Visualizing Material Properties Slides PDF

Visualizing Material Properties
in the Classroom
Compiled by Elisabeth Kahlmeyer

and Claes Fredriksson from
slides created by Mike Ashby
© M. F. Ashby, 2015
For reproduction guidance see back page
This lecture unit is part of a set created by Mike Ashby to help introduce students to materials, processes and rational selection.
The Teaching Resources website aims to support teaching of materials-related courses in Design, Engineering and Science.
Resources come in various formats and are aimed primarily at undergraduate education.
Some of the resources are open access and students can access them. Others are only available to educators using CES EduPack. www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com
Content, Objectives, Resources
Contents of this package:

Learning Objectives
§  20 slides on materials and properties
§  Ability to understand the concept
of Material properties
§  1 Poster slide: Evolution of Materials
§  Ability to understand relationships
§  Suggested questions for Poster
included in the Notes of the slide between different materials
§  Practical exercise to create your own §  Ability to interpret and understand
Material property charts
materials library
Resources used at Universities for working with material properties

§  Granta’s Teaching Resources Website: www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com/Landing/
High_Schools_and_Community_Colleges
§  Software: CES EduPack (grantadesign.com/education)
© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

Materials are important everywhere
Wood Polystyrene /
Polycarbonate CFRP
ABS Plastic
MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES
Industry
Vocational
Schools Universities
Education
Research

The expansion of the materials world
James Stuart,
Professor of Engineering In his day:
at Cambridge University
1875 - 1890 A few hundred materials
•  No polymers (now 10,000’s)
•  No light alloys (now several thousand)
•  No composites (now hundreds …)
time
Lots of interesting new

materials to learn about Today: 160,000+
© Mike Ashby, 2015
engineering materials www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com
Materials use in the World
Annual world production

Types (Families) of Materials

Visualization of material surfaces
Images of shapes and surfaces help
Metals, alloys
Metals, alloys Polymers, elastomers
Ceramics, glasses Hybrids, composites

Visualization of materials in use
Images of applications is also of great utility
Metals, alloys
Metals, alloys Polymers, elastomers
Ceramics, glasses Hybrids, composites

Visualization of manufacturing processes
Primary shaping Secondary shaping

Injection Molding Machining
Joining Surface treating

Welding Painting

Material properties are important for function

Examples of thermal properties

Material properties – Polymers: ABS
Some Characteristic Polymer properties

•  Flexible (not stiff)
•  Can be strong
•  Temperature-sensitive
•  Easy to shape
•  Corrosion resistant

Material properties – Metals: Aluminum
Some Characteristic Metal Properties

•  High stiffness (Young’s modulus)
•  Strong, yet ductile
•  Can be made stronger by alloying or
thermo-mechanical processes
(hardening)
•  Susceptible to fatigue and corrosion
•  91 of the 118 elements are metals .

Material properties – Ceramics: Alumina
Some Characteristic Ceramic Properties

•  High stiffness but brittle
•  Stiff, hard
•  Retain strength at high temperatures
•  Resist wear and corrosion
•  Very low electrical and thermal
conductivity

Material properties – Composites: CFRP
Some Characteristic Hybrid Properties

§  Combinations of two or more different
materials
§  Keep attractive material properties while
avoiding drawbacks.
§  Many materials of nature – wood, bone,
skin, leaf.
§  Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are
light, stiff and strong
§  Restricted to below 250˚C because the
polymer softens.
§  Expensive and relatively difficult to form,
join and recycle.

Visualizing material properties

Material property data – Density, Stiffness
Name Density Modulus Name Density Modulus Name Density Modulus

kg/m3 GPa kg/m3 GPa kg/m3 GPa
ABS 1.11e3 1.79 Ionomer (I) 945 0.291 Polytetraﬂuoroethylene 2.17e3 0.47
Alumina 3.89e3 366 Lead alloys 10.7e3 13.7 Polyurethane 1.13e3 7.75e-‐3
Aluminum alloys 2.69e3 74.7 Leather 922 0.224 Polyurethane (tpPUR) 1.18e3 1.65
Aluminum nitride 3.29e3 324 Low alloy steel 7.85e3 211 Polyvinylchloride (tpPVC) 1.43e3 2.98
Bamboo 693 17.3 Low carbon steel 7.85e3 207 Rigid Polymer Foam (HD) 283 0.31
Borosilicate glass 2.25e3 62.5 Magnesium alloys 1.84e3 44.4 Rigid Polymer Foam (LD) 50.2 42.9e-‐3
Brick 1.83e3 21.2 Medium carbon steel 7.85e3 208 Rigid Polymer Foam (MD) 113 0.126
Butyl rubber (IIR) 910 1.41e-‐3 Natural rubber (NR) 925 1.94e-‐3 Silica glass 2.19e3 70.9
Cast iron, ducKle (nodular) 7.15e3 172 Nickel alloys 8.89e3 204 Silicon 2.32e3 147
Cast iron, gray 7.15e3 105 Paper and cardboard 642 5.17 Silicon carbide 3.15e3 429
Cellulose polymers (CA) 1.13e3 1.79 Phenolics 1.28e3 3.65 Silicone elastomers (SI, Q) 1.53e3 10e-‐3
CFRP, epoxy matrix 1.55e3 102 Polyamides (Nylons, PA) 1.13e3 2.9 Silver 10.5e3 71
Concrete 2.45e3 19.4 Polycarbonate (PC) 1.17e3 2.21 Soda-‐lime glass 2.46e3 70
Copper alloys 8.94e3 129 Polychloroprene 1.24e3 1.18e-‐3 Stainless steel 7.85e3 199
Cork 170 25.5e-‐3 Polyester 1.21e3 3.02 Stone 2.28e3 34.6
Epoxies 1.25e3 2.69 P-‐etheretherketone (PEEK) 1.31e3 3.85 Tin 7.27e3 43
Ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) 950 20e-‐3 Polyethylene (PE) 949 0.746 Titanium alloys 4.6e3 104
Flexible Foam (LD) 51.6 1.73e-‐3 PE terephthalate 1.34e3 3.38 Tungsten alloys 18.7e3 343
Flexible Foam (MD) 89.7 6.93e-‐3 Polyisoprene rubber (IIR) 935 2.37e-‐3
Tungsten carbides 15.6e3 661
Flexible P Foam (VLD) 23.7 500e-‐6 Polymethyl methacrylate 1.19e3 2.92
Wood, typical across grain 727 1.22
GFRP, epoxy matrix 1.86e3 20.5 Polyoxymethylene (POM) 1.41e3 3.54
Wood, typical along grain 693 11
Gold 19.3e3 79 Polypropylene (PP) 900 1.18
Zinc alloys 5.89e3 80.4
High carbon steel 7.85e3 207 Polystyrene (PS) 1.04e3 1.77

Understanding material properties
Why the differences?

• Atom size, mass and packing
determine density
• Chemical bonds work a bit like
springs and determine stiffness
Families occupy
discrete fields

Material selection: high specific stiffness
Stiff but heavy
Stiff and light
Light but not stiff

The building block of materials

Elements – Effect on properties
FCC metals
are normally
very ductile

Back to the Historical Perspective
Early history 3000 BC
The
evolution
of structural
materials
Giving Historical Perspective
The
evolution
of structural
materials
The
evolution
of structural
materials
The
evolution
of structural
materials
The
evolution
of structural
materials
The
evolution
of structural
materials
Additional materials perspectives
Food for thought…

§  Environment
§  Resources
§  New materials
§  Manufacturing

Poster to print out (A3) for exercises

Exercise: Build your own Materials Library
§  Ask students to bring small samples from the 3 main

material family types: Polymers, Metals, Ceramics (and
glasses).
§  Collect the samples and start to organize them into three
groups, one for each type. Try to find the material name
and label them.
§  Now, you have a nice materials library to display and do
activities around. For example to research densities (not
weight), prices per weight and if the materials can be
recycled. Students can also investigate more advanced
properties.

Authors
Claes Fredriksson, Elisabeth Kahlmeyer
Granta Design Ltd.
www.grantadesign.com
Images created by Professor Mike Ashby,
University of Cambridge and Granta Design
www.eng.cam.ac.uk
There are 300+ resources
Reproduction (Available to Educators)
This resource can be reproduced for teaching purposes. Please make
sure that Granta Design is credited on any reproducKons. You cannot
use these resources for commercial purposes. Including:
n  PowerPoint lecture units
Accuracy n  Exercises with worked solutions
n  Recorded webinars
We try hard to make sure these resources are of a high
quality. If you have any suggestions for improvements, n  Posters
please contact us by email at n  White Papers
n  Solution Manuals
teachingresources@grantadesign.com
n  Selection Case Studies
© M. F. Ashby, 2015
This lecture unit is based on slides by Professor Mike Ashby to help introduce students to materials, processes and rational selection.
The Teaching Resources website aims to support teaching of materials-related courses in Design, Engineering and Science.
Resources come in various formats and are aimed primarily at undergraduate education.
Some of the resources are open access and students can access them. Others are only available to educators using CES EduPack. www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

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Visualizing Material Properties

Compiled by Elisabeth Kahlmeyer

Contents of this package:

Resources used at Universities for working with material properties

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

Lots of interesting new

Annual world production

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

Images of shapes and surfaces help

Metals, alloys Polymers, elastomers

Ceramics, glasses Hybrids, composites

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

Images of applications is also of great utility

Metals, alloys Polymers, elastomers

Ceramics, glasses Hybrids, composites

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

Primary shaping Secondary shaping

Joining Surface treating

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

Some Characteristic Polymer properties

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

Some Characteristic Metal Properties

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

Some Characteristic Ceramic Properties

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

Some Characteristic Hybrid Properties

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

Name Density Modulus Name Density Modulus Name Density Modulus

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

Why the differences?

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

Stiff but heavy

Stiff and light

Light but not stiff

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

Early history 3000 BC

Food for thought…

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

§ Ask students to bring small samples from the 3 main

© Mike Ashby, 2015 www.teachingresources.grantadesign.com

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§  Ask students to bring small samples from the 3 main