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AMT Ht13-Exam PDF
AMT Ht13-Exam PDF
You are advised to write your answers in a concise, clear and well formulated manner.
Proper justification for your answers is vital for getting high marks.
Grades
Out of a maximum of 100 marks for this examination, 10 marks (max) will be given to your
lab. report and 20 marks (max) for your project work.
Results
The results will be reported in Ladok by 15th January 2014.
1. (a) Sketch a schematic (111) stereogram for an fcc single crystal and index 4 poles at
right angles to (111) . (4p)
Further, index the following poles too.
(i) (31 1) , (ii) (13 1) , (iii) (134) . Use the enclosed polar net. (6p)
Give all the details which led you to the indexing of the poles.
(b) Use the enclosed (001) stereogram to find the slip system which is activated first
when a single crystal of Iron (bcc) is subjected to tensile loading in the direction
[135] . Explain how you arrived at the answer.
If the critical resolved shear stress for iron is 27 MPa, calculate the minimum tensile
stress required for slip and the maximum value of the yield strength.
(2+2p)
(a) Sketch the binary diagrams separately and identify all the single phase and 2-phase
regions. State the invariant reaction in each system (if any).
(6p)
(b) In the ternary system, identify the phase regions enclosed by the surfaces
(i) AME, AEF, AMN, ANF och EMNF
(ii) MBD, MBCN, NCG och DBCG
(iii) EDGF, DMNG och EMNF (6p)
. . . . . . vänd!
3. Explain the concepts and the connection between:
(a) Slip and twin formation (b) Stacking faults and strain hardening
(c) Diffusion and Precipitation hardening (d) Chemical and Optical Etching
(16p)
6. Spherical Iron powder (99,95% Fe, 0,05% C; particle diameter: 80 m) is carburized to
0.4% C (average concentration) at 1375 K. The carbon potential in the gaseous
atmosphere corresponds to a carbon concentration of 0.8% on the particle surface during
the carburization process.
Given: Diffusivity for C i -Fe = 2,310-5e-137700/(RT) m2 s-1.
bg
cos
bh u k v l wg
ch k l hcu v w h
2 2 2 2 2 2
* In a hcp-crystal, angle between two planes of atoms (h1k1i1l1) och (h2k2i2l2) can be
calculated from :
1 3 a2
h1h2 k1k 2 (h1k 2 h2 k1 ) 2 l1l2
cos 2 4 c
FG 3 a 2
IJ FG 3 a2
h12 k12 h1k1 2 l12 h22 k 22 h2 k 2 2 l22
IJ
H 4 c KH 4 c K
Arrhenius equation : k = k o . e -Q / (R.T)
ASTM-grain size number (n) is calculated from: N = no. of grains per sq.in.at 100x = 2n-1
Avogadros constant = 6.022 . 1023 mol-1
Avrami relation for phase transformations : f = fraction converted = 1 - exp - c.t n c h
where c and n are constants at a given temperature
Distance (shortest) between two dislocations = (dislocation density)-0.5
Boltzmann’s constant (k) = 1.381 10-23 J K-1
bg
Bragg’s law : 2 . d ( hkl ) .sin n . ; för cubic lattices, d b hkl g ao / h 2 k 2 l 2
F cI
= k v G 1- J
0.5
H cK
0
Crack growth velocity : v c l where vl is the speed of sound in the
longitudinal direction , c0 is half the critical (Griffith) crack length, c is half the crack
length at a given time and k is a dimensionless constant
DB DB* 1
FG
d ln( B ) IJ
where B = activity coefficient for B in AB,
H
d ln( X B ) K
D* is self-diffusivity of ‘B’ and XB = mole fraction for B
z
X
1 dx
Boltzmann - Matano analysis : D x dX
2t dX X 0
where t : time, x : distance from the Matano surface, X : atom fraction
z b g
x
2 d 2
erf ( x) . e x
2
erf ( x ) . e x dx
2
; ; erf(0) = 0 ; erf( ) = 1;
0
dx
erf(-x) = -erf(x) ; erfc(x) = 1 - erf(x)
erf ( x )
2
.
b1g . x 2 x .FG1 x x x ...IJ
n 2 n 1 2 4 6
n!b2n 1g
n0 H 3 10 42 K
Fick’s I law Flux per unit area = - D . (dC/dx)
Fick’s II law C/t = D . (2C/x2)
General solution for a Semi-infinite system : C = A + B . erf [ x / ( 2(Dt) ) ]
A och B are constants. Initial and boundary conditions are used for determining A och B.
Using CS (surface), C0(Initial), CX (at a given ‘x’), (CS - CX) / (CS - C0 ) = erf [x /( 2 (Dt) )]
Solutions for Finite systems:
C CS 8
1 (2n 1) 2 2 D t
Slab : 2
Ci CS
n 0 (2n 1)
2
exp 2
4 L
C CS
n2 D t
4
Cylinder :
Ci CS
n 1 n
2
exp
R2
where n 2.405,5.520,8.654,11.792....; n 1, 2,3, 4....
( n are roots of the equation J 0 ( x) 0, where J 0 ( x)
is the Bessel function of zero order )
C CS 6
1 n 2 2 Dt
Sphere : 2
Ci CS
2
exp
R2
n 1 n
Energy in a dislocation (per unit length) = 0.5 G.b2 J m-1
where G: shear modulus, b: Burger’s vector
Fracture : Theoretical Fracture Stress (Theoretical Cohesive Strength) = ( E s / ao ) 0.5
where s is the surface energy ( J m-2 ), a o is the lattice parameter (m).
Griffith ' sconditions : min.stress for crack growthin a brittle material
0,5 0,5
2Es Es
where the crack length is 2c
c 2c
F 2E I
För thick plates (c << thickness), G
0 ,5
H c1 h c JK
s
2
F 2 E d
Griffith - Orowan equation for metals : G
s p iIJ 0 ,5
F E IJ
G
p
0 ,5
H c K H 2c K
where p is plastic work which is required for crack growth
Sievert’s law :
1
b g
H2 gas H % ; K
%H
b g b g
2 pH2
1/ 2
d i
Extended Simpson’s Rule:
x2 n
h
x f ( x) dx 3 f 0 4( f1 f3 .... f 2 n1 ) 2( f 2 f 4 ... f 2 n2 ) f 2 n
0