, and even poor eyesight

 Doctor who is measuring the temperature of patient

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

System Element

 Includes the tool which gages/measures

 Tool error or measurement uncertainty can lead to variations in data

 AKA equipment, gage or instrument

Example:

 Common errors with equipment are incorrect or erratic readings, jamming

of the gage leading to same values, etc.

 Thermometer used by doctor to measure the temperature

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Environment Element

Includes the document/part being measured and its surroundings

Example:

 Temperature, humidity, lighting, vibration, corrosion, wear and

contaminants are environmental factors that affect the quality of data

 Patient whose temperature is being measured is influenced by the

room in which the patient is kept

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Attributes of Good Measurement System

Resolution

Stability
Good
Measurement Accuracy
System
Linearity

Repeatability

Precision

Reproducibility

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Definition of Resolution

Is it 99.37cms or
99.38 cms??
 Ability of a measurement system

to detect & indicate even small

variations in process outputs

 Basic attribute considered for

selection of any gage for a

particular measurement purpose

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Definition of Calibration

 Process of adjusting a value of a

measurement system to agree with a value

of an applied standard

 Common day example of calibration: when

we adjust our wrist watch to radio, TV time

or computer system time, we are actually

performing a ‘watch’ calibration

 Similarly, we need to calibrate the system

elements of any measurement system

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Definition of Bias
99.82 cms

 Variation caused by an inherent systematic

error in the measurement system
 A gage with bias may measure all values
higher than they actually are
99.79 cms
 A bias can usually be corrected by calibration
 Bias Definition: ‘Difference between average
of measurements taken & reference value
obtained by using a master gage’

99.82 cms

• • ••
• • •
•

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Definition of Accuracy

I measure 96.52

 The differences between cms wide

observed average

measurement and a standard

 A standard is the true value

 It is usually readily available or

can be obtained from a system

that has very high resolution

••
• •• •• •

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Definition of Precision

 The differences between various observed 96.72 cms

measurements of the same part using a gage,

irrespective of the standard

 In order to estimate precision of any 96.74cms

measurement system, we may need to

repeatedly collect several observations of the

same part from several appraisers and compare

97.75 cms

them for variation

••
• •• •• •

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Definition of Stability
99.36 cms
 When a gage’s reading drifts with time, it is

considered as lack of stability

 Stability is assessed by variation obtained

99.56 cms
when the same person measures the same

unit with the same system over an

extended period of time

99.69 cms

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Definition of Linearity

I measure 49.53 cms

breadth but only 98.93
cms width

The consistency of the

measurement system across

the entire range of the

measurement system

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Definition of Repeatability
100.20 cms
Variation when one person repeatedly

measures the same unit/part with the

same gage
99.69 cms

99.18 cms

••
• •• •• •

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Definition of Reproducibility
100.20 cms
Variation when two or more people

measure the same unit/part with the

same gage
99.69 cms

99.18 cms

•• •
• • •• •
•

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Definition of Measurement System Analysis

 A process by which the consistency of the measurement

system is validated in the environment in which measurements

are carried out

 AKA Gage R&R or MSA

 Used in measure phase of six sigma project

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Definition of Discrete MSA

 Used to measure if an item is to be accepted/

rejected, by comparing some aspects of it to a

standard(discrete measure)

 Applied when using discrete data

 Determines if people use same criteria to determine

“good” or “bad”

 Can discover where training, procedures or

standards are lacking

 Discrete gages cannot indicate how good or bad an

item is

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Criteria for Discrete MSA

Gage R&R is Go ahead, you have clean gage

less than 10 %

Gage R&R is Measurement system has fallacies

within 10 – 30 % Go ahead with caution

Not acceptable. Hold and find out

Gage R&R is reasons for the measurement issues,
`
more than 30 % fix and then proceed. Alternatively
change the measurement system

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Procedure to Conduct Discrete MSA

1. Select a minimum of 30 items from the process

• 50% of the items in your study should have defects
• 50% of the items should be defect free

2. If possible select border line(or marginal) good & bad samples

3. Identify associates for the study who may utilize the

measurement system. Suggest 3 for the study

4. Have each person, independently and in random order, assess

these items & determine whether or not they pass or fail (repeat

twice with a time delay between trials)

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Procedure to Conduct Discrete MSA

6. Enter data into a spreadsheet to report the effectiveness

of the discrete measurement system

7. Document the results

8. Implement appropriate actions to fix the inspection/audit/

measurement process if necessary

9. Re-run the study to verify the fix

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Definition of Continuous MSA

 Used to measure some aspects of an item using a quantitative

measurement system

 Applied when using continuous data

 Measures overall effectiveness of people in using a measurement

system, as well as precision of measurement system

 Basis for evaluating a measurement system which is suspect of

being deficient

 Variable gages can indicate how good or bad an item is

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Definition of % Contribution

 Also referred to as %TV

 2 MS Usually expressed
%Contribution  2
 Total as percent

 Gives contribution of measurement system variability to overall variability

 Further %Contribution can be broken down to contribution from

Repeatability and Reproducibility

 Best Case: < 1 %.

 Marginal Values: Between 1-9 %

 Non-acceptable Values: > 9%

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Precision

 Precision concept has been discussed earlier

 Here we are computing precision

P  5.15   2
MS
Usually expressed
as percent

 It is directly proportional to measurement system variation

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Definition of P/T

 Precision to Tolerance Ratio (P/T)

5.15 * MS Usually expressed

P /T  as percent
Tolerance
 Addresses the percentage of tolerance taken up by measurement error

 Includes both repeatability and reproducibility

 Best case: 10% Acceptable: 30%

Note:
 5.15 standard deviations accounts for 99% of Measurement System (MS) variation
 In other words, as we deal with measurement system we are setting our confidence
level at 99% instead of usual 95%
 Use of 5.15 is an industry standard

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Definition of P/TV

 It is also referred as %GR&R

 MS
%GR & R  x 100 Usually expressed
 Observed Pr ocessVariation as percent

 Addresses the percentage of observed process variation

taken up by measurement error

 %GR&R is the best estimate of the effect of measurement

systems on the validity of process improvement studies

 Includes both repeatability & reproducibility

 Target for %GR&R < 30%

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

No. of Distinct Categories

 Number of distinct categories within the process data that a

measurement system can discern

 A measure of the resolution

 A function of Repeatability & Reproducibility

 Parts
No. of Distinct Categories  2  2
 MS
 Best case: > 4

 Acceptable: 3 - 4

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Procedure to Conduct Continuous MSA

1. Select a minimum of 10 parts from a process. Items

should cover the entire specification range

2. Identify appraisers for the study who may utilize the

measurement system. Suggest 3 people

3. Have each person, independently and in random order,

measure these parts and determine the measurement

4. Repeat step 3 a minimum of two times for each

appraiser

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

Procedure to Conduct Continuous MSA

5. Enter the data into Minitab.

Stat  Quality Tools  Gage R&R Study (Crossed)

6. Document the results

7. If necessary, implement appropriate actions to fix the

measurement process

8. Re-run the study to verify the fix

All Rights Reserved. Copyright @ 2012 Canopus Business Management Group

About Us

We are a Consulting & Management firm & help clients in:

• Deriving & executing Business & Functional Strategies
• Making Customer Experience a competitive advantage
• Improving profitability by leading Business Transformation initiatives

Consulting Clientele