unit 3: Practical Skills IAS compulsory

in Chemistry I unit

001-Nov-20 Engr. Suresh Boidya Sir-01916-857672, 01558-093253.

 unit 3: Practical Skills IAS compulsory
in Chemistry I unit

001-Nov-20 Engr. Suresh Boidya Sir-01916-857672, 01558-093253.

 unit 3: Practical
IAS compulsory unit
Skills in Chemistry I

TEST FOR
CATIONS:

01-Nov-20 Suresh Sir-01916-857672, 01719-153465.

 unit 3: Practical
IAS compulsory unit
Skills in Chemistry I

TEST FOR CATIONS (TRANSITION METAL IONS):

1. Reactions with NaOH solution:
•Procedure: Add the reagent, NaOH solution, dropwise to the test
solution (2 – 3 cm3). Observe any changes, and then add the
reagent in excess.
Cation Reactions Observation
Mn2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Mn(OH)2 (s) White precipitate is
(White) formed from colourless
Mn(OH)2 (s) O2 + H2O Mn(OH)3 (s) solution which turns
Mn2+
i) (White) excess (Brown) brown rapidly. Adding
(MnSO4)
few drops of H2O2, dark
Mn(OH)3 (s) + H2O2 (l) MnO2 (s) + O2 (g) brown solution is
(Brown) (few drops) (Dark brown) formed.

01-Nov-20 Suresh Sir-01916-857672, 01719-153465.

 unit 3: Practical
IAS compulsory unit
Skills in Chemistry I

Cations Reactions Observation

Ag+(aq) + OH-(aq) Ag2O(s) + H2O (l) Grey precipitate is
Ag+ (Grey) formed from colourless
ii)
(AgNO3) Ag2O(s) + H2O (l) No reaction solution, no change in
excess excess NaOH.
2+ -
Mud green precipitate
Fe (aq) + OH (aq) Fe(OH) 2 (s) is formed from light
(Mud green)
Fe2+ green solution which
iii)
(FeSO4) Fe(OH)2 (s) O2 + H2O Fe(OH)3 (s) turns rust brown
(Mud green) excess (Rust brown) precipitate in excess
NaOH.
Fe3+(aq) + OH-(aq) Fe(OH)3 (s) Rust brown precipitate
Fe3+ (Rust brown) is formed from light
iv)
(FeCl3) Fe(OH)3 (s) No reaction brown solution, no
(Rust brown) excess
change in excess NaOH.

01-Nov-20 Suresh Sir-01916-857672, 01719-153465.

 unit 3: Practical
IAS compulsory unit
Skills in Chemistry I

Cations Reactions Observation

Ni2+(aq) + OH-(aq) Ni(OH)2 (s) Light green precipitate
Ni2+ (Green) is formed from green
v)
(NiCl2) Ni(OH)2 (s) solution, no change in
No reaction
(Green) excess excess NaOH.

Cu2+(aq) + OH-(aq) Cu(OH)2 (s) Blue precipitate is

Cu2+ (Blue) formed from blue
vi)
(CuSO4) Cu(OH)2 (s) No reaction solution, no change
(Blue) excess
in excess NaOH.
Pb2+(aq) + OH-(aq) Pb(OH)2 (s) White precipitate is
(White) formed from
Pb2+
vii) OH-(aq) colourless solution,
(Pb(NO3)2) Pb(OH)2 (s) Pb(OH)42-(aq) which is soluble in
(White)
excess NaOH.

01-Nov-20 Suresh Sir-01916-857672, 01719-153465.

 unit 3: Practical
IAS compulsory unit
Skills in Chemistry I

Cations Reactions Observation

White precipitate is
Zn2+(aq) + OH-(aq) Zn(OH)2 (s)
formed from
Zn2+ (White)
viii) OH-(aq) colourless solution,
(ZnSO4) Zn(OH)2 (s) Zn(OH)42-(aq) which is soluble in
(White) excess NaOH.
Al3+(aq) + OH-(aq) Al(OH)3 (s) White precipitate is
(White) formed from
Al3+
ix) OH-(aq) colourless solution,
(AlCl3) Al(OH)3 (s) Al(OH)63-(aq) which is soluble in
(White)
excess NaOH.

01-Nov-20 Suresh Sir-01916-857672, 01719-153465.

 unit 3: Practical
IAS compulsory unit
Skills in Chemistry I

Cations Reactions Observation

Cr3+(aq) + OH-(aq) Cr(OH)3 (s) Grey green

Cr3+
(Grey green) precipitate is formed,
x) Cr2(SO4)3 OH-(aq) which is soluble in
Or, CrCl3 Cr(OH)3(s) Cr(OH)63-(aq) excess NaOH.
(Grey green)

Cr2O72- -
Cr2O72-(aq) + OH (aq) CrO42-(aq) + H2O (l) Orange colour turns
xi)
(K2Cr2O7) (Yellow) to yellow.

Pungent smelling gas

NH4+ -
NH4+(aq) + OH (aq) NH3 (g) + H2O (l) is evolved which
xii) (NH4Cl/ (Pungent smell) turns damp red
NH4Br)
litmus paper blue.

01-Nov-20 Suresh Sir-01916-857672, 01719-153465.

 unit 3: Practical
IAS compulsory unit
Skills in Chemistry I

2. Reactions with aqueous ammonia solution:

•Procedure: Add the reagent, NH4OH solution, dropwise to the test solution (2-
3 cm3). Observe any change, and then add the reagent in excess.

Cation Reactions Observation

White precipitate is
Mn2+(aq) + OH-(aq) Mn(OH)2 (s)
formed from colourless
(White)
Mn2+ solution which turns
i)
(MnSO4) Mn(OH)2 (s) O2 + H2O Mn(OH)3 (s) brown firstly. Adding few
(White) excess (Brown) drops of H2O2, dark brown
solution is formed.
Ag+(aq) + OH-(aq) Ag2O(s) + H2O (l) Grey precipitate is formed
Ag+ (Grey) from colourless solution,
ii)
(AgNO3) Ag2O(s)
NH3(aq)
Ag(NH3)2OH(aq)
which is soluble in excess
NH4OH.

01-Nov-20 Suresh Sir-01916-857672, 01719-153465.

 unit 3: Practical
IAS compulsory unit
Skills in Chemistry I

Cations Reactions Observation

Fe2+(aq) + OH-(aq) Fe(OH)2 (s) Mud green precipitate is

(Mud green) formed from light green
Fe2+
iii) solution which turns rust
(FeSO4) Fe(OH)2 (s) O 2 + H 2 O Fe(OH) 3 (s) brown precipitate in
(Mud green) excess (Rust brown) excess NH OH.
4
Rust brown precipitate is
3+ -
Fe3+ Fe (aq) + OH (aq) Fe(OH)3 (s) formed from light brown
iv) (Rust brown)
(FeCl3) solution, no change in
excess NH4OH.
Co2+(aq) + OH-(aq) Co(OH)2(s)
(Blue) Blue precipitate is formed
Co2+
v) Co(OH)2(s) NH3(aq) [Co(NH ) ]3+ which turns into blue
(CoCl3)
(Blue)
3 6 (aq) solution in excess NH4OH.
(Blue)

01-Nov-20 Suresh Sir-01916-857672, 01719-153465.

 unit 3: Practical
IAS compulsory unit
Skills in Chemistry I

Cations Reactions Observation

Ni2+(aq) + OH-(aq) Ni(OH)2(s) Green precipitate is formed

Ni2+ (Green) from green solution which
vi)
(NiCl2) Ni(OH)2(s) NH3(aq) [Ni(NH3)6]2+(aq) turns into blue solution in
(Green)
(Blue) excess NH4OH.

Cu2+(aq) + OH-(aq) Cu(OH)2(s) Blue precipitate is formed

(Blue) from blue solution which
Cu2+
vii) turns into deep blue
(CuSO4) Cu(OH)2(s) NH3(aq) [Cu(NH ) ]2+
3 4 (aq) solution in excess NH4OH.
(Blue)
(Deep blue)

White precipitate is
Pb2+(aq) + OH-(aq) Pb(OH)2 (s) formed from colourless
Pb2+
viii) (White) solution, which is
(PbNO3)
insoluble in excess
NH4OH.
01-Nov-20 Suresh Sir-01916-857672, 01719-153465.
3
(aq
(aq ))
unit 3: Practical
IAS compulsory unit
Skills in Chemistry I

Cations Reactions Observation

Zn2+(aq) + OH-(aq) Zn(OH)2(s) White precipitate is
Zn2+ (White) formed from colourless
ix)
(ZnSO4) Zn(OH)2(s) NH3(aq) [Zn(NH ) ]2+ solution, which is soluble
3 4 (aq)
(White) in excess NH4OH.
White precipitate is
Al3+ Al + OH  Al (OH)3(s) formed from colourless
x)
(AlCl3) (white) solution, which is insoluble
in excess NH4OH.
Cr3+ Grey green precipitate is
Cr3+(aq) + OH-(aq) Cr(OH)3 (s)
xi) Cr2(SO4)3 formed, which is insoluble
(Grey green)
Or, CrCl3 in excess NH4OH.
-
Cr2O72-(aq) + OH (aq) CrO42-(aq)
Cr2O72- Orange colour changes to
xii) (Orange) (Yellow)
(K2Cr2O7) yellow.
+ H2O (l)

01-Nov-20 Suresh Sir-01916-857672, 01719-153465.

 unit 3: Practical
IAS compulsory unit
Skills in Chemistry I

3. Reactions with Na2CO3 solution:

•Procedure: Add the reagent, Na2CO3 solution drop wise to the test solution (2-3
cm3). Observe any change, and then add the reagent in excess.

Cation Reactions Observation

Mn2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) MnCO3 (s) White precipitate is formed
Mn2+ (White) which turns into brown
i)
(MnSO4) MnCO3 (s) Mn(OH)3 (s) precipitate by aerial
(White) (Brown) oxidation.

Ag+(aq) + CO32-(aq) Ag2CO3 (s)

White precipitate is formed
(White) which turns into grey
Ag+
ii) precipitate by the presence
(AgNO3) Ag2CO3 (s) Ag2O (s) of UV light.
(White) (Grey)

01-Nov-20 Suresh Sir-01916-857672, 01719-153465.

 unit 3: Practical
IAS compulsory unit
Skills in Chemistry I

Cations Reactions Observation

Fe2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) FeCO3 (s) Mud green precipitate is
Fe2+ (Mud green) formed which turns into
iii)
(FeSO4) FeCO3 (s) Fe(OH)3 (s) brown precipitate
(Mud green) (Brown) gradually.
Fe3+(aq) + CO32-(aq) Fe2(CO3)3 (s)
(Rust brown) Rust brown precipitate is
Fe3+
iv) formed which remains
(FeCl3) Fe(OH)3 (s) + CO2(g) unchanged.
(Rust Brown)

2+ 2- Mauve precipitate is
Co2+ Co (aq) + CO3 (aq) CoCO3 (s) formed which turns blue
v)
(CoCl2) (mauve, becoming on heating.
blue on heating

01-Nov-20 Suresh Sir-01916-857672, 01719-153465.

 unit 3: Practical
IAS compulsory unit
Skills in Chemistry I

Cations Reactions Observation

Ni2+ Ni2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) NiCO3 (s) Light green precipitate is
vi)
(NiCl2) (Light green) formed .

Cu2+ Cu2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) CuCO3(s)

(Light blue) Light blue precipitate is
(CuSO4)
vii) formed which turns black
CuO(s) + CO2(g)
(Black) on heating.

Pb2+ Pb2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) PbCO3 (s) White precipitate is

viii) (White)
(PbNO3) formed.

01-Nov-20 Suresh Sir-01916-857672, 01719-153465.

 unit 3: Practical
IAS compulsory unit
Skills in Chemistry I

Cations Reactions Observation

White precipitate is
Zn2+ Zn2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) ZnCO3 (s)
ix) formed which is insoluble
(White)
(ZnSO4) in excess.

Al3+(aq) + CO32-(aq) Al(OH)3 (s) White precipitate is

Al3+ (White) formed which is insoluble
x) in excess.
(AlCl3) + CO2 (g)

Cr3+ 3+ 2-
Mud green precipitate is
Cr (aq) + CO3 (aq) Cr2(CO3)3 (s)
xi) Cr2(SO4)3 (Mud green) formed which is insoluble
Or, CrCl3 in excess.

01-Nov-20 Suresh Sir-01916-857672, 01719-153465.

01-Nov-20 Engr. Suresh Boidya Sir-01916-857672, 01558-093253.