Brad Peterson, P.E.

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http://njut2009fall.weebly.com

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bradpeterson@engineer com
bradpeterson@engineer.com
 3
If 1 m off concrete
t has
h a mass 2.3
2 3 tons,
t
calculate its:
specific weight 
mass density 
specific gravity
 9.8 N / kg
specific weight   2300kg  3
 22.5
22 5kN / m 3

1m

 con 22.5kN / m3
specific gravity    2.3
 water 9.8kn / m 3

22.55kN / m3
22
mass density     2300 kg / m 3

g 9.8m / s 2
Determine the gage pressure in kPa at a depth
of 10.0 meters below the free surface of a
body of water.
Weight of water   9.8kN / m 3

p h

9 8kN
9.8 98
98.0
0kN
p 3
 10.0m  2
 98.0kPa
m m
F   hcgA
  specific weight of liquid
hcg  depth of the center of gravity
A  Area
 4 0m
4.0m A  0.1
0 1m 2

Water 2.0m

7.0m

Tank Width  3m

Example
 Total
T t l force
f (FBC) on the
th bottom
b tt
of the tank
 Total weight (W) of the water
 Explain the difference
 4 0m
4.0m A  0.1
0 1m 2

Water 2.0m

7.0m

Tank Width  3.0m

Example
FBC  pA  ( h) A 

9.8kN
3
 (6 m )  (7 m  3m )
m

FBC  1235kN
 4 0m
4.0m A  0.1
0 1m 2

Water 2.0m

7.0m

Tank Width  3m

Example
W   (Volume)

9.8kN
W  3
 [(7
( m  2m  3m  ((4m  0.1m ))]
3

W  416kN
 4 0m
4.0m A  0.1
0 1m 2

Water 2.0m

7.0m

Tank Width  3m

Example
The Force on the bottom of the tank is:

FBC  1235kN

But the total weight of the water is only:

W  416kN

What is the source of the additional force?

 4 0m
4.0m A  0.1
0 1m 2

Water 2.0m

7.0m

Tank Width  3m

Example
FAD  pA  ( h) A 

9.8kN
3
 (4m)  (7m  3m  0.1m )
2

FAD  819kN
 4 0m
4.0m A  0.1
0 1m 2

Water 2.0m

7.0m

Tank Width  3m

Example
1235kN  416kN  819 Kn
and therefore:
FBC  W  FAD
 The large forces that can be developed with a
small amount of liquid (the liquid in the tube)
acting over a much larger surface.

 Hydraulic lift
 An object that is 0.2m wide by 0.2m thick by
0.4m wide is found to weigh 50N in water at
a depth of 0.6m. What is its weight in air and
what is its specific gravity.
gravity
 T  50 N

Y  0
W  T  FB  0
W  T  FB
W  50 N  FB
W

FB
buoyant force FB  weight of displaced liquid
9 8kN
9.8
FB  3
 (0.2m  0.2m  0.4m)  0.157kN  157 N
m

W  50 N  FB  50 N  157 N  207 N

weight of the stone

specific gravity =
weight
i ht off an equall volume
l off water
t
207 N
specific gravity =  1.31
157 N
157N
 A rectangular tank 6.4m long by 2.0m deep
by 2.5m wide contains 1.0m of water. If
horizontal acceleration is 2.45m/s2, then:
◦ Compute the total force due to water acting on each
end of the tank
◦ Show that the difference between these two forces
is equall to the
h force
f needed
d d to accelerate
l the
h mass.
2.45m / s 2
1.0m

6.4m
Tank is 2.0m deep
 a (acceleration of vessel , m / s 2 )
tan  
g (acceleration of gravity, m / s 2 )
2.45m / s 2
tan   2
 0.25
9.8m / s
tan   0.25
 tan  
slope 
0.25m / m

2.45m / s 2
1.0m

6.4m
Tank is 2.0m deep
y  3.2m  tan   3.2m  0.25  0.8m
dCD  1.0m  0.8m  0.2m
dAB  1.0
.0m  0.8m  1.8
.8m
2.45m / s 2
1.0m

6.4m
Tank is 2.0m deep
 9.88kN 1.8
9 1 8m
FAB   hcgA  3
  (1.8m  2.5m)  39.7kN
m 2
9 8kN 00.22m
9.8
FCD   hcgA  3
  (0.2m  2.5m)  0.5kN
m 2
2.45m / s 2
FAB  39.7kN FCD  0.5kN 1.0m

6.4m
Tank is 2.0m deep
Force needed to accelerate =
mass of water X acceleration =

6 4m  2.5
6.4 2 5m  1.0
1 0m  9.8
9 8kN / m3 2.45
2 45m
2
 2
 39.2kN
9.8m / s s
check :
FAB  FCD  39.7kN  0.5kN  39.2kN
Force needed to accelerate =
mass of water X acceleration =

mass  6.4m  2.5m  1.0m  1000kg / m3  16, 000kg

2.45m 39, 200kgg m
force  16,
16 000kg  2

s s2
 2.45
2 45m 39, 200kg m
39 200k
force  16, 000kg  2
 2
s s
kg m
newton  2
s
force  39.2kN
 2.45m / s 2
force  39.2kN FAB  39.7kN FCD  0.5kN 1.0m

6.4m
Tank is 2.0m deep
check :
FAB  FCD  39.7 kN  0.5kN  39.2kN
 A similar tank filled with water and
accelerated at 1.5m/s2.
◦ Compute how many liters of water are spilled.
 tank width  2.5m

drop
p in water
surface
f
2.0m

7.0m
 2
a (acceleration of vessel , m / s )
tan  
g (acceleration of gravity, m / s 2 )
11.55m / s 2
tan   2
 0.153
9.8m / s
tan   00.153
153  slope of water surface
drop in surface = 7  0.153  1.07m
 tank width  2.5m

1 07m
1.07m
2.0m

7.0m
 77.00m  1.07
1 07m
Volume  2.5m  ( )  9.36m3
2
Volume  9360liters
 When 0.03m3/s flows through a 300mm pipe
that reduces to 150mm, calculate the average
velocities in the two pipes.
Q  A300V300  A150V150
Q 0.03m3 / s
V300    0.42
0 42m / s
A300 
 0.300m 
2

4
3
Q 0.03m / s
V150    1.70m / s
A150 
 0.150m 
2

4
 If the velocity in a 300mm pipe is 0.50m/s,
what is the velocity on a 75mm dia jet from a
75mm-dia
nozzle attached to the pipe?
Q  A300V300  A75V75
 
 0.300m  V300   0.075m 
2 2
V75
4 4
 0.300m   0.50m / s    0.075m  V75
2 2

 0.300m   0.50m / s 
2

V75   8.00m / s
 0.075m
0 075m 
2
 Oil of sp gr 0.75 is flowing through a 150mm
pipe under a pressure of 103kPa. If the total
energy relative to a datum plane 2.4m below
the center of the pipe is 17.9m,
17 9m determine
the flow of oil.
 p  103kPa

pipe di  150mm
i dia
z  2.40m
specific gravity  0.750
E  PE  KE  FE
V2 p
E  z 
2g 
V2 103kPa
17.9m  2.40m  
2  9.8m / s 2
0.750  9.8kN / m3
V 2  17.9m  2.40m  14.0m   19.6m / s 2
V  5.4m / s
 p  103kPa

V  5.4m / s

pipe di  150mm
i dia
z  2.40m
specific gravity  0.750
Q  AV
 (0.150m) 2
A  0.018m 2
4
V  5.4m / s
Q  0.018m 2  5.4m / s
Q  0.097
0 097 m3 / s
 A 1m diameter new cast iron pipe (C=130) is
845m long and has a head loss of 1.11m.
Find the discharge capacity of the pipe
according to the Hazen-Williams
Hazen Williams formula
formula.
V  0.8492CR 0.63
S 0.54

C  130
d 1m
R  hydraulic
h d l radiusd  
4 4
head loss 1.11
1 11m
S  hydraulic grade line  
length 845
V  0.8492
0 8492CR 0.63
0 63 00.54
S 54
0.63 0.54
 1m   1.11m 
V  0.8492(130)
0 8492(130)      1.281
1 281m / s
 4   845 
 1m 2 
Q  AV    1.281m / s  1.01m3 / s
 
4
Solve Problem 8.28 using the Manning formula.

R 2/3 S 1/2
V 
n
n  0.012
d 1m
R  hydraulic radius  
4 4
head loss 1.11
1 11m
S  hydraulic grade line  
length 845
 R 2/3 S 1/2
V 
n
2/3 1/2
 1m   1.11m 
   
V   4   845   1.199m / s
0.012
 1m 2 
Q  AV    1.199m / s  0.94m3 / s
 
4
 3
m/s
/ m //s
Hazen‐Williams 1.281 1.01
Manningg 1.199 0.94
 A 300mm pipe that is 225m long and a 500m
pipe that is 400m long are connected in
series. Find the diameter of a 625m long
equivalent pipe.
pipe Assume all pipes are
concrete.
 d2
Q  AV ; A  ; V  0.8492
0 8492CR 0 63
0.63
S 00.54
54

4
d
R  ; C  120 for concrete
4
h1
S  ; assume Q  0.1m / s
3

L
 0.63 0.54
d   h1 
 d 0.8492  120   
2
 
4 L
0 1
0.1
4
for the 300mm dia, 225m long pipe:
0.63 0.54
 0.30   h1 
  0.30  0.8492  120  
2
  
 4   225 
0.1 
4
0.54
 h1 
0.1  1.4087  
 225 
h1  1.678m
for the 500mm dia, 400m long pipe:
0.63 0.54
 0.50   h2 
  0.50  0.8492  120  
2
  
 4   400 
0.1 
4
0 54
0.54
 h2 
0.1  5.3985  
 400
00 
h2  0.248m
total head loss  1.678  0.248  1.926m

Therefore:
for a 625m long equivalent pipe:
0.63 0.54
d   1.926
1 926 
 d 0.8492  120   
2
 
0 1
0.1  4  625 
4
d  360mm
 Water flows in a rectangular concrete open
channel that is 12.0m wide at a depth of
2.5m. The channel slope is 0.028. Find the
water velocity and the flow rate.
rate
using the Manning equation:
2/3 1/2
R S
V=
n
area 2.5  12.0
R   1.765m
wetted perimeter 2.5  12.0  2.5
1.7652/3  0.00281/2
V=  5.945m / s
0.013
Q  AV  2.5  12.0  5.945  178m3 / s
 Measures stagnation pressure (at B), which
exceeds the local static pressure (at A), to
determine velocity head.

hB
hA
Velocity (V) at
Point B is
zero. hB
hA

Apply the
Bernoulli
equation,
next slide
  no loss  pB V
2 2
pA V
 A
 zA     B
 zB
 2g  assumed   2g
VB  0;
0 z A  zB
so,
2
pA V pB
 A

 2g 
 2
pA V pB
 A

 2g 
 pB p A 
V  2g   
   
pB p A
  hB  hA  d
 
With no friction:
V  2 ggd
hB  hA  d

hB
hA
 A small amount of friction normally occurs,
so a coefficient of velocity cV (see discussion
on following slides) is sometimes used:

actual velocity
cV 
theoretical velocity
V  cV 2 gd
to assume cv  1 provides sufficient
accuracy for most engineering problems
i l i Pitot
involving Pi tubes.
b
 The ratio of the actual velocity in a stream to
the theoretical velocity that would occur
without friction.

actual velocity
cV 
th
theoretical
ti l velocity
l it
 A Pitot tube having a coefficient of 0.98 is
used to measure the velocity of water at the
center of a pipe. The stagnation pressure
head is 55.67m
67m and the static pressure head in
the pipe is 4.73m. What is the velocity?
 5.67m
4 74m
4.74m
 hB  hA  d
5 67m  44.74
5.67 74m  00.94
94m

5.67m
4 74m
4.74m
V  cV 2 gd
d  5.67m  4.73m  0.94m
cV  0.98
g  9.8
9 8m / s 2

V  0.98 2  9.8m / s  0.94m  4.21m / s

2