Discussion

Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that exist in their millions, in every environment,
both inside and outside other organisms. There are two types of bacteria, Gram positive and gram
negative.
Gram- negative bacteria are less susceptible to antibiotics because of their outer membrane. This is
because the outer membrane provides protection from treatments that would ordinarily damage the
inner membrane. In gram negative bacteria , the cell wall is complex . it has a peptidoglycan layer that
is 2=3 mm thick and it is thinner than the cell wall of of gram positive bacteria. Gram positive pls find
info on alittle gram positive

In this research, the effects of cinnamon and curry on three bacteria and potentially more were to be
investigated. These effects are due to essential oils present in the spices.An essential oil is a
concentrated hydrophilc liquid cotaining volatile chemical compounds from plants . they also that
retains the natural small and flavour essence of their source.These essential oils are effective against
pathogens due to the presence of natural compounds produced by organs of plants as well as aldehydes,
phenolics, terpenes, and other microbial compounds meaning that the essential oils are effective against
a diverse range of pathogens.
The essential oils present in curry are a=pinene , sabinene , B = pinene, a=terpinene, B= phellandrene ,
y=terpinene,  caryophyllene.and terpinen while in cinnamon there are cinnamaldehyde , eugenol ,
linalool.
For cinnamon essential oils, one bark of cinnamon generally consists of 65-80% of cinnamaldehyde
and 5-10% of eugenol. For curry essential oils, one leaf of curry generally consists of 54.2% of 3-
carene and 9.5% of caryophyllene. 
In high concentration , essential oils denature the proteins and at low concentration
they interfere with enzymes involved with the production of energy.

In previous study, Curry leaf was found to have highest total phenolic content (70.12 mg GAE/g).
Phenolic compounds in essential oils which are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a
hydroxyl group bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group show antimicrobial activities
against the gram positive.
Another study found that the high antibacterial activity observed in cinnamon EO may
be due to the action of transcinnamaldehyde, considered
as its single major compound. It has been reported that
transcinnamaldehyde possesses the highest antimicrobial
in comparison with other constituents of cinnamon oil.

The conclusions from various research are consistent about the effectiveness of cinnamon essential oils
over a range of bacteria.According to Dr. Lina Sheng and Dr. Mei-Jun Zhu cinnamaldehyde is the
major component of the cinnamon essential oil responsible for the destruction of the E-Coli bacteria.
The findings of this study was consistent with the study of another study which stated that cinnamon
essential oil is extremely effective in inhibiting the growth of all strains of the Escherichia Coli (E-
Coli) bacteria.
In a study that tested 6 bacteria namely E. coli, Salmonelle spp ,K. pneumoniae ,P. aeruginosa,
Streptocoque group and S. aureus gainst multiple species, The results revealed that the Cinnamon oil
exhibit the higher activity antibacterial against all 6 microorganisms tested. The researchers further
concluded that the essential oil of Cinnamon possesses an important antibacterial effect against
both Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria. Smith-Palmer et al.[17].Antibacterial Activity of
Essential Oils Extracts from Cinnamon, Thyme, Clove and Geranium Against a Gram
Negative and Gram Positive Pathogenic Bacteria
S. Oulkheir
1, *
, M. Aghrouch
2
, F. El Mourabit
1
, F. Dalha
1
, H. Graich
1
, F. Amouch
1
, K. Ouzaid
1
,
A. Moukale
3
, S. Chadli
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312497854_Antibacterial_Activity_of_Essential_Oils_Ex
tracts_from_Cinnamon_Thyme_Clove_and_Geranium_Against_a_Gram_Negative_and_Gram_Pos
itive_Pathogenic_Bacteria

Like this research concluded, a project adapted by Dr. Rosa Raybaudi-Massilia, Dr. Jonathan
Mosquesda-Melgar and Dr. Olga Martin-Belloso used around 1.0 mg/ml of cinnamon essential oil and
also discovered that the cinnamon essential oil proved to be most effective in inhibiting the growth of
the Salmonella bacteria.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0956713514003235)

Another study studied the antibacterial effect of cinnamon oil on 4 species of bacteria, Staphylococcus,
Enterococcus, Enterobacter and Acinetobacter genera . they concluded that these species were
susceptible to essential oil obtained from Cinnamomum zeylanicum Ness in low concentrations.
Anna Urbaniak, Anna Głowacka, Edward Kowalczyk, Monika Lysakowska, Monika Sienkiewicz
2014;66(2):131-41.
[The Antibacterial Activity of Cinnamon Oil on the Selected Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative
Bacteria]

E.coli greatly inhibited bacteria. This research was done by Dr. Hanan Al-Arbi, Dr. Uma Irfan and Dr.
Sarah Ali. It was revealed that the curry essential oil proved to be very effective in inhibiting the
growth of the E-Coli as well as staphylococcus aureus. Not much research was done on the effect of
curry essential oils on Salmonella. The effectiveness of curry essential oils is inconclusive.
An article published , the findings of the antibacterial ability of essential oils from the curry leaf extract
on 4 species of bacteria ,Staphylococcus, E.coli, Streptococcus,Proteus, Klebsiella pneumonia and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. Both the essential oils extracts of curry leaves were found to be effective
against tested all the bacterial strains except, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
.THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF CURRY LEAVES (Murraya Koenigii)October 2016 by Uma
Irfan and Sarah Ali
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310340726_THE_ANTIBACTERIAL_EFFECT_OF_CURR
Y_LEAVES_Murraya_Koenigii

A similar study found that the oil has a maximum inhibition ability against Corynebacterium
tuberculosis,Streptococcus pyogenes,Enterobacter aerogenes and also Klebsiella pneumonia and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa which the previous study highlighted the curry essential oils did not inhibit
growth. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2014 May-Jun; 4(3): 200–214. Chemical composition, antibacterial and
antioxidant profile of essential oil from Murraya koenigii (L.) leaves. Mini Priya Rajendran,1,* Blessed
Beautlin Pallaiyan,2 and Nija Selvaraj2

Leaves of curry were found effective against bacterial species strains such as Bacillus licheniformis,
Bacillus aureus, Eschericia coli. Salmonella typhimuriurn, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis.
The results confirmed the antimicrobial effect of curry leaf extract against all the human pathogenic
bacteria.The antibacterial activity is possibly due to antioxidant protein of curry leaf. Antibacterial,
antifungal and anthelmintic activity of curry leaves Murraya koenigii (L.) spreng. Afzal, F. (Karachi
Univ. (Pakistan). Inst. of Environmental Studies) Shaukat, S.S. (Karachi Univ. (Pakistan). Inst. of
Environmental Studies) Omm-e-Hany (Karachi Univ. (Pakistan). Inst. of Environmental Studies)

Wherever you see red , place in the citation form. The cite for each study is before its paragragh.
Find alittle info on gram positive
Summarize
Remove anything irrelevant
Anywhere you see EO replace with essential oils